The Devil in History
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political synchronization, law of
politics of amnesia
politics of antipolitics. See also reinvention of politics
politics of charisma. See charismatic politics
“politics of knowledge,”
Pollack, Detlef
Pomian, Krzysztof
Ponge, Francis
Pope John Paul II
Popov, K., “The Party and the Role of the Leader,”
Popper, Karl R.
Popular Fronts, vs. Nazis
populism: dangers of; de-Stalinization; ethnocratic; Fascist; post-Communism
Portugal, civil unrest vs. right-wing dictatorship
post-Communism; East and Central Europe; “electoral volatility,”; ethnocentric nationalism; fantasies of salvation; “heroic mobilization,”; intellectuals; legitimation from the past; and Leninist debris; morality; nature of transitions; “normality,”; paradoxes; political partiesi; specters; treatment of former party and secret police activists and collaborators. See also post-Leninism; post-Marxism; post-totalitarian system; revolutions (1989-91)
post-democracy
post-Leninism, East and Central Europe
post-Marxism
post-totalitarian system. See also dissidents; post-Communism
Prague: Prague Declaration; Prague Spring; show trials
Pravda
Praxis group
Preoteasa, Grigore
press, freedom of
Priestland, David
Prokhanov, Aleksandr
proletariat: Bukharin and; class consciousness; democracy; dictatorship of; Gorky; “in itself” and “for itself,”; internationalism; Lenin and; Marx and; morality and; redeemer; Stalin and
public sphere: anti-Communist demonstrations; The Black Book of Communism and; de-Stalinizing; private person and; reconstitution of. See also citizenship; civil society
purges: Communist; Nazi. See also genocide; show trials
Putin, Vladimir
Rabinbach, Anson
racialization/de-racialization. See also biological distinctions; ethnocentricity; genocide; Jew
Radek, Karl
radical evil; Communism; Fascism
Radio Free Europe
Radio Moscow
Rahv, Phillip
Rajk, László
Rákósi, Mátyás
Rakowski, Mieczyslaw
Răutu, Leonte; “Against Cosmopolitanism and Objectivism in Social Sciences,”
recession
reconciliation
Reddaway, Peter
redemptive mythologies; Communist; Fascist; post-Communism and. See also eschatology; messianism; salvationism; utopia
Red Terror (1918)
Rees, A. E.
Reich, Wilhelm
reinvention of politics; East and Central Europe; Soviet Union resistance; anti-Communist demonstrations; anti-Nazi; and revolutions (1989-91); self-conscious creation of a site of. See also dissidents; revolution
“return to Europe,”
“return to Lenin,”
“return to the source,”
Révai, József
revisionism: Communist; Fascism lacking
revolution; from above; archangelic; from below; Cuban; eschatological doctrine of; French (1789); genuine; Hungarian (1956); irreversible moment breaking with the past and creating a totally new world; “legal revolution,”; Lenin's revolutionary novelty; Marxist thought on; October (1917); originating in a millenialist vision of perfect society; post-Communist demand to end; radical; “The Revolution isn't dead; the Revolution is sick, and we must help it,”; rules of the game; Russian (1905); Russian (1917); Russian revolutionary tradition; Russian Socialist Revolutionaries; socialist; takeover of power; total; as ultimate événement; Western revolutionary tradition. See also Cultural Revolution; dissidents; revolutionary movements; revolutionary passion; revolutions (1989-91), Eastern and Central Europe
revolutionary class. See also proletariat
revolutionary movements: Communist; Fascist; Jacobin
