Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World
Page 81
and French culture 410-411
Holy Synod Act 435
and Japan 433, 452
’literary languages’ 442
Muslim populations 434-435, 439
Russian 24n, 108, 421n, 422, 431, 433, 520, 528-529, 531
army’s linguistic unity 438-439
bilingualism 440
colonizing language 325n, 427, 434, 437, 446
Cyrillic alphabet 442
ideological language 444
literature 439-440
mass literacy 441-442
missionaries 429
orthography 442
poor prospects 444-446
Soviet policy 441-444
status 437-441
Soviet Union 441-444
Russian Academy 439
Russian Bible Society, Imperial 438
Russian Orthodox Church 423, 425, 434, 437-438
Russo-Japanese War 452
Rwanda 105
Sabah 505
Saddam Hussein, Iraqi dictator 35
Sahagún, Fray Bernardo de, Spanish friar 368
Sahidic dialect of Coptic 92
St Thomas Christians 88
Sais 130, 151, 165
šaka 43, 48
šaka era dating system 219n
šaka-Khotanese 108
Sale, Kirkpatrick 335n, 336n
Samaria 56, 65
Samaritan Christians 87
Samarkand 21, 93, 106, 108, 437
San 22
Sanchuniathon of Beirut, Phoenician mythographer 72-73
Sanskrit 20, 21, 24n, 92, 174-176, 238
in Central and East Asia 207-213
Buddhist Hybrid dialect 190
chants 145n
characteristics 180-185, 194, 205
charm of 214-218
and Chinese 192-194, 209
dialects 175, 189
disadvantages 218-222
in drama 188
and Greek 190-192
in India 185-190, 195-199
liturgical 175-176, 178-179, 185, 208, 225, 238, 520, 536
Prakrit 175, 178, 185, 187-188, 190, 192, 214, 218-219, 223, 246-247
pronunciation 157, 174n, 217
and religion 189-190, 192
scripts 174n, 194, 202, 206, 209, 211
in South-East Asia 4, 21, 159, 162, 199-207
speaker populations 12
spread of 141, 176-179, 195-199, 214, 219, 238
supplanted 212-213, 574n38
survival of 222-226
sutras 181-183
Vedic/Vedas 43, 175, 180-181, 185, 197, 206, 209, 220
vocabulary 183-184
written text 183, 194, 209
Śāntarak⋅ita, Buddhist monk 178
Santo Tomás, Fray Domingo, Spanish friar 334, 356
Saqqara 81
Sarawak 505
Sardinia 45, 71, 76
Sargon I, king of Agade 35, 37, 40, 51, 60
Sargon II, king of Assyria 65
Sassanid dynasty 96, 98, 108, 259, 260
Satavahana, Indian king 189n
Satire on Trades 156
Śaurasenī 188
Saxon, Germanic language 307
Saxon England 312, 460
invasions 304-305, 310-314
Scaliger, Joseph Justus, Dutch philologist 277n
Scandinavia 19, 313, 516
Schiller, Friedrich, German dramatist 446, 448
Schloezer, A.L., German philologist 35n
Scotland 447n, 463-464, 518
scribes 67, 82, 155-156
Scyles, Scythian Hellenophile 243
Scythian 48, 108, 186
Scythians 43, 186, 219, 241, 243, 246, 257, 276, 335
Secret History of the Mongols 145
Seleuceia on the Eulaeus 258, 561, see also Susa
Seleuceia on the Tigris 258, 561
Seleucid dynasty 55, 108, 190, 191, 247, 248-249, 257, 258, 293
Seljuk dynasty 21, 101, 106, 263, 265
Semitic languages 35, 36-38, 40, 41, 43, 47, 60-62, 65, 70, 72n, 78, 93, 110-111, 122, 129, 250, 292, 517
1-10 in Akkadian, Aramaic and Arabic 37n, 38
characteristics 35-37
Senghor, Léopold, Senegalese president 420
Sennacherib, king of Assyria 50, 65, 83
Septuagint Bible 248
Sequoya, Cherokee 154
Serbia 262
Serbo-Croat 97n
Serbs 430n
Seti I, pharaoh 126
Severus, Sulpicius, Roman historian 300
Seville 99
Shabaka Stone (bearing Memphite theology) 113-114
Shakespeare, William, English dramatist 22, 334, 473-474n, 477
