But FDR had stuck to: ibid., p. 85.
“I fully realize the difficulty… .”: Robert Thompson, A Time for War, pp. 372–73.
“It is absolutely necessary… .”: The “Magic” Background of Pearl Harbor, vol. 1, p. 22.
Behind this message: James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, p. 155; Roberta Wohlstetter, Pearl Harbor, p. 349.
Popov came from a wealthy family: John F. Bratzel and Leslie B. Rout Jr., “Pearl Harbor, Microdots, and J. Edgar Hoover,” The American Historical Review, vol. 7, no. 5 (December 1982), p. 1343.
Abwehr officials were so pleased: ibid., pp. 1343–44.
It was then that Sam Foxworth: Curt Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, p. 270.
The Japanese wanted to learn: Bratzel and Rout, p. 1345; Gentry, p. 269.
But his most specific instructions: Gentry, p. 269.
Popov was to travel to Hawaii: Bratzel and Rout, pp. 1349–50; Gentry, pp. 269–70.
“… [I]n the event of the United States… .”: Gentry, p. 270; Phillip Knightley, The Second Oldest Profession, p. 149.
The entire questionnaire: Bratzel and Rout, p. 1343.
“Mr. Hoover is a very virtuous man”: Gentry, p. 270.
He rented a penthouse: ibid.
Another FBI report had Popov: Bratzel and Rout, p. 1345.
“If I bend over to smell… .”: John Toland, Adolf Hitler, p. 270.
And he certainly was not going to let: Knightley, p. 150.
“I can catch spies… .”: Gentry, p. 270.
“I thought the President and you… .”: Bratzel and Rout, p. 1346.
“in connection with a current investigation… .”: ibid.
But, astonishingly, Hoover: ibid., p. 1348.
He was allowed to go to Rio: ibid., p. 1345.
Malcolm R. Lovell: Brown, The Last Hero, p. 191.
“If Japan goes to war… .”: PSF Box 128.
On November 13, Donovan: ibid.
“The deadline absolutely cannot… .”: The “Magic” Background of Pearl Harbor, vol. 1, p. A-89.
“A surprise aggressive movement… .”: ibid., p. A-90.
“We were likely to be attacked… .”: Wohlstetter, pp. 239–40.
“The question was how we should… .”: ibid., p. 240.
Two days later, FDR obtained: Thompson, p. 382.
The same day the President: PSF Box 59.
“This dispatch is to be considered… .”: The “Magic” Background of Pearl Harbor, vol. 1, p. A-117.
“Well, you two ambassadors… .”: Warren F. Kimball, Churchill & Roosevelt, p. 166; The “Magic” Background of Pearl Harbor, p. A-118.
“However, I do not wish… .”: ibid.
“… [W]e certainly do not want… .”: Kimball, p. 166.
The President should return to Washington: Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, p. 158.
A Japanese task force: Christopher Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only, p. 113; Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, p. 159.
“… Say very secretly to [the Germans]… .”: Andrew, p. 114.
“With regard to warships and aircraft… .”: Wohlstetter, p. 212.
He had arrived in Honolulu: Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen, Spy Book, p. 297.
Yoshikawa’s assignment was to provide: Louis Allen, “Japanese Intelligence Systems,” Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 22 (June 1975), p. 551.
All the while, this apparently: ibid.
“one of the best brains …”: Polmar and Allen, Spy Book, p. 595.
“the bomb-plot message”: Wohlstetter, pp. 211, 213, 390.
The decrypt was not even forwarded: ibid., p. 390.
Yet, this particular decrypt: ibid.
Tokyo was demanding: ibid., p. 213.
“In case of emergency… .”: The “Magic” Background of Pearl Harbor, vol. 1, p. A-81.
“When this is heard… .”: ibid.
“[T]o prevent the United States… .”: ibid., p. A-1200.
“… [T]he presence in port of warships… .”: Brown, The Last Hero, p. 199.
While with hindsight the purpose: Wohlstetter, p. 214.
The President’s demeanor: Andrew, p. 113.
The communication was strong evidence: Wohlstetter, p. 218.
His figures were off: Brown, The Last Hero, p. 199.
He could further report: Allen, p. 551.
“to restore traditional amity… .”: Grace Tully, F.D.R., My Boss, p. 253.
An embarrassed SIS officer: Andrew, p. 116.
“This means war”: ibid., pp. 116–17.
“we could not strike the first blow… .”: Wohlstetter, p. 273.