revolutionary passion: Communist; Fascist
revolutionary situation, Lenin's definition of
revolutions (1989-91), Eastern and Central Europe; Berlin Wall falling; citizenship rebirth; and civil society; common sense as core value; dissidents and; leading to diversity; lesson of; morality and; and pluralism; roundtable strategy; Soviet collapse catalyzed by; utopia ended by
Riegel, Klaus-Georg “rights talk,” post-Communism. See also citizenship; freedom; human rights; individual
Robinson, Neil
Rocco, Alfredo
Rohm, Ernst
Rolland, Romain
Roller, Mihail
Roman, Valter
Romania: Antonescu; Communist Party (RCP); Communist party resurrection; Constitutional Court; Danubian confederation; de-Stalinization; general elections (2009); Greater Romania Party; Ianoși; ideological apparatchiks; Iron Guard; legal procedures for Communist crimes; National Liberal Party; National Peasant Christian and Democratic Party; National Salvation Front; parliamentary putsch (April 2007); Party Cadres Department; Pătrășcanu; Pleșu; post-Communism; problematic exit from state socialism; purges; radical-authoritarian trends; regret for predictability and frozen stability; revisionism; Romania Mare Party; Social Democratic Party; Stalinism; working class passivity. See also Ceaușescu, Nicolae
Roselli, Carlo
Rosenberg, Alfred
Rosenthal, Bernice Glatzer
Rothschild, Joseph
roundtable strategy
Rubashov, Nikolai (Koestler's hero),
Russell, Bertrand; The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism
Russia: The Black Book of Communism and; Communist Party of the Russian Federation; “competitive authoritarianism,”; conspiracy theories; glasnost; human rights movement; Liberal Democratic Party; “managed democracy,”; nationalism; October Revolution (1917); post-Soviet; radical-authoritarian trends; revolution (1905); revolutionary tradition; Russian Revolution (1917); Russian Socialist Revolutionaries; Socialist Revolutionaries; Stalinist-nationalist coalition; “Weimar Russia,”. See also Soviet Union
Russian Communist Party. See also Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU); vanguard party
sacralization: by ideology; infallible party line; memory of the gulag; of politics; revolutionary power; “semiotic,”. See also charismatic politics; messianism; mysticism; salvationism
Sakharov, Andrei; Reflections on Progress, Coexistence, and Intellectual Freedom
Salazar, António de Oliveira
salvationism: fantasies; nationalist. See also eschatology; messianism; redemptive mythologies; utopia
Salvemini, Gaetano
samizdat
Sartre, Jean-Paul
Scammell, Michael
Schapiro, Leonard
Scherbakov, Aleksander
Schmitt, Carl
Schwan, Gesine
science: Communism and; Nazism and
Scînteia
Scott, James C.
Second Socialist Transformation secret police, Soviet
Secret Speech, Khrushchev denouncing Stalin (1956)
Serbia: “competitive authoritarianism,”; Radical Party; socialists
Shafarevich, Igor
Shakhnazarov, Georgiy
shestidesiatniki
Shoah. See Holocaust
Short Course of History of the CPSU
Short Course of Political Economy
show trials: Eastern Europe; Sinyavski-Daniel; Stalin's
Shtern, Lina
Siberian School
Siegelbaum, Lewis
Silone, Ignazio
Simic, Charles
Sinyavsky, Andrei; Sinyavski-Daniel trial
sixty-eighters
Slánský, Rudolf
Slovakia; Mečiar; radical-authoritarian trends
Smirnov, Georgii
Snyder, Jack
Snyder, Timothy: “absence of economics,”; Bloodland
s; comparing Communist and Nazi systems; ethnic cleansing; number of Soviet and Nazi victims; Stalinist anti-Semitism
social Darwinism
