The Age of Surveillance Capitalism

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The Age of Surveillance Capitalism Page 86

by Shoshana Zuboff


  Breen, T. H., 502, 503

  Brexit vote (2016), 278, 507

  Brin, Sergey: and advertising, 71, 84; on Carol Brady search data, 75; and Google corporate governance structure, 101–102; and Google’s secrecy, 89; rejection of resistance by, 157; on right to be forgotten ruling, 60

  Britain. See United Kingdom

  broadband privacy regulations, 171–172

  Broadcom, 245

  Brookings Institution, 182

  Bryan, William Jennings, 106–107

  Business Insider, 104–105

  Business View, 153

  Buttarelli, Giovanni, 487

  BuzzFeed, 317, 505, 509–510

  Cambridge Analytica, 273, 278–279, 279–281, 282, 482–483

  Cambridge University Psychometrics Centre, 273

  Canada, 144, 231–232, 387, 517

  Cap Gemini, 218

  Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Piketty), 43

  capitalism: assumptions about, 495–496; distinction from surveillance capitalism, 22–23; end of, 517; as evolutionary process, 51; plasticity of, 520–521. See also capitalism, surveillance capitalism’s departure from history of; industrial capitalism; information capitalism; neoliberal market economics; surveillance capitalism

  capitalism, surveillance capitalism’s departure from history of, 21, 495–512; abandoning reciprocities, 499–504; distinct from capitalism, 22–23, 495–499; insisting on unfettered freedom and knowledge, 495–499; and radical indifference, 504–512

  “Carol Brady’s maiden name” search query, 75

  Carter, Ash, 120

  Carter, Jimmy, 40

  Cartographer (Google), 152–153

  casinos, 449–451

  Cate, Fred, 120

  Cato Institute, 126

  causality, 32, 298, 434

  cell phones. See smartphones

  censorship: in China, 392–393; self-censorship, in “real life,” 471–472

  Center for Media and Democracy, 126

  Center for Public Integrity, 251

  Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 114, 116, 117, 321–322

  certainty: and auto insurance, 212–218; and behavioral futures markets, 497; in instrumentarianism, 396f, 515–516; instrumentarian power aims for, in form of guaranteed outcomes, 378; internet of things enabling, 203; and Skinner’s vision, 364, 367, 368–369, 379–380; substituted for society, 384, 388–394; surveillance capitalism offers, 383. See also knowledge; totality; uncertainty

  Chambers, Chris, 303

  children/youth: compulsion to social media, 451–452; emerging adulthood, 446–447, 449, 452–453, 467; experience of hive life, 445–449; as pioneers on the new frontier of power, 444; social media addiction of, 445, 446–447. See also adolescence

  chilling effect, 472; and extended chilling effect, 472, 489

  China: conflation of instrumentarian and authoritarian power in, 389, 393–394; crisis of social trust in, 389–390; funding Pentland’s research lab, 417; Shenzhen trade show and surveillance technology industry, 393–394, 395; Skinner’s views on, 443; social credit system in, 388–394; use of location data in, 246

  China Daily, 391

  chips, 189, 245, 289, 392

  choice architectures, 294, 370

  Chomsky, Noam, 323, 441

  Choudhury, Tanzeem, 419, 420

  Chrome browser, 400, 487

  CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 114, 116, 117, 321–322

  Cisco, 227, 264, 417

  Cisco Kinetic, 227–228

  cities, 227–232

  civil society organizations, 126

  Clapper, James, 387

  click-through rates, 76, 82, 83–84, 95–96, 277

  click-wrap agreements, 48–50, 108

  climate, sensors of, 206

  climate change, 126, 346

  cloud, the: Google’s, 188, 218; and human relationships, 410; and machine relations, 408; Microsoft’s, 400

  Cohen, Jared, 103, 223

  Cohen, Leonard, 255

  cold war, 108, 320–321

  collaboration: and contractual agreements, 333, 334, 335–336, 337; and social pressure, 435–436

  collective action: confluence as new form of, 409, 413; and contractual agreements, 333; needed to challenge asymmetries of knowledge and power, 344–345, 485–486, 520–525

  collective decision making, 407, 432–433

  collective mind. See hive mind

  collectivism: behavior for the greater good, 431–432; and death of individuality, 436–437, 438–440, 444, 469; neoliberal ideology in opposition to, 38, 39, 108, 504–505; and surveillance capitalism’s collectivist social vision as departure from market democracy, 21, 495, 504–512, 519. See also hive mind

