Josiah, king of Judah 129
Ju Ying, Chinese envoy 147
Judaea 248
Judah 78-79, 81, 83, 129
Judaism 21, 70, 159, 306n, 537
Judas Maccabaeus, Jewish revolutionary 248
Judith, Jewish heroine 69-70
Jürchen 120, 142, 143, 144, 153
Justinian, Byzantine emperor 132n, 233, 257, 260
Juvenal, Roman satirist 280, 302
Kabard-Balkar 423n
Kafirs 262
Kalhu also Nimrud 66
Kālidāsa, Sanskrit poet 559
Kalinga 197-198, 199
Kalmyk 423n
Kalyana 88
Kāma Sūtra (Vatsyāyana) 176
Kandahar 85, 246
Kang Tai, Chinese envoy 147
Kanishka, king of Kushana 219
Kannada 177, 187-188, 198
Kaoru, Inoue, Japanese foreign minister 450
Karakorum 90
Karen 134
Karkemish 39, 41
Karlgren, Bernhard, Swedish linguist 163
Kartalina-Kakhetia 434
Kashmir 97n, 178
Kassites 40, 41, 43, 55, 60, 63
Kathāsaritsāgaram (Somadeva) 201
Kaunndinya, Indian explorer 4
Kavafis, Constantine, Greek poet 228
Kavirāja, Sanskrit poet 184
Kawki 357
Kazakhstan 423n, 435, 443, 445, 547
Kazan 106, 427, 440
Kenya 105, 508, 532, 544
Kerala 88
Keys, David, British historian 313
Kharoshthi script 85n, 246
Khazars 106, 306, 425, 555
Khitan 120, 142, 153
Khiva 437
Khmer 202-203, 208
Khoi 22
Khrushchev, Nikita, Soviet leader 437
Khurasan 98
Khuzistan 57
Khwarezmian 48
Kiev 106, 426, 431
Kipchak-Polovtsians 425
Kirkuk 41
Kirkwood, Montague British diplomat 453n
Kish 27, 37
Kling, India as known by South-East Asians 199
Kogi 363
Kokand 437
Kōminka (imperialization) 449-455
Konkani 390n
Koran see Qur’an
Korea 162, 423n, 450-453
Buddhism 178
and Japan 380
Korean 46n, 138, 156, 528-529, 576n12
alphabet 156
Sino-Korean 162-163
Krio Creole of English 508
Kristang dialect of Portuguese 390
Kublai (Khubilai) Khan, emperor of China 143, 156, 179, 212n
Kumārajīva, Indian Buddhist translator 119
Kushana empire 48n, 108, 219, 246, 257-8, 269
Kushite 126-129, 131n
Kushite dynasty 120, 127, 158, 164
Kutadgū Bilig, Turkic didactic poem 106
Kyrgyzstan 437, 547
Laghman 85
Lampridius, Aelius, Roman historian 299
Landa, Diego de, Spanish cleric 348n
Language charisma 21-22, 86-93, 179
Language communities 7-10, 525, 557
Language diversity 471, 557-559
Language dynamics 529-533, 558
Language growth
organic 19, 527-528, 530-1
’merger and acquisition’ (M&A) 19, 24, 527
Top Twenty 19n, 525-533
vaster than empires 556-559
Language history 5, 7-25, 51
major epochs 24-25
Language loss
(Punic) 76-77, (Hebrew) 79-80, (Egyptian) 164-167, (Gaulish) 299-301, (Massachusett) 485, (North American languages) 489-490
Language mixing see creolisation
Language prestige 19, 532, 550-552
Language properties 23
Language size distribution 527
Language spread (see also Imperial languages), caused by military conquest 20-21, 85, 195-199, 243, 294, 339, 416, 422, 46-461, 520, 557
caused by cultural influence 22-24, 179, 250, 499, 504, 521, 539, 557
caused by settlement 22, 63-67, 141, 239, 347, 391-392, 399, 416, 492-495, 534-535, 557
caused by technical innovation 61-68, 326-328, 511-513, 540-541, 546, 548
Language spread (cont.)
