Ominous Parallels
Page 38
14 Shirer, op. cit., p. 179.
15 The Voice of Destruction, p. 75; quoting Puzzi Hanfstängel.
16 Susanne C. Engelmann, German Education and Re-Education (New York, International Universities Press, 1945), pp. 73-74.
17 George Murray, “ ‘New’ radicals a 1930 rerun.” Chicago Today, May 14, 1969.
18 Laqueur, Weimar: A Cultural History, p. 116; quoting a 1922 statement about “tragic youth.”
19 Shirer, op. cit., p. 165.
20 Halperin, op. cit., p. 445.
Chapter Twelve
1 Quoted in Shirer, op. cit., p. 194. The pretext for this decree was the Reichstag fire.
2 Davidson, op. cit., p. 288.
3 Von Mises, op. cit., p. 56. Von Mises describes the Nazi method of expropriating profits: “As all private consumption is strictly limited and controlled by the government, and as all unconsumed income must be invested, which means virtually lent to the government, high profits are nothing but a subtle method of taxation. The consumer has to pay high prices and business is nominally profitable. But the greater the profits are, the more the government funds are swelled. The government gets the money....” (p. 226) Brady, op. cit., p. 292; quoting Hjalmar Schacht at the opening of the National Labor and Economic Council in Nuremberg.
4 The Voice of Destruction, pp. 191-93.
5 Wheaton, op. cit., p. 359; quoting Bishop Johannes Sproll of Rottenburg speaking to a gathering of Catholic clergy (Jan. 21, 1934). Ibid., p. 319; the first part of this quotation is Wheaton’s summary of the Pastoral’s text. Two weeks after Hitler dissolved the Catholic Center party, the Vatican, in a move extremely important for the new German government’s prestige, signed a concordat with the Nazis.
6 Op. cit., p. 497.
7 Ibid., p. 501; quoting a statement to American businessman S.R. Fuller (Sept. 23, 1935).
8 Quoted in Wheaton, op. cit., p. 308.
9 The Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 315.
Chapter Thirteen
1 The Informed Heart (New York, Free Press, 1960), pp. 124-25.
2 Terrence Des Pres, The Survivor (New York, Pocket Books, 1977), pp. 223-24; quoting Alexander Donat, The Holocaust Kingdom (New York, 1965).
3 Quoted in Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 410, n. 62.
4 Ibid., p. 424.
5 Primo Levi, Survival in Auschwitz (New York, Collier, 1961), p. 25.
6 Bettelheim, op. cit., p. 214.
7 Ibid., p. 150.
8 Origins, pp. 436-38, 455.
9 Bettelheim, op. cit., pp. 110, 109. Des Pres, op. cit., p. 191.
10 Origins, p. 454.
11 Ibid., pp. 447-48, 451.
12 Rudolf Hoess, Commandant of Auschwitz. trans. C. FitzGibbon (New York, World, 1959), p. 80.
13 Arendt, Origins, p. 451, n. 151; quoting Himmler, “On Organizaton and Obligation of the SS and the Police” (1937).
14 Ibid., p. 451. Bettelheim’s observation (from “On Dachau and Buchenwald”) is quoted in ibid, n. 151.
15 Op. cit., p. 139.
16 Ibid., pp. 210, 122.
17 Des Pres, op. cit., p. 69; quoting Pelagia Lewinska, Twenty Months at Auschwitz, trans. A. Teichner (New York, 1968).
18 Levi, op. cit., pp. 35-36.
19 Origins, pp. 451-53.
20 Bettelheim, op. cit., pp. 153-54.
21 Ibid., pp. 154-55.
22 Ibid., p. 238.
23 Origins, pp. 443, 445. Eugen Kogon, The Theory and Practice of Hell, trans. H. Norden (New York, Berkley, 1958), p. 148. Ibid., p. 191; quoting Hans Baermann, survivor of the Kaiserwald camp near Riga. Ibid., p. 183; quoting Oskar Berger, survivor of Treblinka. Des Pres, op. cit., p. 94; quoting Elie Wiesel, Night, trans. S. Rod-way (New York, 1969). Private communication, 1968, from survivor of Auschwitz and Wüstegirsdorf; anonymity requested. Des Pres, op. cit., p. 82; quoting Olga Lengyel, Five Chimneys, trans. P.P. Weiss (Chicago, 1947). Bettelheim, op. cit., p. 127.
24 Cf. Jean-François Steiner, Treblinka, trans. H. Weaver (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1967), pp. 176-77.
