I have many friends whose company kept me going, and many, particularly in publishing and academia, whose advice helped me more than they may have realized. I offer my thanks to Miriam Altshuler, Bobby Berg, Janis Donnaud, Lisa Drew, Deb Futter, Philip Gefter, Peter Gethers, Jay Grossman, Bill Hayes, Daniel Kaizer, Wayne Koestenbaum, Nicholas Latimer, Jeff Masten, Adam Moss, Richard Press, Dan Santow, Christopher Schelling, Michael Seltzer, Tom Spain, Ralph Tachuk, Bob Tuschman, and Paula Whyman. Lorraine Shanley’s shoulder and sharp eye were vital. I am grateful that she read a draft of this book and made it better.
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, who died in 2009, was my first teacher at the City University of New York Graduate Center. I audited Eve’s yearlong seminar on Proust in 1998–99. It was in reading Proust then that I first wondered whether Virginia Woolf had read him and what she thought. The World Broke in Two grew from there. I returned to the Graduate Center as a PhD student in 2000, and though Joseph Wittreich trained me to read Milton, and saw me through my dissertation in 2010, he remained a steadfast friend and adviser when I turned my attention to the twentieth century. I thank him and Stuart Curran for their years of friendship and for the high standard their scholarship has set.
Much of this book was written during residencies generously provided by a number of organizations that gave me the time and space—and camaraderie—essential to work. I thank the Norman Mailer Center and Writers Colony, and Greg Curtis for early advice; the MacDowell Colony; the Corporation of Yaddo; Writers Omi; Virginia Center for the Creative Arts; Ucross Foundation; and the Millay Colony for the Arts. It was wonderful to work and play at each place and to meet so many artists whose creativity and friendship continue to inspire me. Thank you especially to Bernhard Brungs, whose gorgeous watercolors of Virginia Woolf I treasure. Thank you, Steve Meswarb, for driving through an unexpected April snowstorm and for getting us from Denver to Ucross in one piece.
I am indebted as well to the National Humanities Center, Research Triangle, North Carolina, for the research fellowship that provided me a place in its Summer Institute in Literary Studies seminar on T. S. Eliot led by Christopher Ricks and sponsored by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation; and to the Harry Ransom Center, at the University of Texas, Austin, where the two months I spent researching in their magnificent collections were jointly sponsored by the Frederic D. Weinstein Memorial Fellowship and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Research Fellowship Endowment. I am grateful to Jen Tisdale and many Austin friends. I thank Jean Cannon and Pat Fox for all the wonders they made available in the reading room, and I thank Clay Smith for his welcome and for the barbecue.
I am grateful to the English Department at New York University and its chair, Christopher Cannon, and to the dean of the Faculty of Arts and Science, for granting me Visiting Scholar status, and I thank my friend Philip Brian Harper for sponsoring me. I am also grateful to the Funding Exchange, which generously provided a home that made it possible for me to finish writing my book. I give my deepest thanks to my friend Richard Burns for so thoughtfully fostering the arrangement and for making it work so well. Early on, my membership in the Writers Room on Astor Place provided me a desk and many friendships.
I was privileged to research The World Broke in Two in many libraries. It is serendipitous that the New York Public Library holds unparalleled collections of papers relating to Eliot, Forster, Lawrence, and Woolf. I am grateful to Isaac Gewirtz and to Rebecca Filner and Anne Garner for making my work in the Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature so enjoyable. Thank you, also, to Rodney Philips, former curator of the Berg, who introduced me to its Woolf collection years ago, and whose friendship unexpectedly set me on my way. I also give my thanks to Tal Nadan and her colleagues in the library’s Manuscripts and Archives Division.
My research elsewhere was made more pleasurable—and efficient—by the attentive kindness of many people at each institution I visited. I thank the staffs of the British Library; Columbia University’s Rare Book and Manuscript Library; the University of Nottingham Library; the University of Sussex Library; and the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University. Patricia McGuire and her colleagues at the Archive Centre, King’s College, Cambridge, were especially hospitable during a long winter’s visit. I thank Justine Shaw for her research at the University of Sussex on my behalf and for finding letters written to Virginia Woolf that were of importance to my work. I am especially thankful to two dear friends, Brian Meyer and the late Arnold Markley, whose advice and support helped me achieve my research goals. My thanks also to Loriel Olivier, without whose help the photo insert would not have been possible.
I have been very lucky to work at Roosevelt House, the Public Policy Institute of Hunter College. I am grateful to Fay Rosenfeld for the flexibility in scheduling that made it possible for me to work on this book. I also thank Harold Holzer, the director of Roosevelt House, and Jennifer J. Raab, the president of Hunter College, for their support. The friendship of Pat Battle, Gus Rosendale, Raphael Miranda, and many others at Weekend Today in New York has meant a great deal to me as I wrote this book.
When I was just beginning to think through what this book might be, Doris Kearns Goodwin and Lyndall Gordon offered encouragement that inspired me. Thank you, also, to Joy Johannessen, whose early advice proved essential.