social democracy: Bolshevism vs.; European; German; international; Leninism and; proletarian; Romanian Social Democratic Party; Russian Social Democrats; Western-style
social engineering: Communist; Fascist; post-Communism and
socialism; “building of socialism,”; charismatic party for; Communist Manifesto and; de-Stalinization and; double-talk and double-think; Fascism's origins in; Gorbachev and; with a human face; ideological chaos created by collapse; international; Leninism discrediting; Marx's “heretics,”; nationalist; New Left; post-totalitarian; “reformed Soviet,”; relegitimization of; revisionism and; revolutionary; Russian Socialist Revolutionaries; scientific; Second Socialist Transformation; Socialist Unity Party (SED). See also Communism; Marxism
“sociocide,”
Solidarnosc / Solidarity, Poland; Geremek; Mazowiecki; Walçsa. See also Michnik, Adam
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr; The First Circle; Gulag Archipelago; Nobel Prize for Literature
Sonderwegs
Sorbonne, occupation of
soul, care of the soul
South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Souvarine, Boris
Sovietism
Sovietization; Eastern Europe
Soviet Union; Academy of Science; amnesty decree; anti-Fascism; Cold War; collapse (1991); constitution (1936); constitution (Sakharov); criminality; Cultural Revolution; de-Bolshevization; de-Stalinization; dissidents; Great Patriotic War for the Defense of the Motherland; mezhdunarodniki; Moscow Helsinki Group; nomenklatura; perestroika; post-Communism; Radio Moscow; reinvention of politics; revisionism; secret police; shestidesiatniki; Soviet citizens sent back from Hitler's Reich; Soviet-Nazi “nonaggression” pact (1939); terror. See also Bolshevism; Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU); Gorbachev, Mikhail; gulag; Leninism; Russian Communist Party; Sovietization; Stalinism
Spanish Civil War
Spanish Communist Party
Speer, Albert
Sperber, Manès
Spring of the Nations (1848)
Stalin, Joseph; biography; The Black Book of Nazi Crimes against Soviet Jews banned by; and Comintern; Communist power not dependent on; constitution (1936); in Costea letter; death (1953); de-racialization after; de-Stalinization; dialectics; and Eastern Europe; experiments on human beings; Gorbachev condemning; “Great Experiment,”; Great Purge; Great Terror; ideological obsession; vs. Jews; Kaganovich with; Khrushchev denouncing crimes of; leader charisma/personality cult; and Leninism; mausoleum; post-Communism and; and proletariat; purges; reinvention of politics; revolution from above; show trials; “warfare personality,”; xenophobic. See also Stalinism
Stalinism; anti-Fascist; “Bolshevism of the extreme right,”; civilization; Commission for the Rehabilitation of Stalinism's Victims; conspiracy theories; dehumanization of the enemy; de-Stalinization; differences between Nazism and; Eastern Europe; enemies of; ethnic cleansing; Fascism syncretized with; ideology; internationalism defined by; “language of magic,”; “little Stalins,”; Marxist freedom and; Molotov; neo-Stalinism; party charisma; pathology of universalism; political myth; post-Communism and; reversion; revisionism and; Romania; Russianization; Russian National Bolshevism; similarities with Nazism; soslovnost; terror; Yaroslavsky. See also Stalin, Joseph
Stevens, Anthony
Stojanovic, Svetozar
Strasser, Gregor
Strasser, Otto
Streicher, Julius
submission syndrome
Sullis, Edgardo, Il Duce-Imitatione de Mussolini
Suny, Ronald
Sverdlov, Nikolai Yakov
Szeleńy, Ivan
Tamás, G. M.