caused by trade 21-22, 75-77, 98, 102-103, 160-162, 178, 274, 290-292, 387-388, 463, 478, 491, 497, 510-511, 513, 517-519, 536, 546
caused by religious conversion 21-22, 86-93, 179, 387-390, 499n, 501-502, 504, 520, 521, 536-537
mechanisms of:
migration: diffusion: infiltration 19, 85, 250
sweep-aside vs re-education 505-509
seaborne contacts 24, 199-202, 323, 325, 338-339, 538-539
obstacles to: 364-367, 400-401
Language structural type
as factor in language spread 23, 97, 552-557
Language survival (see also Imperial languages) 22-23, 444-446, 529
Langue d’oc 320n
Lao-zi, Chinese sage 150
Laos 204, 206, 417
script 202
Las Casas see De Las Casas
Latin 12, 20-22, 24n, 48, 53, 75, 76-78, 86, 92, 101n, 179, 520
breaks up into Romance languages 308-309
and the Britons 301-304, 517
and Celtic-speakers 295-301, 304
classification 277n
daughter languages (Romance) 329
decline/revival/death 260-261, 307, 309, 314, 315-321, 325-330, 526
and French 405-406
grammatica 316-321, 325, 476
Greek influence 250-254, 298-299
in North Africa 100, 307n
Punic bilingualism 307n
spread of 275, 490, 540
Vulgar 307
Vulgate bible 294
and Western Christianity 209
see also Romance languages
Latin America see Americas
Latvia 432-433, 443, 445
Le Morte d’Arthur (Malory) 332
Le Phénomène humain (Chardin) 403n
Lebanon 44, 70-71, 78, 128
Lee Kwan Yew, prime minister of Singapore 548
Leibniz, Baron Gottfried von, German philosopher 410
Lenape 483
Lengua general346, 356, 358, 360, 363-373, 375, 568n15
León 99
Leontopolis 151
Léopold, Belgian king 418
Lepontic 242, 284-285, 291
Lerdo Law 375
Levant Company 479
Leydekker, Melchior, translator of Bible into Malay 402
Lezgian 41
Liang Wudi, Chinese emperor 119
Liberia 508, 515
Libraries (Sumerian/Akkadian) 34, 49, 54; (Hittite) 41; (Punic) 75; (Sanskrit) 221n; (Greek) 248; (English in India) 499
Libya 78, 97, 119, 120
and Egypt 126-127, 164
Libyan 126-129, 149
Line of Raghu, The (Kālidāsa) 559
Lingala 419n
Lingua franca
origin of term 407n
various languages which took this role
Akkadian 42, 54, 62, 110, 129
Arabic 209, 547
Aramaic 34, 35, 79, 80-82
’Atlantic Celtic’ 290-292
Chinese 547
English 24, 457, 458, 503, 510, 513, 532, 545
Italian 407n
French 412, 532
Greek 20, 86, 164, 190, 299
Latin 265, 325
Malay 380, 532
Nahuatl 355
Pali 215
Persian 101, 497
Phoenician 546
Portuguese 387-388, 395, 497, 513
Russian 429, 443, 531
Sanskrit 179
Sogdian 108, 546
Swahili 105, 508, 533
Turkic 531, 547
deliberate establishment of lingua franca general 543, 558
Akkadi
an by Assyria 19, 44
Aramaic by Persia 47, 548
Greek by Alexander 48
Quechua by Incas 357-360
miscellaneous by Western powers 381
English by Singapore 548
unintentional establishment of lingua franca
Aramaic by Assyria 66 (contra: 562 n. 28)
Persian by Arabs 99
loss of role
Latin 328-330
retention of role
Nahuatl, Quechua 367
Guarani 376
English, Portuguese 513
Western imperial languages 444-446
Lingua geral393-395
Linguistic innovations
many in the Ancient Near East 29-35
cuneiform as ideographic standard 61-63, 512
syllabic writing 156
alphabetic writing 45-46, 63-68, 202-203, 241-242
printing 326-328, 346
electronic communications 511-513
Linguistics
origins of 156-157, 180-182, 209-212, 220, 224, 238n
reconstruction of past languages 31
Lisu 134
Literacy
providing evidence for language history 24
as supposed factor in language spread 63-64
Gaulish 284-288
in late Roman Empire 308