Joy Harris is my cherished friend. She is also my literary agent, and I am in her debt professionally and personally. Joy has been my companion and collaborator from our first conversation about The World Broke in Two to our most recent. She is a wise reader and discerning adviser, and her devotion has sustained me. Thank you, Joy. I’m grateful to Joy’s colleague Adam Reed for arranging so much on my behalf.
Gillian Blake has been an amazing editor at every stage, and her continuing dedication to this book, from conceptual editing at the start to the placement of commas at the end, inspired me. She has been absolutely right all along, careful, surgical, and focused, and frequently at astonishing speed. She patiently and expertly helped shape the narrative from first drafts to last and remained vigilantly alert throughout to the ways in which she could improve the clarity and precision of every sentence, paragraph, and chapter. Her attention to detail is stunning and capacious, and I eagerly incorporated every suggestion she made. She has been a brilliant teacher, and I am grateful for her hard work and her friendship. Muriel Jorgensen’s copyediting sharpened the manuscript, and Eleanor Embry facilitated everything with infectious and gratifying enthusiasm. I am grateful to Chris O’Connell for his careful work that made this book better and to Meryl Levavi for making the pages look so good. I thank Rick Pracher for designing a dust jacket so beautiful I will be content if people do judge this book by its cover. I have been fortunate to have many other friends and champions at Henry Holt and Macmillan, including Steve Rubin, Maggie Richards, Pat Eisemann, Carolyn O’Keefe, Jessica Wiener, Jason Liebman, and Robert Allen. I thank them for their commitment to me and this book.
INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Aaron’s Rod (Lawrence)
Eliot on
published
reviews
written
Ackerley, Joe Randolph “J. R.”
Adela (character)
Aeschylus
Aga Khan
Aiken, Conrad
Ajanta caves
À la recherche du temps perdu (In Search of Lost Time, Proust). See also specific volumes
Aldington, Richard
Alexandria, Egypt
Alford, Rosalie
Anderson, Margaret
Anderson, Sherwood
Antarctic
Arabian Nights
Aristophanes
Armistice
Arnold, Edward
; Arts & Letters
Ashley, Mrs.
Asquith, Cynthia
Athenaeum
Austen, Jane
Austin, Mary
Australia
Aziz, Dr. (character)
Babbit (Lewis)
Baden-Baden, Germany
Bagnold, Enid
Barger, Florence
BBC
Beach, Sylvia
Beautiful and Damned, The (Fitzgerald)
Beddoes, Thomas
Beethoven, Ludwig van
Bel Esprit plan
Belfrage, S. Henning
Bell, Clive
Bell, Quentin
Bell, Vanessa Stephen
Bennett, Arnold
Bible
Big Ben
Birkin, Rupert (character)
Birrell and Garnet
Birth of a Nation (film)
Bishop, John Peale
Bloom, Leopold (character)
Bloomsbury circle
Boccaccio
Boni & Liveright. See also Liveright, Horace
“Good Books” catalog
Boswell, James
Bowen, Elizabeth
Brace, Donald
Brancusi, Constantin
Brangwen, Anna (character)
Brenan, Gerald
Brentano’s
Brewster, Achsah
Brewster, Earl
British Home Office
British Parliament
British Weekly
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
Brown, Curtis
Buckingham, Bob
Buddha
Buddhism
Bynner, Witter
“Byron and Mr. Briggs” (Woolf)
Callcott, Mr. (character)
Cambridge Apostles
Cambridge University
Cantos (Pound)
“Captain’s Doll, The” (Lawrence)
Carpenter, Edward
Carrington, Dora
Carswell, Catherine
Casanova’s Homecoming (Schnitzler)
Cather, Willa
“Cavalleria Rusticana” (Verga)
Celestial Omnibus, The (Forster)
Cerf, Bennett
Ceylon
Chagall, Marc
Chambers, Jessie
Chatterley, Clifford (character)
Chatterley, Constance (character)
Chaucer, Geoffrey
Cobden-Sanderson, Richard
Cocktail Party, The (Eliot)
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor
Collected Poems (Robinson)
Common Reader, The (Woolf)
Comstock, Anthony
Conrad, Joseph
Cooley, Benjamin “Kangaroo” (character)
Côté de Guermantes, Le (Proust)
Dial translation
Court of Special Sessions
“Credit and the Fine Arts” (Pound)
Criterion
Cummings, E. E.
Daily Mail
Daily Telegraph
Dalloway, Clarisa (character)
Dalloway, Richard (character)
Dante Alighieri
Dardis, Tom
Da Silva’s Widow, and Other Stories (Malet)
Dawson, Miles M.
“Death of Albertine, The” (Proust)
Defense of the Realm Act (1914)
Delta, SS (ship)
Dewas, Maharaja of, “H. H.”
