Lauterburg, Christoph, 122–23
Lawfulness and the intelligibility of reality, 19, 21, 68–69, 70
Laws, scientific, 19–21; in historical explanation, 22–23; complementarity of, and of conditions, 68–70. See also Explanation: scientific or apodeictic
Layzer, David, 69
Le Corbusier (Charles Édouard Jeanneret-Gris), 64–65
Legality, defined, 289–90n.1; versus morality, 228–30
Leiss, William, 53–54, 252n.8, 253n.7, 257n.5, 265nn.21 and 25, 268n.62, 269n.1, 274n.4
Leisure: as the goal of technology, 125; evaluated by the standards of traditional excellence, 127–29. See also Commodity, final; Technology, foreground of
Leopold, Aldo, 284n.13
Leslie, John, 285n.41
Levin, Margarita Rosa, 255n.4
Levin, Michael E., 255n.4
Liberal democratic theory: root concepts of, 89; equality of opportunity in, 90; and the good society, 91–93, 94–97, 170–71; historical sketch of, 86–89; moral principle of, 87–88; enacted as technology, 88–93, 96–101; shelters technology from examination, 86, 92–93, 94, 126; and tradition, 93. See also Democracy
Life-style as a collage of commodities, 54, 92
Linder, Staffan B., 145, 259n.8, 264n.1, 274n.4, 277n.57
Lovins, Amory B., 165
Lucas, Robert C., 283n.1
McGovern, George, 167
Machine: versus structure, 66–68; as the symbol of technology, 57–58, 64–65
Machinery: as the character of the industrial era, 59–60; and commodity as the crucial features of the device paradigm, 4; has the tendency to shrink, 43; varies without affecting its commodity, 43; concealment of, 44, 47–48; demeaned in technology, 247; disburdens, 44; given final status in technology, 247, 292n.2; organizational, 117. See also Commodity; Device; Device paradigm
MacIntyre, Alasdair, 170, 172, 208–9, 255n.11, 263n.3, 272n.15, 275n.9, 282n.9, 287n.33
Mackey, Robert, 252n.6
Maclean, Norman, 201
McMullin, Ernan, 255n.14
Macpherson, C. B., 86–88, 97–98, 263n.8, 268n.46, 271n.18
Malcolm, Norman, 283n.25
Mannheim, Bilha, 291n.34
Marcuse, Herbert, 83–85
Mark, E. M., 254n.1
Market system: and the environmental crisis, 165–66; and liberal democratic theory, 87; and the local, labor-intensive economy, 241
Marks, Robert, 262n.39
Martin, L. John, 253n.1 (Ch. 4)
Marx, Karl, 84–85, 259n.5, 276n.36
Marx, Leo, 183, 188–89, 258n.13, 261n.3, 275n.25
Marxists: and the rule of the capitalists versus the rule of technology, 81–82; critique of Western democracies, 82–85; inadequacy of their critique of technology, 83–85; view of human nature of, 265n.22; and the problem of identifying the ruling class, 82–83; and the instrumentalist view of technology, 10–11
Maturity required in technology, 194, 212
Maurer, Reinhart, 265n.21
Meadows, Donella H., 278n.16
Means and ends: ambiguity of the distinction, 63–64, 220–21; whether distinction of, is applicable to production and consumption, 58–59; division of, in the device, 43–44, 61–64; division of, healed in focal practices, 202–3, 205, 208–9; alleged imbalance of, in technology, 57, 60–63, 247, 292n.7; interpenetration of, in Heidegger, 259n.7. See also Commodity; Machinery
Meier, Hugo A., 257n.13 (Ch. 8), 261n.2, 275n.25
Melville, Herman, 201
Mesthene, Emmanuel G., 258n.2, 275n.20
Metatechnological things and practices, 215, 247–48. See also Focal things and practices
Method subordinate to substantive concern, 68
Metlay, Daniel, 253n.3 (Ch. 4), 269n.5, 270n.5
Meyer, Niels I., 290n.14
Microelectronics, 47, 125, 148–53
Military armament, 114, 172, 281–82n.8
Mill, John Stuart, 86–87, 175
Miller, M. W., 254n.1
Minas, Anne C., 74
Mind and body united in focal practices, 203
Mitcham, Carl, 12–15, 252n.6, 258n.21, 290n.11
Moore, Charles W., 244, 262n.40, 286n.2, 292n.43
Morality: alleged chaos of, 170, 172, 173; as promoted by conservatives, 93–94, 229–30; interwoven with economy and society in pre-technological settings, 141, 207–8; versus legality, 228–30; open in liberal democracies, 170–71; supposed neutrality of, in the political realm, 94–95; as the basis for a critique of technology, 144, 173–74, 228; destroyed by technology, 144; exploited by technology, 141; overlay of, in technology, 171–73; as undergirding technology, 132, 135