25 Origins, p. 454, n. 159.
26 Ibid., p. 445.
27 Des Pres, op. cit., pp. 226ff. Bettelheim, op. cit., p. 260.
28 Origins, pp. 457, 470, 473, 471, 351.
Chapter Fourteen
1 Arthur A. Ekirch, Jr., Progressivism in America (New York, Franklin Watts, 1974), p. 151; quoting Van Hise, The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States (New York, 1910). Arthur A. Ekirch, Jr., Ideologies and Utopias (Chicago, Quadrangle, 1971), p. 116; quoting Tugwell, The Battle for Democracy (New York, 1935). Inaugural Address, Jan. 20, 1961. Rudd quoted in Roy Bongartz, “Three Meanies,” Esquire, August 1970, p. 114. Kristol, On the Democratic Idea in America (New York, 1972), p. 27.
2 Fine, op. cit., p. 173; quoting Charles Worcester Clark, “Applied Christianity: Who Shall Apply It First?” Andover Review (Jan. 1893). Ibid., p. 205; this is Fine’s summary of views held by Henry Carter Adams, George B. Newcomb, Richard Ely, and John R. Commons; cf. p. 205, n. 15.
3 Ibid., p. 210; quoting Ely, “The Evolution of Industrial Society” (address to the Madison Literary Society, 1897).
4 Ibid., p. 115; quoting Carnegie, “Wealth,” North American Review (June 1889). Ibid., n. 65; quoting a letter to William Gladstone (Nov. 24, 1890).
5 Ibid., p. 341; quoting Lloyd, Wealth against Commonwealth (New York, 1894). Ibid., p. 342; quoting Lloyd, “The New Conscience,” North American Review (Sept. 1888). Ekirch, Progressivism in America, p. 23; quoting Ward, Dynamic Sociology (1883).
6 Congressional Record, 51st Cong., 1st sess. (March 21, 1890), p. 2460. Donald J. Dewey, “Antitrust Legislation,” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, ed. D.L. Sills (New York, Macmillan, 1968), p. 350.
7 Ekirch, Progressivism in America, pp. 158-59; quoting Croly, The Promise of American Life (New York, 1909). Comte, The Catechism of Positive Religion, trans. R. Congreve (London, John Chapman, 1858), pp. 332- 33.
8 Ekirch, Progressivism in America, p. 170; quoting a 1912 campaign speech.
9 Ibid., p. 110. Ibid., quoting Frederic C. Howe, Wisconsin: An Experiment in Democracy (New York, 1912). Ibid., p. 14; quoting Addams, Newer Ideals of Peace (New York, 1907).
10 Ibid., p. 229; quoting Roosevelt, “Social and Industrial Justice,” Century, Oct. 1913.
11 Ideals and Self-Interest in America’s Foreign Relations (Chicago, U. of Chicago P., 1953), p. 47.
12 Ekirch, Progressivism in America, p. 266; quoting Croly, “The Effect on American Institutions of a Powerful Military and Naval Establishment,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (July 1916).
13 Quoted in Robsjohn-Gibbings, op. cit., p. 241.
14 Quoted in Arthur A. Ekirch, Jr., The Decline of American Liberalism (New York, Atheneum, 1969), pp. 258- 59.
15 Ekirch, Ideologies and Utopias, p. 46; quoting Lippmann, “The Permanent New Deal,” Yale Review (June 1935).
16 Ibid., p. 63; quoting Beard, “The Myth of Rugged American Individualism,” Harper’s Magazine (Dec. 1931). Ibid., p. 35; quoting Wilson, “The Literary Consequences of the Crash” (1932).
17 Ibid., p. 64; quoting Fairchild, “The Great Economic Paradox,” Harper’s Magazine (May 1932).
18 Ibid., p. 57; quoting a special study commission of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America (document to be read in the churches on Labor Day Sunday 1931). Ibid., p. 134; quoting Arnold, The Folklore of Capitalism (New Haven, 1937). Ibid., p. 133; quoting Arnold, The Symbols of Government (New Haven, 1935).
19 Ibid., p. 68; quoting “The Principle of Planning and the Institution of Laissez Faire,” American Economic Review (March 1932).
20 Individualism Old and New, p. 118.
21 Eric Goldman, Rendezvous with Destiny (New York, Knopf, 1952), p. 329. Carl N. Degler, Out of Our Past (New York, Harper & Row, 1962), p. 413; quoting Roosevelt, Commonwealth Club address (Sept. 1932). Ekirch, Ideologies and Utopias, p. 79; quoting a spee
ch at Oglethorpe U. (May 22, 1932).
22 Degler, op. cit., p. 415.
23 Ekirch, Ideologies and Utopias, p. 83; quoting Roosevelt, San Francisco speech (Sept. 1932). Chicago speech quoted in Degler, op. cit., p. 412.
24 Mill, Auguste Comte and Positivism (Ann Arbor, U. of Michigan P., 1961), p. 148.
25 The Roosevelt Myth (Garden City, N.Y., Garden City Publishing, 1949), p. 303.
Chapter Fifteen
1 Rev. ed. (New York, Free Press, 1965), pp. 393, 402.
2 Ibid., p. 16.
3 “Philosophical Implications of Physics,” Bulletin, VoL III, No. 5.