Shāng dynasty 118, 136
Shanghai 149
Shem 35n
Shi Huang Di, Chinese emperor 137-138, 151, 156
Shia/Shiite tradition 98
Shoshenq dynasty 127, 129
Showen Jiezi of Xu Shen 138
Shusim 56 see also Susa
Siam 207
Siberia 80, 101, 380, 423, 428, 432, 436, 444-445
Sicily 45, 71, 239-241
Siddha script 156
Sidetic 84
Sidon/Sidonians 35n, 44, 71
Sierra Leone 508
Sihanouk, Norodom, Cambodian prince 420
Sikhism 216
Silenos and Sosylos, Greek annalists with Hannibal 77
Simhala people 176 see also Sinhala
Simonsz, Cornelius Jan, Dutch governor of Ceylon 389
Sind 93
Singapore 149, 505, 507, 532, 548
Sinhala 198, 544
Sino-Russian border 427
Sino-Tibetan languages 134, 138, 141
Sinoxenic dialects 162
Slave trade 105, 344, 365, 391, 415, 416n, 418, 480, 508, 539n
Slavs 274, 280-281, 304-309, 310, 423
incursions into Greece 261-262, 264, 309, 314
Slavic/Slavonic languages 262, 273, 275, 277, 309-310, 422, 425, 429, 447
Slovaks 430n
Slovenians 430n
Slovo o Polku Igoreve, Russian heroic lay 426
Smith, Captain John, English colonist 481n
Socrates, Greek philosopher 183
Sogdian 21, 48, 98-99, 106, 108, 546
Soma, also Liuye, legendary queen of Funan 4
Somalia 97n, 104
Song dynasty 142-143, 147
Song-Yun, Chinese pilgrim 193
Son’s Books 145
Soto, Hernando de, Spanish conquistador 337, 339, 344
South Africa
and Dutch 399, 411
and English 19, 507
South America 12, 333, 362, 419, 444
South Pacific 508
South-East Asia 101, 159, 160, 178
and English 506-507
and Sanskrit 199-213, 536
scripts 202-203
Spain 14, 14-16, 332-346, 347-350, 478, 482, 486, 494-495, 509, 519
Arabic script 97n
and China 148
and Christianity 332
empire and language 373-377
and French 410
Islam banned 333
Jews expelled 333
and Latin 12
Muslim presence 99-100, 554
Phoenician settlements 46n, 71
Roman control 301
see also Americas, Caribbean, Philippines
Spanish 7, 179, 300, 307, 331, 340, 373-377, 472
Castilian 332-333
colonizing language 325n, 380, 400, 446, 495, 527-528
Romance 320n, 332
style contrasted with Nahuatl 14-15
world language 525-533
Spanish-American War 340, 377
Sparta 82, 236, 240
Spaulding, Augustine, British merchant 323
Śri Lanka 160, 176, 178, 199, 201, 389-391, 399, 401, 544
Śri Vijaya 147, 203
Stalin, Josef, Soviet leader 423n, 432, 433n
Stanley, Si
r Henry, British explorer 418
Statute of Kilkenny 143n, 464-465
Strabo, Greek geographer 191, 232, 241, 252, 277, 279, 282, 335
Strasburg Oaths 308n, 317
Stuyvesant, Pieter, last governor of Nieuw Nederland 493n
Sudan 98
Suebi 305, 307
Súi dynasty 119, 141
Sullivan, John L., US journalist 486
Sumatra 147, 204-205, 213
Sumer 31, 37, 39, 41-44, 51, 53, 57
Sumerian 11n, 32, 33, 37, 38, 41, 46, 49-56, 52, 55, 60-62, 68, 163, 536
bilingualism with Akkadian 51, 53-57, 111, 163
cuneiform 11n, 32, 37, 39-40, 40, 42, 46, 50, 51, 54-55, 57, 61-63, 72n
edubba system 62-63
school texts 37
Susa 56-57, 61, 258
šušan see Susa
Swahili 97n, 103-105, 419n, 532
Sweden 410, 433, 486, 492
Switzerland 407, 410
Syriac 87-88, 90, 131, 250, 255, see also Aramaic
Syria 20-21, 37, 38, 44, 48, 79, 86, 128-129
Greek overlordship 245, 247, 259
Syrian Jacobite Church 90
Tabgach 106, 119, 140, 144, 151, 153, 306n
Tacitus 273, 277, 280, 288, 302, 309, 311n
Tagalog 377-379, 544
Tai languages 141
Tai Zong, Chinese emperor 159
Taiwan 451-453
Tajikistan, 47, 99, 108, 437
