French Guiana 416
French West Africa 418
Friedrich II 337
Friesland 313, 456
Funan 204, 217
Gabriel II, Orthodox Patriarch 92
Gadsden Purchase 574n17
Gaelic see Irish
Galatians 293-294
Galicia (west of Ukraine) 432
Galician language of Spain 332, 382, 384
Galilee 86-87
Gallo-Greek 287, 293-294
Gama, Vasco de, Portuguese mariner 385
Gambia 508
Gamío, M., Mexican patriot 375
Gandhara 85
Garcilaso, Inca see Vega, Garcilaso de la
Gaspirali (Gasprinsky), Ismail Bey 440-441
Gaulish 24n, 274, 282, 285-288, 289-295, 299, 301-304, 404
Gallo-Roman inscriptions 287
Gauls 183, 241, 243, 276
end of Roman empire 305-307
incursions 292-293
Roman conquest 301-302, 556
spread of Latin 304
see also Celts
Ge’ez 36, 92, 255
Genghis (Chinggiz) Khan, Mongol conqueror 106, 142, 151, 425, 555
Geoffrey of Monmouth, British chronicler 459n
Georgia (Russia) 433-435, 442
Georgians 50
Gepids 310
Germania (Tacitus) 273, 277, 280, 288
Germanic languages 273, 277n, 278, 289n, 307, 314, 318, 320n, 400, 475
have not often spread 306-308, 400, 447
Germanic invasions 304-309
German 317, 446-449, 472-473, 573n13
colonizing language 325n, 492n
Low German 312
world language 404n, 528-529, 531
Germany 12, 274, 277-278
book-publishing 326, 412-413
colonies 448, 508
and North America 492
Ghana 508
Gibson, Henry, US comedian 541
Gilbert, Humphrey, English entrepreneur 482
Gildas, British chronicler 311
Gilgamesh Epic 61
Global navigation 538-541
Gnostic sect 90n
Goidelic languages 291
Gök-Tepe (Dostoyevsky) 421-422
Gold 1, 51, 58, 61, 127, 158, 160, 201, 227, 272, 293, 349, 350, 357, 382, 392, 394, 398, 426, 480, 482, 495, 511, 548
Golden Horde 106, 426-427
Gold rush (Brazil) 394, (California) 495, 574n28
Gone with the Wind (Mitchell) 490
Gothic 20, 22, 307
Goths 261, 400, 457
Graddol, David 515, 516n, 544n
Graeco-Roman 191, 293
Gramalica de la lengua castellana (Nebrija) 331
Grammatica Germanicae linguae (Clajus) 573n13
Granada 99, 332-333
Grant, Charles, British reformer 501
Greece 39, 40n
and barbarians 230, 232, 241n, 279, 423
Christian Orthodoxy 264, 269-270
civilisation 233, 268, 520
coins 246-247, 249, 258
colonies 239-243, 245-247
culture 233, 235-238, 241-242, 245, 248, 250-254, 257, 266-268, 271, 298
decline/revival 257-263. 265-266, 267-268, 300, 328
emigration 262-263
fascination with Rome 278-279
Héllēnes 231
Hellēnikón 232
Hellenisation 245, 247-249
influence 229, 232-233, 241-242, 298-299
Olympic games 232
Roman rule 252
Slav incursions 261-262, 264, 309, 314
trade 242
Turkish domination 264-266
see also Alexander the Great
Greek 12, 20-22, 24n, 48, 49, 53, 71, 111, 120, 122, 179, 227-229, 234-238, 241, 248, 264-265, 269-270, 320n, 328, 555
alphabet 156, 242, 251
and Arabic 96-97
Attic dialect 229-230
bilingualism 246, 249, 251-252, 258
borrowing words 269-270
characteristics 234-238
classification by Scaliger 277n
dialects 232, 235-237
and Egypt 129-134, 164-166
Gaulish inscriptions 286-287
grammar 180, 182, 235, 238n, 476
inscriptions 83-84, 240, 242, 247, 249, 258
literary heritage 254-257, 575n48
New Testament 87
and Queen Cleopatra 131n
and Sanskrit 190-192
scripts 173, 241
spread of 76-78, 86, 96, 108, 229-230, 238, 239-254, 490
world language 229-230
Gregory of Tours, Frankish historian 315