“D. H. Lawrence: The Man and His Work” (Seltzer)
Dial
Dial Prize
Dickens, Charles
Dickinson, Goldsworthy Lowes “Goldie”
Dodge, Mabel (Mabel Dodge Sterne Luhan)
memoirs
Donne, John
Dostoevsky, Fyodor
Dubliners (Joyce)
Duckworth, Herbert
Du côté de chez Swann (Proust)
translated as Swann’s Way
Durrant, Clara (character)
Edward, Prince of Wales
Egoist
Egoist Press
Egypt
el Adl, Mohammed
Elinor Culhouse (Schiff)
Eliot, Ada
Eliot, Charlotte
Eliot, George
Eliot, Henry
Eliot, Marian
Eliot, Thomas Stearns “Tom”
Bloomsbury and
brother Henry and
challenges of 1922 and
Cocktail Party and
Criterion and
death of
death of Verdenal and
depression of
Dial and
Dial Prize and
education of
Faber and Faber and
family and
finances of
Forster and
Hogarth Press and
Hutchinson and
Huxley on
influenza and
Joyce and
Knopf and
Lawrence and
letter to Quinn on Waste Land
Liveright and
Lloyds Bank and
London and
marriage to Vivien Haigh-Wood and
meaning of Waste Land for
Morrell and
naturalization and
negotiations on Waste Land and
nervous breakdown of
personality of
Pound and
Pound’s Bel Esprit plan and
Pound’s “Malatesta Cantos” and
Proust and
Prufrock and
Quinn and
Quinn’s response to Waste Land and
reads Waste Land to Woolves
Strachey and
Times Literary Supplement reviews by
travels to Lausanne for rest cure with Vittoz
travels to Lugano and Verona
travels to Margate
travels to Paris
travels to Switzerland for rest cure
Virginia and Leonard Woolf and
Waste Land written and revised by
writing problems and
World War I and
Eliot, Vivien Haigh-Wood
Eliot Fellowship Fund
Empson, William
England, My England (Lawrence)
Euripides
Faber, Geoffrey
Faber and Faber
Fantasia of the Unconscious (Lawrence)
fascism
Fergusson, D. J.
Fielding, Cyril (character)
Firuski, Maurice
Fitzgerald, F. Scott
Florida
Ford, John
Forman, Henry James
Forster, Alice Clara Whichelo “Lily”
Forster, Edward “Eddie” (father)
Forster, Edward Morgan “Morgan”
Ackerley’s poem and
affair with Mohammed el Adl
Ajanta caves and
aunts and
Barger and
Bloomsbury and
Carpenter and
Celestial Omnibus published by
Celestial Omnibus review and renewed fame of
challenges of 1922 and
commonplace book of
concubine Kanaya and
diary of
Eliot and
erotic writings by
finances of
first published story
forty-third birthday of
friends on unpublished novel of
Hardy and
home in Weybridge with mother
homosexuality and
Howards End and
inanition of
journalism and
Joyce and
Lawrence and
Lawrence on Howards End and
Leonard Woolf and
letter for Mohammed el Adl and
Lewis on
loneliness of
Longest Journey and
Masood and
Maurice and
Memoir Club and
memory and
Morrell and
mother Lily and
New Years’ Eve writings and
Passage to India written by
personality of
Pharos and Pharillon on Egypt published by
Proust and
robbed on ship to England
Sassoon and
social life revived
“Too Late in India” (article)
travels to Egypt
travels to India
travels to Isle of Wight and Brighstone
Virginia and Leonard Woolf and
Virginia Woolf and
Virginia Woolf on
Where Angels Fear to Tread and
Woolf’s Jacob’s Room and
Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway and
Woolf’s Night and Day and
Woolf’s Voyage Out and
writing problems of
World War I and
Forster, Laura
Forster, Louisa
Forster, Willie
Foster, Jeanne Robert
Freud, Sigmund
Frost, Robert
Fry, Roger
Gallimard, Gaston
Galsworthy, John
Garnett, David “Bunny”
Garnett, Edward
Garsington salon
Gaudier
Gautier, Théophile
Germans, in Australia
“Ghosts” (Ackerley)
Gide, André
Goldstein, Jonah
Goldwyn, Samuel
Gorky, Maxim
Grand Street Follies, The (revue)
Grant, Duncan
Green, Miss
Gregory, Alyse
Guinness, Alec
Gwyer, Lady Alsina
Gwyer, Maurice
Haig, Douglas
Haigh-Wood, Charles
Haigh-Wood, Maurice
Haigh-Wood, Rose
Haigh-Wood, Vivien. See Eliot, Vivien Haigh-Wood
Halswey, Raymond D.
Harcourt Brace
Harding, Warren G.
Hardy, Thomas
Harland, Mrs.
Harmsworth, Harold
Harper (publisher)
Harvard University
Heap, Jane
Hearst (publisher)
Heaslop, Ronny (character)
Heseltine, Philip
Hesse, Hermann
The World Broke in Two Page 44