Mumford, Lewis, 238–39, 258n.21, 262n.34, 263n.42, 273n.18, 298n.29
Music as a focal practice, 4–5, 221–22, 225
Musicianship, 126–29, 225
Naess, Arne, 285n.42
Nagel, Thomas, 267n.34
Nash, Roderick, 183
Nature, conquest of, 36. See also Environmental crisis; Wilderness
Newman, John Henry, 283n.26
Nie, Norman H., 270n.6
Nielsen, Kai, 269n.72
Norman, Colin, 274n.47
Nozick, Robert, 282n.17, 282–83n.20, 283n.27, 291n.17
Nuclear armament. See Military armament
Nuclear power generation, 165
Nunn, Clyde Z., 253n.1 (Ch. 4), 254n.7 (Ch. 4)
O’Brien, George, 277n.56
Optimists, unwarranted pessimism of, 145, 289n.31
Organization as an instance of the device paradigm, 117, 272n.15
Orientation in a pretechnological setting, 79
Orientation in technology: provided by advertisements, 55; according to the device paradigm, 105, 108; in the face of the environmental crisis, 147; appearance of disorientation, 79; displacement of morality by the device paradigm, 135
Packard, Vance, 284n.11
Panofsky, Erwin, 280n.5
Paradigm. See Explanation, paradigmatic or paradeictic; Device paradigm
Pascal, Blaise, 175
Paternalism, 92
Pattern. See Explanation, paradigmatic or paradeictic; Device paradigm
Penney, Alexandra, 203
Perrin, Noel, 291n.18
Pessimism, unwarranted, of the optimists, 145, 289n.31
Petersen, K. Helveg, 290n.14
Petrocik, John R., 270n.6
Phaff, H. J., 254n.1
Philosophical discourse as metapoetical and metapolitical, 188
Philosophy of technology and social analysis, 6–7, 8
Physics, 18
Pirsig, Robert M., 160–62, 201, 260n.34
Plato, 274n.5
Pluralism, shallow and profound, 228–30. See also Focal things and practices, plurality of; Social union
Poetry: as deictic discourse, 179; as a focal practice, 217
Pöggeler, Otto, 258n.23
Polanyi, Karl, 257n.8
Political discourse: in liberal democracies, 169–70; as deictic discourse, 179; difficulty of, as deictic discourse, 227–28; forums for, as deictic, 232; continuum between, and private deictic discourse, 234; emancipation from technology through deictic, 239–40
Political engagement, 107–9, 113. See also Democracy, participatory
Politics: as a guide for technology, 10; in the service of technology, 11; as the technological metadevice, 113. See also Democracy; Government; Liberal democratic theory
Porter, Dennis, 277n.64
Positional goods, 132
Posner, Richard A., 271n.13
Poverty, 112, 113. See also Inequality; Third World
Power based on affluence 82–83
Practice. See Focal things and practices
Problem stating, 17, 24
Productivity and reliability as goals of the division of work, 117
Progress: in science, 24–26, 28–29; effect of scientific progress on art, religion, and politics, 26, 29; loss of deictic power in scientific progress, 26; in technology, 41�
��42, 258n.14
Public goods. See Social goods
Pursell, Carroll, 257–58n.13, 273n.17, 291n.29
Quality of life: and microelectronics, 150–51; versus standard of living, 234–36. See also Wealth
Rainwater, Lee, 266n.19, 270n.11, 271n.14
Rawls, John: and the just versus the good society, 95–97; on drawing strong conclusions from weak assumptions, 175; on defining practices through rules, 209; on self-realization according to the Aristotelian Principle, 213–15; and the liabilities of dominant ends, 214–15, 218; keeps the contingent and historical at bay, 217–18, 289n.20; his reflective equilibrium, 215, 217, 254n.7 (Ch. 4); on social union, 266n.3; and the meaning of opportunity, 267n.38
Real, Michael R., 276n.39
Reid, Herbert G., 263n.3
Religion: Christianity, 207, 287n.41; as deictic explanation, 26; and running, 204; how affected by scientific progress, 26, 29. See also Divinity; Morality
Rescher, Nicholas, 270n.13, 275n.26
Rights: basis of, 193; civil, 91, 93–94, 229–30; of humans and of nature, 192–93
Robinson, John P., 273n.43, 275n.16
Rodman, John, 263n.9, 284nn.16 and 18
Rokeach, Milton, 264n.10