“No,” the President said: Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, p. 161; Andrew, p. 117.
“The only geographical name… .”: Andrew, p. 117.
“an aggressive move by Japan… .”: The “Magic” Background of Pearl Harbor, vol. 1, p. A-117.
“a defense against sabotage… .”: Gordon Prange, At Dawn We Slept, p. 403.
Short chose number 1: Richard Gid Powers, Secrecy and Power, p. 245.
“hostile action possible at any moment”: The “Magic” Background of Pearl Harbor, vol. 1, p. A-119.
“should be carried out… .”: ibid.
For the previous two years: Richard Gid Powers, p. 246.
Still, the November 27 message: Polmar and Allen, Spy Book, p. 425.
To Bratton, this timing signaled: Spector, p. 95.
The Army Chief of Staff: ibid.
The message went first: Goodwin, p. 288.
The church bells announcing: Larrabee, p. 168; Spector, p. 95.
“[O]ur deceptive diplomacy is… .”: NYT, Dec. 9, 1999.
“No matter how long… .”: 77th Congress, Document No. 453.
“… there has now been revealed… .”: Charles Higham, American Swastika, p. 135.
Thus, soon after Pearl Harbor: Ladislas Farago, The Game of the Foxes, pp. 346–47.
“The most serious Cabinet session… .”: ibid., p. 346.
The spy was further able: ibid., pp. 345–47.
The blame for Pearl Harbor: Gentry, p. 296.
The truth, however, is: Spector, p. 2.
“After that things are… .”: The “Magic” Background of Pearl Harbor, vol. 1, p. A-89.
“the worst-informed ambassador… .”: Richard M. Ketchum, The Borrowed Years, 1938–1941, p. 767.
Admiral Stark’s “Memorandum”: PSF Box 59.
“Many transports sighted… .”: The “Magic” Background of Pearl Harbor, vol. 1, p. A-117.
When, on December 2, Roosevelt: Andrew, p. 113.
This signal, however, meant: Wohlstetter, p. 219.
Yet, Hoover’s visceral dislike: Gentry, pp. 269–73; Bratzel and Rout, Document D.
In effect, the President: Lyman B. Kirkpatrick Jr., Captains Without Eyes, p. 89.
“[T]here was nobody in either… .”: Brown, The Last Hero, p. 200.
“We were likely to be attacked… .”: Wohlstetter, p. 239.
“… the strongest fortress in the world… .”: Spector, p. 2.
A major source supposedly: Commander I. G. Newman (ret.) Oral History Interview with Robert D. Ogg, p. 53, FDRL.
Ogg, it turns out: ibid., p. ii.
Newman asked Ogg if his superior: ibid., p. 50.
“My comment on that… .”: ibid.
“It could possibly be… .”: ibid., p. 53.
“I never made such mention… .”: ibid.
“… [D]uring those four or five days… .”: ibid., p. 58.
“kept an absolute radio silence”: ibid., p. 62.
“[R]adio silence was imposed… .”: ibid.
“Admiral Nagumo… .”: Spector, p. 99.
“Churchill was aware… .”: John Costello, Days of Infamy, p. 324.
“Churchill deliberately kept… .”: ibid.
He allowed Roosevelt: David Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, p. 233.
Win
ant had spent three days: PSF Box 128.
“the United States enter the war… .”: M 1642, Reel 123, Frame 511.
What the Prime Minister concluded: Costello, p. 325.
“If Hitler had not made… .”: William Stevenson, A Man Called Intrepid, p. 301.
“… [T]he news on the 9 P.M. wireless… .”: Andrew, p. 121.
“the wrong war… .”: Goodwin, p. 265.
chapter xi: secrets of the map room
“When Churchill and his staff… .”: Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 952.
“I must have a tumbler… .”: Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, p. 302.
“He has,” Hambley wrote: Suckley, Binder 15.
“Your circulation is… .”: Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. 6, p. 714.
“I attach more importance… .”: Christopher Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only, p. 104.
“the geese who laid… .”: ibid.
An early Churchill name for: Warren F. Kimball, Churchill & Roosevelt, p. 214.
The Prime Minister accepted: David Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pp. 199–200.
The Americans saw of Ultra: ibid., p. 201.
“Some time ago,” he cabled: PSF Box 4.
“… danger of our enemies… .”: ibid.
On February 1 the German Navy: Stafford, p. 236; Andrew and Dilks, The Missing Dimension, p. 149.
“When I reflect… .”: Stafford, p. 236.