Grijalva, Juan de, Spanish explorer 348, 349
Guadeloupe 415
Guangzhou (Canton) 159-160, 334
Guaraní 349, 361-364, 370-371, 376, 393
Guatemala 183, 337, 339, 372
Gubla see Byblos
Gudea of Lagash 58
Gurkhali 176
Guru Granth Sahib 216
Gutenberg, Johannes, German printing pioneer 326
Guugu Yimidhirr 4
Habiru 42, 70, 111
Habsburg dynasty 448
Haite 4151
Hakka dialect of Chinese 147
Hakluyt, Richard, English publicist 479
Ham 35n
Hamadan 43
Hamito-Semitic languages 36, 97, 122
Hammurabi, king of Babylonia 53, 61
Hàn dynasty 118, 138, 140, 169
Hangzhou 151
Hannibal, Carthaginian general 77, 252, 294
Hanno, Carthaginian explorer 75
Harūn al-Rashid, Caliph 98
Hasmonaean kingdom 248
Hastings, Warren, governor-general of Bengal 497
Hatshepsut, female pharaoh 151n
Hattic 41, 41n
Hattusas 41, 61-62
Hausa 36, 97n, 101, 102n, 527n, 530
Hawaii 509-510
Hebrew 78-80, 93, 335, 520n, 537
and Arabic 110-111
archaeological finds 32
copied texts 78
deportations 65, 79-80
gematria tradition 217
grammar 68n
Greek texts 248
language survival 80n, 90, 93, 110, 217
linguistic unity 20
liturgical use 248
people (Jews) 42, 44, 164, 166, 247, 537
pronunciation 68n, 70, 73
and Queen Cleopatra 131
relative/similar languages 35n, 50, 60n, 70
scriptures
2 Kings 65
Daniel 82
Esther 81
Ezekiel 68n, 73-74
Ezra 80n, 82
Genesis 58, 73
Isaiah 79
Jeremiah 81, 84
Nehemiah 80n
Psalms 80
Heliodorus, Greek ambassador 192, 247
Heliopolis 127
Hélou, Charles 420
Helvetii 286, 293
Henry II, English king 460n, 464
Henry the Navigator, Portuguese prince 382, 385
Henry VIII, English king 465, 478
Heraclitus, philosopher 234
Heraclius, emperor 260-261
Hernández de Córdoba, Francisco, Spanish conquistador 348, 349
Herodotus 31, 130n, 228, 232, 243, 276, 335
Hesiod 182, 236
Hezekiah, king of Judah 78-79
hieroglyphs see writing
Higden, Ranulph, English chronicler 467
Hildebrandslied 273
Hindi 177-178, 223, 528-530, 536; see also Urdu
Hinduism 21, 175, 178-180, 196, 198, 199, 202, 206, 207, 209, 214, 217, 220-221, 225, 504
Hispaniola 337-338, 343, 346n
Hispanización 373-377
Historia Chichimeca (Ixtilxóchitl) 344
Historia Francorum (Gregory of Tours) 315
Hittite 24n, 31, 33, 39, 41, 44, 46, 50, 62, 67,
84, 196, 514
Hmong 134, 141
Hokusai, Katsushika, Japanese artist 22
Holy Roman Empire 411, 447-448
Homer, Greek poet 44n, 231-232, 236, 237n, 251, 474n
Hong Kong 149, 507
Horace, Roman poet 250
Hossein Khan, Sied Gholam, Mughal historian 496
Huastec 346, 355
Huguenots 409, 412
Hūna 106
Hungarian 309n
Hunni 106, 139n
Huns, invasions by 261, 306, 309, 555
Huron 412n
Hurrian 33, 39, 41, 50, 62, 196
Hyksos kings 119, 164
I will Praise the Lord of Wisdom 30
Iamblikhos, Greek novelist 68n
Iamhad (Aleppo) 41
Iberia 45, 99, 290, 299, 301, 307, 382
Ibn Hauqal, Arabic historian 98
Ibn Khaldūn, Arabic travel writer 100
Ibn Wahab, Arab visitor to China 158
Iceland 314, 447n
Ika 363
Iliad 44n, 231, 236
Immigration see Population movement
Imperial languages
reasons for spread 380-381, 446, 576n70
reasons for survival 444 446
Inanna 49, 51-52, 55
Incas 12, 21, 338, 342-343, 344-345, 348, 356-357, 360, 372-373, 377
Index Librorum Prohibitorum 326
India 34, 38
Arabic 101
bilingualism 497
and Britain/English 12, 19, 108, 187, 223-225, 496-505 and China 147, 159, 192-194, 506