Roll, Charles W., Jr., 270n.13
Rolston, Holmes, III, 283n.28, 284n.21
Romanticism, 224
Rombach, Heinrich, 264n.12
Rorty, Richard, 257n.1
Rosenblatt, Roger, 289n.28
Rossi, Paolo, 256n.6, 258n.21, 262n.32
Rotsch, Melvin M., 258n.3
Rubin, Lillian Breslow, 138, 270n.15, 271n.26
Running as a focal practice, 201–4; simplicity of, 202; unity of achievement and enjoyment in, 202–3; engages mind and body, 203; social engagement in, 203–4; and the divine, 204
Sachsse, Hans, 265n.21
Sacred and the profane, 190, 284–85n.29
Salmon, Wesley C., 255n.6
Schneewind, J. B., 273n.40
Scholarship, significance of, for a theory of technology, 5–6
Schrank, Jeffrey, 260n.7
Schumacher, E. F., 144, 145, 146, 166, 168, 234, 278n.3, 289n.27, 291n.36
Schwartz, Adina, 267n.34, 273n.20
Schwartz, Tony, 279n.29
Science: senses of, 17; distinguished from technology, 17, 29–31, 50; as a microtheory, 22; public understanding of, 28; as a substantive world view, 28–31. See also Explanation; Social science
Scientific instrumentalism, 19, 30
Scientific realism, 18–19, 30, 70
Scitovsky, Tibor, 130–31, 264n.1, 274n.2, 290n.17
Scully, Vincent, 197
Seashore, Stanley E., 273n.42
Self-realization in liberal democratic theory, 89, 213–14. See also Excellence
Sennett, Richard, 106–7, 275n.10
Sessions, George, 280n.21
Sheehan, George, 201–4, 212–13, 214, 215, 292n.46
Shriver, Donald W., Jr., 252n.6
Significance. See Substantive concern
Simon, Herbert A., 279n.20
Simson, Otto von, 268n.62, 280n.5, 283n.24
Singer, Peter, 284n.18
Skill: as the capacity for engagement, 42; in technological work, 118–19. See also Expertise
Skinner, B. F., 256n.8
Skyscraper, 66–67
Smith, Adam, 115
Social goods: defined, 132; within the device paradigm, 134–35; supposed neutrality of, 95–97; and the reform of technology, 235–36
Social problems, whether convertible into technological problems, 164–65
Social realm, complexity of, 69–70
Social science: ambiguity of data in, 16, 101, 105, 121, 277n.68; apodeictic orientation in, 70–72; attempt at deriving strong conclusions from weak assumptions, 175–76; paradigmatic explanation in, 74–76; quantitative analysis in, 61; and theories of technology, 8
Social union, 213, 266n.3
Socolow, Robert, 67, 185–86
Sörensen, Villy, 290n.14
Space in technology and in focal practices, 67, 79, 191, 242–44
Spaceship Earth, 146–47
Standard of living: and the GNP, 291n.24; versus the quality of life, 234–36; versus wealth of engagement, 245
Stankey, George H., 283n.1
Stanley, Manfred, 108, 170–71, 174–75, 228, 263n.10, 269nn.2 and 3, 282–83n.20
Steam engine, 57, 116
Steinberg, Danny, 255n.3
Stereo set as an example of a device, 3–4, 53
Stobaugh, Robert, 279n.18
Stone, Christopher D., 147, 185
Structure distinguished from machine, 66–68, 243–44
Stuart, Granville, 37
Sturt, George, 44–47, 258n.4
Substantive concern: prior to method, 68; and critique of technology, 157; animates deictic discourse, 188; and human freedom, 102–3; as a guide for paradigmatic explanation, 77–78. See also Focal things and practices
Suskind, Charles, 251n.2 (Ch. 2)
Sussman, Herbert L., 261n.11
Swain, Roger B., 201
Sweezy, Paul M., 83–84, 259n.5
Sympathy, 176–77, 178
Table, the culture of, as a focal practice, 201–2, 204–6; and our intimacy with the world, 204; as a gathering of tradition and environment, 204–5; has the power to heal, 206
Taviss, Irene, 269n.5
Taylor, Frederick, 117
Technological fix, 164–65
Technology:
—ambivalence about, 55–56, 106–7, 161
—appropriate, 166–68
—critique of: necessary and sufficient conditions for, 176; in terms of traditional morality, 144, 173–74, 228; appropriate vocabulary for, 282n.13
—diffidence regarding its ends, 55–56, 62, 138
—empirical evidence for people’s attitude toward, 105–7
—foreground of: difficulty of a clear view of, 48–49; as a collage of commodities, 54; and final commodities, 139–43
—future of, 148, 248–49
—irony of, 38–39, 172–73
—liberation through, 36, 139–40
—orientation in, 55, 79, 105, 108, 135, 147. See also Orientation in technology