When U-boat torpedoes sank: Sherwood, p. 498.
“He liked to come and study… .”: Eric Larrabee, Commander in Chief, p. 21.
“When McCrea arrived… .”: David Kahn in George O. Kent, ed., Historians and Archivists, p. 307.
“[I]f a stamp collector …”: Larrabee, p. 24.
“the patience with which he bore… .”: ibid.
McCrea attacked the President’s order: William D. Leahy, I Was There, p. 999; Larrabee, pp. 21–23; William M. Rigdon, White House Sailor, pp. 8–11; Goodwin, pp. 310, 311.
“The Magic Book”: Larrabee, p. 22.
As Churchill had done in London: Rigdon, pp. 2, 3, 7.
Mrs. Roosevelt casually: ibid., p. 9.
“took to that sort of thing… .”: Larrabee, p. 22.
“Well, if they aren’t… .”: Rigdon, pp. 10–11.
The President set up: Larrabee, p. 22.
In his first six months: Anthony Cave Brown, The Last Hero, p. 192.
They rained down: PSF Box 147.
“I’d be standing by… .”: interview with Edwin J. “Ned” Putzell, Nov. 29, 1999.
“one of the two Americans… .”: M 1642, Reel 48, Frame 1422.
“Whatever happens, America… .”: ibid.
“I think they still come under… .”: ibid., Frame 1423.
“… [P]erhaps you know… .”: PSF Box 147.
“Errol used to join me… .”: Charles Higham, Errol Flynn, p. 142.
More damaging, the year before: ibid., pp. 142–43.
Less than a month after: Bradley F. Smith, The Shadow Warriors, p. 100.
That same January: ibid., p. 104.
Two days later, Wild Bill: M 1642, Reel 48, Frame 1036.
“Dirty tricks are… .”: Thomas Powers, Heisenberg’s War, p. 226.
He was soon exploring schemes: Nathan Miller, Spying for America, p. 245.
“frightening, demoralizing and exciting… .”: Andrew, p. 126.
The President sent Adams’s letter: PSF Box 8.
Donovan seized upon the scheme: Smith, The Shadow Warriors, p. 102.
The bat mission: Andrew, p. 126.
“the sort of guy… .”: Stafford, p. 204.
Wild Bill was not permitted to see: Phillip Knightley, The Second Oldest Profession, pp. 223–24.
On Pearl Harbor day: PSF Box 147.
“I interpreted this to mean… .”: Andrew, p. 126.
“General DeWitt placed… .”: PSF Box 147.
“[T]here was no reason so far… .”: Smith, The Shadow Warriors, p. 99.
“are more in danger from the whites… .”: PSF Box 97.
“doubtless great numbers of them… .”: Ernest B. Furgurson, “Back Channels,” Washingtonian, vol. 31 (June 1996).
“I think the most effective fifth column work …”: PSF Box 97.
“that ground glass had been found… .”: Morton Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, p. 402.
“The very fact that no sabotage… .”: Andrew, p. 128.
“The necessity for mass evacuation… .”: ibid., pp. 127–28.
“about the craziest proposition… .”: Smith, The Shadow Warriors, p. 99.
As a consequence: James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, p. 267.
“The President never ‘thinks’… .”: Larrabee, p. 644.
“magnificent but distant deity… .”: W. A. Swanberg, “The Spies Who Came in from the Sea,” American Heritage, April 1970.
“I do not think he was much… .”: Goodwin, p. 322.
“In the present great war… .”: MR Box 163.
Over 11,000 American residents: James Brooke, “After Silence, Italians Recall the Internment,” New York Times, Aug. 11, 1997.
“These interned nationals are… .”: “Roundup,” Dateline, NBC News, Sept. 4, 1998.
chapter xii: intramural spy wars
The French luxury liner: Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 501.
“[T]he long arm of… .”: ibid.
“I do know the facts… .”: ibid., p. 960.
Not saboteurs, but: PSF Box 59.
“Vincent Astor telephoned me yesterday… .”: PSF Box 92.
“[T]he President gave his approval… .”: ibid.
Astor’s duties shifted: Ernest B. Furgurson, “Back Channels,” Washingtonian, vol. 31 (June 1996); PSF Box 92.
By now, FDR was using Carter: Nathan Miller, Spying for America, p. 237.
“I have no corresponding… .”: PSF Box 98.
Carter thereafter asked FDR: PSF Box 97.