  Columbus, Christopher, 176–177

  Columbus, Ohio, 229

  co-marketing, 217

  commodity fictions (Polanyi), 99, 345–346, 514

  Common Rule (legal standards for experimentation), 303–304, 320, 325

  Communications Decency Act (1996), Section 230, 110–112

  communism, 321

  Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 222

  Communist Party, 356, 389

  compulsion: elements of, 451; and mobile advertising, 242–243; of social media, 449–453, 457–458, 463, 466–467; through uncontract, 221

  CompuServe, 111

  “Computer for the 21st Century, The” (Weiser), 199–202, 398

  computer-mediated transactions, new uses of, 64–65, 212–213, 256

  Concept of the Corporation (Drucker), 64

  conditioning: definition of, 296–297; “mind control” as system of, 322; operant conditioning, 296, 322, 361

  confluence: as core social process of instrumentarianism, 397f; in the hive, 466; as machine relations, 20–21, 407–411; as new form of collective action, 409, 413; as new template for social order, 21, 411–415, 429

  conquerors, Spanish, 12, 176–177, 177–178, 193

  conquest: through declaration, 176–180; and domination of souls, 354, 359, 365

  Conquest, Robert, 356, 357

  conquest pattern, 176, 177–178, 338

  conscientiousness, 275, 277

  consciousness. See awareness

  consent: and broadband privacy regulations, 171–172; and emotion analytics, 291–292; in EU regulations, 481; and facial recognition, 253; and online contracts, 48–50. See also decision rights; opt-out policies; rendition

  conservative-libertarian agenda, 109

  Constitutional law: First Amendment rights, 60, 108–109, 325; Fourth Amendment rights, 480–481

  “Constitution in the National Surveillance State, The” (Balkin), 119

  consumers, 29–30, 31, 33, 87; and the Apple inversion, 46; and historical role in evolution of capitalism, 51, 257; and online contracts, 49–50; and traditional reciprocities with producers, 499–503. See also Federal Communications Commission (FCC); privacy

  Consumer Watchdog, 17, 507–508

  contagion effect, through online manipulation, 300, 301–302, 306–307

  content moderation, 506, 508–509

  context aggregation, 209

  continuous experimentation, 298–299; by Facebook, 299–309; as new use of computer-mediated transactions, 64, 213, 298; Pokémon Go as, 309–319

  contracts: and empathy, 335–336; “new contractual forms due to better monitoring,” 64, 213, 218–219; uncontracts, 218–221, 295, 333–336. See also reciprocity

  contracts, online, 48–50, 108, 237

  contract utopia, 334

  convenience, 18, 30, 257, 383, 429

  conversation: and digital assistants, 260–261

  conversational commerce, 164

  cookies: development of, 86; and “Like” button, 159; quantities of, 136; regulation of, 86–87; and Verizon, 167; zombie cookies, 167, 168

  cooperation. See collaboration; collective decision making

  cornering, of behavioral surplus supplies, 130–138, 338

  corporate
action as speech, 109

  Cortana (Microsoft digital assistant), 163–164, 165, 255, 400

  Costeja González, Mario, 58, 59

  counter-declarations (form of resistance/withdrawing social agreement), 345, 489–492. See also regulations; synthetic declarations

  coup from above, 21, 513–516

  Couzens, James, 64

  Covisint, 217

  creative destruction, 50, 51

  credit scores, 172–173, 393

  Creemers, Rogier, 393

  cryptocurrencies, 442

  Cubrilovic, Nik, 159

  Cukier, Kenneth, 68

  culture, intentional design of, 431

  customers: as source of organic capitalist reciprocities, 31–32, 40, 501–504; vs users, 10, 69, 77, 82, 93–94, 96, 129

  customization. See personalization

  cyberlibertarianism, 109

  Daily Beast, 42

  dark data, 210–211

  data: dark data, 210–211; definition of, 65; meta-data, 117–118, 245, 272–273, 275; traffic/transit data, 228–229, 230. See also behavioral data