Tale of Sinuhe, Egyptian romance 129n
Talmud 87, 90n, 217
Talon, Jean, intendant of Nouvelle-France 414
Tamazight 127 see also Berber
Tamil 160, 177, 198, 201, 507, 530, 544
TaNaK, Hebrew Scripture 70n, 96
Tang dynasty 119, 120, 141, 146, 151, 158, 169, 178, 209
Tangier 93
Tangut 142
Tanis 151
Tanzania 104-105, 508, 532, 544
Taoism 172
Tarascan 352, 355, 372
Tāriq bin Ziyād, Moorish conqueror 95, 99
Tartessians 290
Tatars 106, 306n, 422, 423n, 433, 434, 435, 440
Taxila 85, 181, 258
TeleGeography 544n
Telugu 177, 187, 198, 530
Tempest, The (Shakespeare) 334
Tepoztlán 368
Teutonic knights 447
Tezozómoc, Fernando Alvarado, Nahuatl chronicler 353-354
Thai 134, 141, 208; script 202
Thailand 147n, 148, 161, 205, 208, 528
The 1001 Nights 98, 103
Thebes 127, 129, 151
Themistocles, Greek general 5, 555
Thirty-Six Strategems 171
Thoby, Henry, British Indian civil servant 503n
Thracians 282, 290
Thucydides 233
Tibet 80, 141, 178-179, 203, 221
Tibetan 21, 134, 209
script 156, 211-212, 564-565
Tibeto-Burman languages 177
Tiglath Pileser I, king of Assyria 43, 423n
Tiglath Pileser III, king of Assyria 65
Tigre 36, 92
Tigrinya 36, 92
Tigris 39, 40n
Timur-i-leng (Tamerlane, Tamburlaine), Turkic conqueror 90
Tocharians see Kushāna
Togan Timur, Chinese emperor 143
Tok Pisin 508
Tokugawa Ieyasu, Japanese shōgun 388, 450
Toledo 93, 99
Tolstoy, Count Leo, Russian writer 410, 439
Tongking 146
Top Twenty Languages 19n, 525-533
Torah, 70n, 111, 217
Toribio de Benavente, Fray see Motolinía
Tordesillas line 336-337, 385
Torres, Luis de, Spanish interpreter 335
Totonac 348, 352, 355
Trade 10, 21, 56, 61-62, 74, 75, 128, 130, 146-149, 154, 213, 229, 242, 313, 326, 334, 357, 363, 385-387, 391, 397, 402, 412, 416, 441, 444, 450, 511, 547
’Rich trades’ 397
Trajan, Roman emperor 259n, 310
Treaties
Georgievsk 434
Nerchinsk 427
Paris 415, 494
Rastatt 411
St-Clair-sur-Epte 460
Tordesillas (Tardesilhas) 336-337, 385, 392
Utrecht 414n
Waitangi 506
Trevisa, John de 467, 468, 471
Triadon, Coptic poem 134
Triads of Ireland, The (Meyer) 272
Trogodyte 131, 232
Tsunataro, Aoyagi, Japanese political analyst 453
Tuareg 101
Tunebo 363
Tungus languages 21, 138, 140, 142, 143
Tunisia 93, 97
Tupí-Guaraní languages 362, 363
Tupinambá 349-350, 363, 393, 571n15
Turkic languages 105-108, 138, 140, 141, 212, 219, 223n, 306n, 425, 427, 435, 443n, 514, 528n
possible lingua franca 531, 547
runic alphabet 106
scripts 106
Turkmenistan 437, 443n
Turks
advance across Anatolia/Aegean 264
and Arabic 101
Christian Orthodoxy 264, 269-270
Turkish conquests 263-265, 528n
Turkish 21, 97n, 105n, 108, 163, 263, 547, 554
Tyndale, William 473
Tyre 44, 68n, 71, 73, 75, 250
Tz’utujil 372
Uganda 105, 508
Ugarit 41, 60n, 62, 71, 128
Ugaritic 70, 71, 73
Uighur 21, 97n, 107, 142
script 106
Ukraine 425, 429, 431-432, 439, 443
Ulpian, Roman lawyer 299
’Umar ibn al-Khattab, Arab critic 94
Umbrian 242
United East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie -VOC) 397, 400n, 401-102, 457, 539
United Kingdom, population 153n
United States Magazine 486
Ur 40, 67
Uralian/Uralic area to Russia’s North-East 423, 432
Uralic languages 429
Urartu 31, 33, 41, 43, 46-47, 50, 65
Urdu 12, 178, 223, 497-498, 503, 528-530; see also Hindi
Urfa 87, 247
Uruk 54
US Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 454n