4 Richard Rorty, review of Ian Hacking, Why Does Language Matter to Philosophy?, The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. LXXIV, No. 7, July 1977, p. 432.
5 Melvin Maddocks, Time, March 13, 1972, p. 51.
6 The Anxious Object (New York, Horizon, 1964), p. 41.
7 Donald Heiney and Lenthiel H. Downs, Recent American Literature after 1930; Vol. 4 of Essentials of Contemporary Literature of the Western World (Woodbury, N.Y., Barron’s Educational Series, 1974), p. 271. Robert Brustein, “Drama in the Age of Einstein,” The New York Times, Aug. 7, 1977, Sec. 2, p. 1.
8 Silberman quoted in “Back to Basics in the Schools,” Newsweek, Oct. 21, 1974, p. 94B. For “Treasonable Activities” as a course, cf. The New York Times Magazine, Jan. 11, 1970, p. 62.
9 Theodore Roszak, The Making of a Counter Culture (Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 1969), p. 50. The course was “Physics for Poets,” No. A85.0004, Spring 1973, Prof. Robert Schwartz. Interview by Bennett Kremen, “Unrequired Reading,” The New York Times Book Review, Feb. 15, 1970, p. 5.
10 The New York Times Book Review, April 6, 1970, pp. 1-2.
11 Remark made in a debate with Gore Vidal; quoted in Sidney Hook, “Student Revolts Could Destroy Academic Freedom,” The New York University Alumni News, May 1968, p. 3.
12 George Stade, review of Irving Howe, Decline of the New, The New York Times Book Review, April 12, 1970, p. 43.
13 Stephen Tonsor, “Science, Technology and the Cultural Revolution,” The Intercollegiate Review, Vol. 8, No. 3, Winter 1972-73, p. 85.
14 Beck quoted in The New York Times Magazine, Oct. 13, 1968, p. 102. J. Edward Murray of the Arizona Republic, quoted in Martin Nolan, “ ‘A code word for playing it safe,’ ” The Village Voice, April 29, 1971. Roszak, op. cit., p. 55.
15 Kremen, op. cit., p. 24.
16 Robert Gorham Davis, “Rimbaud and Stavrogin in the Harvard Yard,” Book Review, June 28, 1970, p. 2.
17 Quine, From a Logical Point of View (2nd ed., New York, Harper & Row, 1963); “Two Dogmas of Empiricism,” p. 44.
18 The New Left; “The Cashing-In: The Student Rebellion,” p. 55.
19 The New York Times, May 12, 13, 21, 1970; quoting Peter J. Brennan, Leonard Lavoro, Walter Flynn, and Cliff Sloane.
20 The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics (New York, Macmillan, 1972); quoted by William V. Shannon, “The Need for Authority,” The New York Times, Op-Ed page, July 30, 1972.
21 Keith Murray, “Four ‘Changes,’ ” The Environmental Handbook, ed. G. De Bell (New York, Ballantine, 1970), p. 329. John B. Cobb, Jr., speech at a conference on the “theology of survival” at the School of Theology at Claremont; The New York Times, May 1, 1970. (The first phrase quoted is a summary by the Times writer, Edward B. Fiske, of the consensus of the conference.)
22 “National Humility,” A Treasury of Great American Speeches, ed. C. Hurd (New York, Hawthorn, 1959), pp. 339-40.
23 “The Tragedy of the Commons,” De Bell, op. cit., p. 46. The Mobil ad appeared on the Op-Ed page, Sept. 7, 1972.
24 A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Harvard U.P., 1971).
25 Louis Heren, deputy editor of The Times (London); quoted in The New York Times, March 23, 1975.
26 Israel Shenker, “ ‘Life of a Nation’ Is Ponderous Event,” Oct. 10, 1976; the professor quoted is Bruce Kuklick, U. of Pennsylvania.
Chapter Sixteen
1 For an example of the latter, cf. Garry Wills, Inventing America (Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 1978).
2 Quoted in Milton Mayer, They Thought They Were Free (Chicago, U. of Chicago P., 1966), pp. 169-70.
3 Ibid., pp. 167-68.
4 Ayn Rand, The Fountainhead (25th anniv. ed., New York, Bobbs-Merrill, 1968), pp. 715, 717.
5 Ayn Rand, Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology (New York, New American Library: Mentor, 1979). Ayn Rand, The Virtue of Selfishness (New York, New American Library, 1964). For the Objectivist politics, see Ayn Rand, Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal (New York, New American Library, 1966). For esthetics: Ayn Rand, The Romantic Manifesto (New York, World, 1969). For philosophy of history: Ayn Rand, For the New Intellectual (New York, Random House, 1961); title essay.