—periphery of normalcy, 140
—promise of, 35–40; origin of, 35–36, 39–40; today, 37–39; and the microelectronic revolution, 125; most purely present in television, 142; recovery of, 153
—reform of: within versus of the device paradigm, 162–63, 219–20; requirements for, 157–58; through economics, 230–32, 234–40; openings for, 227–28, 230–33; central versus piecemeal, 163–64; sound versus frivolous, 163–64, 166; personal or private, 221–26; public or collective, 226–46; as the recognition and restraint of the device paradigm, 220–22; how radical and remarkable, 220–21; reaches a point of stability, 240–41
—responsibility for: scope and location of, 63, 84, 102–4, 108–9; as implication in technology, 104–7; as complicity with technology, 105, 143, 173
—sense of: defined, 3, 13; broad and narrow, 8, 13; instrumentalist, 10–11, 102; pluralist, 11; substantive, 9–10, 14, 102. See also Device paradigm; Explanation: paradigmatic or paradeictic
—stability of, 143–53; threatened by self-destruction, 144–46, self-righting, 145–48, 165–66
—theory of: kinds of, 7–11; requirements for, 11–12
Teitelman, Michael, 267n.34
Television: time spent on watching, 128–29; eminently in tune with the device paradigm, 142–43; indoctrination versus displacement effect, 141
Television set as an example of a device, 43, 50, 142
Temple, Greek, as a focal thing, 159, 197, 199
Tenne, Ruth, 291n.34
Terkel, Studs, 232, 273n.43
Theory: Aristotelian, 6, 25; choice of, 12–15 (see also Substantive concern); and metatheory, 6–7; kinds of, of technology, 7–12
Thing. See Focal things and practices
Third World: and the
progress of technology, 114, 148, 149–50, 166; and the reform of technology, 225–26, 245
Thompson, E. P., 272n.1
Thompson, William Irwin, 292nn.41 and 46
Thoreau, Henry David, 201, 261n.4
Thurow, Lester C., 231, 271nn.12 and 15, 291nn.24 and 37, 292n.40
Tillich, Paul, 282n.18
Time in technology and in focal practices, 79, 191
Toffler, Alvin, 274n.3, 279nn.22 and 28
Tolerance, 176–78, 212–13; as respect and indifference, 95
Tools, 10
Tradition: and liberal democratic policy, 93, 173–74; as a technological resource, 55, 141; and the reform of technology, 224. See also Excellence: traditional; Morality; Virtues: traditional
Trakl, Georg, 286n.21
Tribe, Laurence H., 60–61, 147, 186
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 184, 283n.8
Unemployment, 123–24, 239, 291n.37. See also Work
Unger, Roberto Mangabeira, 170, 272n.15, 290n.2
Values: affinity of, with technology, 80–31, 158; and deictic discourse, 186–87; as recollections and anticipations of focal practices, 81, 224; as guides for technology, 10, 79–81, 158; hard and soft, 80–81; opaque and translucent, 188
Verba, Sidney, 270n.6
Village life, 136, 168–69, 281n.46
Virtues: of appropriate technology, 167; as capacities for focal things and practices, 224–26; today, 275n.9; traditional, 126–29. See also Excellence
Vojta, George J., 119–20, 123
Voting, 109
Wade, Nicholas, 253n.3 (Ch. 4)
Walker, Timothy, 59–60
Wartofsky, Marx W., 252n.3, 255nn.10 and 11, 256n.6
Watch, wrist, as an example of a device, 43, 149
Wealth distinguished from technological affluence, 223–24
Weber, Max, 272n.15
Weber, Ronald, 160, 278n.15
Weinberg, Alvin M., 164–65
Weingartner, Rudolph H., 255n.2
Weizenbaum, Joseph, 260n.35, 279n.34
Wessel, Milton R., 268n.57
Wheelwright’s shop, 44–47
Wiesner, Jerome B., 38–39, 258n.20
Wilderness: as a challenge to technology, 184–85; ambiguity of the challenge, 185; and the conquest of the North American Continent, 182–85; calls forth engagement, 191–92; inversion of technology and of, 189–90; teaches us to accept and limit technology, 193–95
Wilford, John Noble, 280n.3
Wine, fermentation of, explained, 17–18; as an example of a device, 27–28
Wingo, Lowdon, 234
Winn, Marie, 277n.60
Winner, Langdon, 60–63, 102, 252nn.5 and 17, 253n.2 (Ch. 3), 257n.1, 260n.33, 265nn.16 and 21, 281n.31, 286n.16, 291n.30
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