civilisation 202-207, 222-226
culture 179, 180
demographics 530
Devanāgari script 223
English education 499-505
French colonies 416
and Greek 190-192
Greek campaigns 245
modern Aryan languages 177
Muslim invasions 212-213, 222
Persian language 99, 108, 187, 223, 497, 503 and Portuguese trade 334, 391, 399, 497
Protestantism 499-504
spread of English 503-505; second-language speakers 515
trade 199-207, 536
see also Sanskrit
Indian Ocean 416-417, 419, 446
Indic scripts 85n, 156, 202-203, 211-212, 223, 246
Indiká (Megasthenes) 191
Indo-Aryan languages 41, 196
Indo-China 178, 203, 206, 207, 215-216, 380, 400, 413, 417-419, 520
Indo-European languages 23n, 41, 42-43, 183, 195-196, 214, 289, 292, 301, 554-555
Indo-Greeks 192, 257-258
Indo-Iranian languages 176
Indo-Portuguese Creole 390
Indonesia, 147n, 161, 191, 380, 400, 403, 506n, 532
Indradevi, Cambodian queen 206
Insubrians 285-286, 288
Interpreters 3, 75, 82, 131, 192, 335, 341-343, 344, 355, 357, 363, 365, 388, 440, 497
Interracial families 308, 313, 343-344, 376, 414
see also Mestizo
Introductiones Latinae (Nebrija) 345
Investment see Trade
Inyotef, pharaoh 127
Ionic dialect of Greek 236, 237n, 242n
Ionians 236, 237n
Ipuwer, Admonitions of 163-164
Irakli, Georgian king of Kartalina-Kakhetia 434
Iran 21, 38, 43, 47-48, 86, 96, 257
and Arabic 98, 101
see also Parthia, Persian
Iranian languages 109, 186, 219, 246, 258
Iraq 35, 55
Ireland 290-291, 518
emigration to America 491
and the Normans 464
Norse language 447n
plague 313
Statute of Kilkenny 464
Irenaeus (Saint), Christian apologist 299
Irish (Gaelic) 274, 276, 300, 464-465, 469, 517
Isis 255
Islam 22, 49, 94, 96
Arabic script 97n
auxiliary languages 106
banned by Spain 333
spread of 10, 95, 98-99, 101, 108, 110-111, 134, 158, 159, 164, 209, 213, 216, 307n, 377, 537
Isidorus of Charax, Greek travel writer 258
Italian 331, 528-529, 531
Italic languages 273, 291n
Italy 240-242
and French 410
and Latin 12, 293-294, 535
population 153, 153n
Romance languages 320
see also Oscan
Ivan III, Tsar 426-427
Ivan IV (’the Terrible’), Tsar 426-427, 431, 440
Ixtilxóchitl, Fernando de Alva, Nahuatl historian, 344
Jainism 189-190
Jamestown 477n, 479
Japan
Buddhism 178
and China 147-148, 162
colonial wars 450-453
demographics 530
and Dutch trade 398
Kōminka 449-455
and Korea 450-452
Pacific empire 451
population 153n
Portuguese trading posts 387
and Russia 433, 452
Japanese 46n, 138, 528
kana syllabary 116, 156, 210-211
kanbun tradition 476n
spread 450, 453-455
Sino-Japanese 162-163
Jaqaru 357
Jaqi 357
jargons 10
Jataka tales 201, 208
Java 147, 149, 201, 203, 204n, 205-206, 213, 389, 398-399, 402, 564n30
Javanese 208, 498, 514, 528, 532
Jefferson, Thomas, US President 488
Jérez, Rodrigo de, Spanish interpreter 335
Jerome (also Hieronymus) (Saint), Bible translator 294
Jerusalem 79-80, 129, 248
Jesus of Nazareth, Jewish prophet 86-87
Jevons, Stanley 511
Jews see Hebrew
Jiménez de Quesada, Gonzalo, Spanish conquistador 363
Jingpo 134
John of Ephesus, Byzantine historian, 262
John of Salisbury, English monk 408
Johore 148
Jolliet, Louis, French explorer 412
Jones, Sir William, English scholar 185, 224
Josephus, Jewish historian 71
Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World Page 78