spread through Sanskrit 202
spread under Soviets 441-442
its value doubted 57, 182-183
Lithuania 24n, 424-425, 431, 432
Liuye see Soma
Livius Andronicus, Latin poet 251, 299
Livonia 432
Livy, Roman historian 285
’Livy of Anáhuac’ 344
Logograms see writing
Lombards 306, 307, 309
Lomonósov, Mikhail, Russian scholar 439
López de Santa Anna, Antonio 494
Loprieno, Antonio 113n
Lorenzana y Buitrón, Antonio de, Archbishop of Mexico 373-374, 539
Louis XIII, French king 409
Louis XIV, French king 409, 414
Low German 312
Lud 35n
Ludlul Bēl Nēmeqi 30
Ludwig the German, king 317-318
Lulubi 43
Luoyang 151
Lusitanian 288n
Lusophone 390
Luther, Martin, German reformer 326, 447, 472-473
Luwian 39, 41, 44, 50, 62, 71, 84
Luzon 148
Lycian 83-84, 86
Lydia 46, 47, 83
Lydian 12, 30, 35n, 41, 4748, 83-84, 86, 249
M&A (Merger & Acquisition) 19, 24
Ma Huan, Chinese mariner 147
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, British pundit 22n, 496, 503n, 516n
Macedonia 98, 269, 293
Macedonian 85, 131, 290
MacKinnon, Revd D., British teacher 500
Macmillan, Harold, British prime minister 541
Madagascar 101, 105, 412, 418-419
Madison, James, US President 488
Magadhi 177, 178, 187-190, 192, 197, 218
Maghreb 100
Maghrebi 78n
Magyars 306, 309, 425
Mahābhārata 176, 184, 195, 197, 204, 206-207
Mahābhā⋅ya (Pataõjali) 180
Maharashtra 188-189
Majumdar, R.C., Indian scholar 206
Malay 97n, 208, 380, 400-403, 444, 446, 457, 476, 498, 532, 539
Malaya 204n, 205, 213, 505, 507, 536
Malayalam 198, 528
Malaysia, 147n, 149, 161, 199, 201, 385, 387, 390, 398, 400, 506n, 544
Malcolm III, Scottish king 463
Malin-tzin, Mexican interpreter 342, 355
Malory, Sir Thomas, English writer 332
Malta 71, 97
mamelucos 371
Mameluke dynasty of Egypt 121
Manchu 171, 308n
people 170-171, 308n
Manchuria 21, 121, 138, 143-146, 148, 380, 427
Manco Capac, Inca 357
Mandaean/Mandaic 90n
Mandarin see Chinese
Manātho, Egyptian historian 165n
Manichaeans 141
Mansilla, Fray Juan de, Spanish friar 364
Manu Law Code 186-187, 194
Māori 506
Mapuche 349, 363
Mapudungun 349, 361, 363
Marathi 188, 528, 530
Mari 37, 39, 41, 53, 60-61
Marquette Père, French explorer 412
Martial, Latin poet 523
Martinique 415
Marx, Karl, German sage 438n
Massachusett 483, 484-485
Massaesylia 75
Massylia 75
Mauritania 98
Max Havelaar (Multatuli) 395
Maya 1-4, 11n, 348, 352, 364n, 372
Mecca 94
Meckel, Major, strategic consultant 451
Medawar, Peter, British biologist 403n
Medes 43, 47, 56, 79, 87
Median 131
Medina 94
Medjay 131n
Megasthenes, Seleucid ambassador 191-192, 247
Mehmet, Ottoman Sultan 266n
Melanesians 22
Memphis 127, 151
Memphite theology 113-114
Menander, Greek dramatist 234
Menander, Greek king 192, 219, 230, 246
Menander of Ephesus, Greek historian 71
Mencius, Chinese sage (also Meng-zi) 137n, 152
Mendes Pinto, Fernāo, Portuguese explorer 388-389
Menéndez Pidal, R.307
Menes, pharaoh 124, 151
Merchants see Trade, Free enterprise
Merikare, pharaoh 122, 154
Merneptah, pharaoh 126
Meroitic 128
Mesopotamia 21, 38, 41, 42-45, 47-50, 53, 55, 56, 60-61, 65, 79-80, 83, 86, 154, 164, 209, 247, 257-258, 536
Mesrop Mashtotz, Armenian Bishop 88
Messapian 242
Mestizo 17, 338, 342-345, 347, 367, 372-376
see also Interracial families
Mexica 346n, 351, 367, 375, 377
Mexicana, lengua, see Nahuatl
Mexico 308, 364, 366, 444, 488, 531
sixteenth-century languages 352
Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World Page 79