Tamir, Yael
telos: of “democratic dictatorship,”; of Nazism
terror: Communist; contemporary; ethnicization of; Nazi; pogroms; Pol Pot regime in Cambodia; Red Terror (1918); Stalinist Great Terror; “states of terror,”. See also camps; dehumanization of the enemy; exterminist policies; genocide; purges
Thälmann, Ernst
“Thaw,”
Thomas à Kempis
Tigrid, Pavel
Tito
Tocqueville, Alexis de
Toránska, Teresa
totalitarianism; detotalitarianization; emotional-intellectual superstructure and institutional ensemble; enigma of; reinvention of politics. See also Communism; Fascism; political monopoly; post-totalitarian system
“touchstone theory,”
Traverso, Enzo
Trotsky, Leon/Trotskyites: and apparatus terror; defeat of “world revolution,”; vs. democracy; intraparty opposition; vs. Kautsky; and leader charisma; Leninism opposed to; in Lenin's Politburo; revisionism and; Stalin's enemy; Their Morals and Ours
truth; anti-anti-utopianism; The Black Book of Communism; Bukharin; Communist “moral elite,”; dissidents; ethnocentric nationalism's irrelevance of; Fascist; Gorbachev; historical; ideological states; Leninist; living in; Marxist; party's special access to; Pope John Paul II's “The Splendor of Truth,”; post-Communism; “reconciliation without,”; re-empowering; revolutionary; Secret Speech and. See also falsification; morality
Tucker, Robert C.: Bolshevism's deradicalization; Bukharin; Leninism; philosophy and myth; pre-Gorbachev Soviet Union; reversion; show trials; Stalin
Tudjman, Franjo
Tudor, Corneliu Vadim
Tudoran, Dorin
Țugui, Pavel
tyrannies of certitude
tyrannies of corruption
Übermensch
Ukraine: “competitive authoritarianism,”; Holocaust impacts; radical-authoritarian trends
l'univers concentrationnaire
Urban, George; Communist Reformation; Stalinism
Urban, Jan
ur-Fascism
ur-Leninism
Urválek, Josef
USSR. See Soviet Union
utopia; anti-anti-utopianism; Communist Manifesto and; enduring magnetism of; Fascist; ideology and; intellectuals in frantic search for; West and. See also Communist utopia; eschatology; redemptive mythologies; salvationism
Vajda, Mihaly
vanguard party; Gorbachev and; Lenin and; Mlynář and. See also Bolshevism; Communist Party
van Ree, Erik
Velikhov, Evgeny
“velvet counterrevolution,”
“velvet revolutions” (1989). See also revolutions (1989-91), Eastern and Central Europe
Vietnam: North; War
Villa-Vicencio, Charles
violence: Communist; Fascist; sanctified by Communism and Fascism;
World War I. See also class struggle; murder; terror
Voegelin, Eric
voluntarism: Leninist; Marxist
Voronov, Ivan
Voznesensky, Andrei
Vranicki, Predrag
Vyshinsky, Andrei
Walęsa, Lech
Walicki, Andzej
Walker, Rachel
Wallach, Erica Glaser
Warsaw Pact
Wat, Aleksander Way, Lucan
Weber, Eugen: archangelic revolution; comparing totalitarianisms; Fascism; My France
Weber, Max
Weil, Nicolas
Weitz, Eric
Werth, Nicolas
West: anti-Fascism; Communist parties; Communist “separate-ness” from; crisis of self-confidence; democracy; and democratization of Eastern and Central Europe; dissident movement; humanism; law of political synchronization; Marxism; New Left; post-Marxism; sixty-eighters; social democracy; and utopia
who-whom principle (kto-kogo)
Wielgohs, Jan
Wieworka, Annette
Wing, Betsy World Marxist Review
World War I; aftermath; nationalism during
World War II; aftermath; Merker; Nazi defeat; Romanian party's Moscow émigré center; Russianization of Stalinism
> Xoxe, Koçi
Yakovlev, Alexander; A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia; Gorbachev and; and Leninism; “new thinking,”; social utopias; Stalinism as “Bolshevism of the extreme right,”
Yaroslavsky, Yemelyan
Yeats, W. B., The Second Coming
Yeltsin, Boris
Yugoslavia; Communist League of; Communist Party; disintegration; ethnocentric nationalism; Marxist theorists; Milosevic-style expansionist chauvinism; problematic exit from state socialism; secession wars; Simic on; Tito
Zambrowski, Roman
Zetkin, Clara
Zhdanov, Andrei/Zhdanovism; contract of silence; vs. Jews; vs. purges based on class origin; Revai implementing; Romanian version; “two-camp theory,”
Zhirinovsky, Vladimir
Zhivkov, Todor
Zinoviev, Grigory; Severnaya kommuna
Zinovyev, Aleksandr
Zionism
Žižek, Slavoj
Zoshchenko, Mikhail
Zubok, Vladimir
Zweig, Stefan
Zyuganov, Gennady