6 Atlas Shrugged, p. 1015.
7 Ibid., p. 1016.
8 The Virtue of Selfishness; “The Objectivist Ethics,” p. 13.
9 Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology, pp. 15 (statement italicized in original), 22.
10 For the New Intellectual; title essay, p. 33.
11 The Virtue of Selfishness; “The Objectivist Ethics,” p. 16. Atlas Shrugged, pp. 1014, 1012.
12 Ibid., p. 1014.
13 Ibid., p. 1061.
14 Waite, op. cit., Preface.
15 Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations (15th ed., Boston, Little Brown, 1980), p. 348; quoting Benjamin Franklin.
Index
Activism See also Irrationalism; Romanticism
Acton. John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton (1834-1902)
Adams, John (1735-1826)
Adams, Samuel (1722-1803)
Addams, Jane (1860-1935)
Age of Reason See also Enlightenment
Allen, Ethan (1738-1789)
Altruism
consequences of
theory of
See also Self-sacrifice, ethics of
Analytic philosophy
Anti-ideology
Anti-Semitism
Aquinas, Thomas (1225-1274)
Arendt, Hannah (1906-1975)
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
and Enlightenment
and nineteenth century
and Objectivism
philosophy of
Arnold, Thurman (1891-1969)
Atlas Shrugged (Ayn Rand)
Augustine (354-430)
Bacon, Francis (1561-1626)
Barth, Karl (1886-1968)
Bauhaus
Beard, Charles (1874-1948)
Bebel, August (1840-1913)
Beck, Friedrich (1864-1929)
Beck, Julian (1925- )
Bell, Daniel (1919- )
Bellamy, Edward (1850-1898)
Bergmann, Ernst
Bettelheim, Bruno (1903- )
Bismarck, Otto von (1815-1898)
Blavatsky, Helene Petrovna (1831-1891)
Brecht, Bertolt (1898-1956)
Bridgman, Percy Williams (1882-1961)
Brüning, Heinrich (1885-1970)
Brunner, Emil (1889-1966)
Buber, Martin (1878-1965)
Business and businessmen
Capitalism
American critics of
German critics of
Nazi rejection of
Objectivist defense of
traditional defenders of See also Freedom, political and economic; Mixed economy; Socialism
Carnap, Rudolf (1891-1970)
Carnegie, Andrew (1835-1919)
Cassirer, Ernst (1874-1945)
Catholic Church See also Center Party (Germany)
Center Party (Germany)
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart (1855-1927)
Christianity
and America
ethics of
and Nazism
See also Catholic Church; Lutheran Church; Protestant Church; Puritans; Social Gospel
Collectivism
in America
consequences of
and Nazism
theory of See also In
dividualism; Statism
Communist Party (Germany)
and Nazis See also Marxism
Comte, Auguste (1798-1857)
Conservatives
in America
in Germany
Coolidge, Calvin (1872-1933)
Creighton, James Edwin (1861-1924);
Critique of Judgment (Immanuel Kant)
Critique of Pure Reason (Immanuel Kant)
Croly, Herbert (1869-1930)
Dadaism
Declaration of Independence
Democracy
Democratic Party (Germany)
Democratic Party (U.S.)
Descartes, René (1596-1650)
Des Pres, Terrence (1939- )
Dewey, John (1859-1952)
Dickinson, John (1732-1808)
Dietrich, Otto (1897-1952)
Dogmatism See also Irrationalism; Mysticism
Dreiser, Theodore (1871-1945)
Duty, ethics of See also Self-sacrifice, ethles of
Eckhart, Johannes (Meister
Eckhart.1260-c.1328)
Egalitarianism
Egoism
Objectivist view of See also Altruism; Self-sacrifice, ethics of
Eichmann, Adolph (1906-1962)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1890-1969)
Ekirch, Arthur (1915- )
Eliot, T. S. (1888-1965)
Ely, Richard (1854-1943)
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882)
End of Ideology, The (Daniel Bell)
Engels, Friedrich (1820-1895)
Enlightenment
and America
attitude toward reason of
ethics of
See also Age of Reason
Erikson, Erik (1902- )
Ernst, Max (1891-1976)
Europe
and American culture
and American philosophy
Existentialism
Expressionism See also Modernism, cultural
Eyck, Erich (1878-1964)
Fairchild, Henry Pratt (1880-1956)
Faith
Fallada, Hans (Rudolph Ditzen , 1893-1947)
Fascism See also Nazism
Federal Reserve Act (1913)
Federal Trade Commission
Fenichel, Otto (1897-1946)
Fichte, J.G. (1762-1814)
Fiske, John (1842-1901)
Fountainhead, The (Ayn Rand)