“In order to facilitate the execution… .”: ibid.
“I think it is better… .”: ibid.
Early in 1942, Congress: Christopher Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only, p. 128.
Agents of foreign governments: H. Montgomery Hyde, Room 3603, p. 163.
The bill drew no distinction: ibid.
Bill Stephenson, as head of: ibid., p. 104.
Adolf Berle, given by FDR: Adolf Berle Papers, Box 67, FDRL.
“the code to anyone… .”: Berle Papers, Box 213.
“Though it is not possible to say… .”: Andrew, p. 128.
Berle not only supported: Hyde, p. 104.
“I do not see that any of us… .”: Berle Papers, Box 67.
“No one has given us any… .”: Berle Papers, Box 2B.
As the McKellar bill was coming: Hyde, p. 104.
Tully was filling in as hostess: Day-by-Day, Jan. 27, 1942.
“If our reading of the bill… .”: M 1642; NA memo from William J. Donovan to FDR, Jan. 6, 1942.
FDR signed the amended version: Hyde, p. 165.
The FBI had learned that a BSC: Berle Papers, Box 28.
“It developed,” Berle noted: Berle Papers, Box 213.
chapter xiii: premier secret of the war
“If atomic bombs could be made… .”: Eric Larrabee, Commander in Chief, p. 646.
Before they left the White House: ibid., p. 645.
He was given to tortured locutions: Alexander Sachs Papers, Box 1, FDRL.
“… [I]t may be possible to set up… .”: ibid.
That Wednesday afternoon he waited: James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, pp. 249–50.
He saucily reminded the President: John Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect, p. 304.
He caught the President’s attention: Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p. 313.
“… [T]here is no doubt… .”: ibid., p. 314.
“Alex, what you are after… .”:
ibid.
“This requires action”: ibid.
FDR sent Einstein a thank-you note: PSF Box 5.
“the most dangerous possible German… .”: Thomas Powers, Heisenberg’s War, p. vii.
“As large as a pineapple”: Rhodes, p. 404.
“the measures, the sums of money… .”: ibid.
Heisenberg indicated: ibid.
“the idea quite obviously strained… .”: ibid.
In America, Roosevelt assigned: Brian Loring Villa, “The Atomic Bomb and the Normandy Invasion,” Perspectives in American History 2 (1977–1978), p. 467.
“The boss wants it… .”: Gunther, p. 304.
“so much more secret… .”: John Morton Blum, Years of War, 1941–1945: From the Morgenthau Diaries, p. 13.
In August the President approved: Rhodes, p. 251.
“Grace, this is red hot… .”: Grace Tully, F.D.R., My Boss, pp. 265–66.
“I can’t tell you what… .”: ibid., p. 266.
“a hazardous matter… .”: Villa, pp. 468–69.
“Whatever the enemy may be… .”: Larrabee, p. 647.
“[W]e as a group are… .”: ibid.
chapter xiv: enter the oss
Within six months: Bradley F. Smith, The Shadow Warriors, p. 128.
“Being a writer by trade… .”: Michael Warner and Robert Louis Benson, “Venona and Beyond,” Intelligence and National Security, vol. 12, no. 3 (July 1997), p. 9.
“Bill Donovan wants to take over… .”: PSF Box 147; Adolf Berle Papers, Box 213, FDRL.
On January 16, 1942, the President: PSF Box 147; Leslie B. Rout Jr. and John F. Bratzel, The Shadow War, p. 39.
“In order to give privacy… .”: PSF Box 148.
Captain Denebrink’s report: Smith, The Shadow Warriors, p. 118.
“Donovan has been a thorn… .”: William B. Breuer, Hoodwinking Hitler, p. 68.
Strong veritably glowed hot: Anthony Cave Brown, The Last Hero, p. 304.
In Strong’s eyes, the honorary colonel: PSF Box 149.
“Stanley, not a word … !”: Stanley Lovell, Of Spies and Stratagems, pp. 182, 183.
Yet, he drove his security: ibid., p. 182.
“To exclude this agency… .”: Brown, The Last Hero, p. 313.
“… [T]he Russians are today… .”: James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, p. 230.
Churchill believed the Allies: ibid., p. 235.
“From reliable sources …”: Timothy P. Mulligan, “According to Colonel Donovan: A Document from the Records of German Intelligence,” The Historian, vol. 46, no. 1 (November 1983), p. 85.
He tried to get into the South Pacific: Smith, The Shadow Warriors, p. 195.
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