  data exhaust, 67–70; as digital breadcrumbs, 90, 422, 428; as digital exhaust, 90; as euphemism and misdirection, 90; as source of behavioral surplus, 74–78, 81, 338

  data extraction and analysis: as basis of the extraction imperative, 87–88; definition of, 65; as new use of computer-mediated transactions, 64, 65, 213

  datafication: definition of, 187–188; and rendition, 234

  Datalogix, 160–161

  data mining, 67–68, 116–117, 420. See also reality mining

  data ownership: data as private property, 172; and EU regulations, 481; and Fourth Amendment, 480–481; Pentland’s view of, 441–442. See also data protection

  data protection: and Facebook, 482–485; General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), 481, 485, 487–488; and Google Street View, 143–149; in Spain/EU, 57–60. See also data ownership; Federal Communications Commission (FCC); Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

  data scientists: and economies of action, 295; on the internet of things, 224–225; interviewing of, 24, 224; “missing generation” of (lured to tech firms), 189–190

  debt, 215, 335, 391

  decision rights: and continuous experimentation, 298; definition of, 90; public response to loss of, 340; surveillance capitalism’s usurpation of, 179; as privileges of the wealthy, 257

  declarations: conquest by, 176–180, 193, 341; counter-declarations, 345, 489–492; definition of, 177; Google’s, 179–180; and Spanish conquest, 177–178; synthetic declarations, 345, 395, 480, 524–525

  De Filippi, Primavera, 442

  Dehaye, Paul-Olivier, 482–485

  de las Casas, Bartolomé, 178

  Dell, 217

  Deloitte, 214, 216–217, 417, 425

  democracy: and collective decision making, 433; and division of learning in society, 191–192; Google refuses to cooperate with in Street View investigations, 144–148; and industrial capitalism, 107, 501–504; and neoliberalism, 108, 505; pace of vs tech companies, 104–105, 115; Skinner’s rejection of, 373, 433; surveillance capitalism as threat to, 21, 512–513, 516–519; and trends in information society, 191; USSR Constitution described as, 356. See also electoral politics

  democratic “recession” (deconsolidation), 516–518; and surveillance capitalism, 518–519

  Dempsey, James, 120

  dependency: and habituation, 140; on “the others,” 447–448, 456–457, 465; and psychic numbing effect, 11; and success of surveillance capitalism, 342, 397f. See also reciprocity; rendition

  depression, 275, 287, 446, 464–465

  depth of behavioral surplus (second dimension of economies of scope), 201, 241, 339; and affective computing, 282–290; and digital assistants, 255–262, 268–269; and Facebook personality prediction, 271–276, 278–282; and IBM personality prediction, 276–278; and voice recognition, 262–268. See also personalization

  destruction rhetoric, 50, 51

  Diageo, 239

  DIALOG, 270–271

  digital assistants: Amazon’s Alexa, 268–269; Apple’s Siri, 269; and conversation, 260–261; Facebook’s M, 259; Google Assistant, 6, 401, 402; Google Now, 256–259; herding toward commerce, 259–260; as inevitable, 257; Microsoft’s Cortana, 163–164, 165, 255, 400; Samsung’s Viv, 269; as supply routes for behavioral surplus, 268–269

  digital dispossession, 99, 100, 150–151, 210–211. See also dispossession cycle

  digitalization: capacity for, 187–188; of music, 29–30; resistance to, 139; of work, 180–181

  digital natives, 447

  digital omniscience, 208–209, 223, 229, 402. See also Big Other

  disclosure: of Google as source of funding for research papers, 126; by Microsoft, about extent of Cortana’s knowledge, 164. See also consent; decision rights; privacy policies

  Disconnect, Inc., 135, 137–138

  Disney, 316

  dispossession, accumulation by, 99

  dispossession, digital, 99, 100, 150–151, 210–211

  dispossession cycle, 138–155, 342; adaptation stage, 140, 148–149, 306; competition in, 158–166; habituation stage, 140, 145–148, 306; incursion stage, 139–140, 141–145, 306; progression from knowledge to influence to control, 153–154, 420; redirection stage, 140, 149–155, 306

  division of labor, 32, 183–185, 347–348

  Division of Labor in Society, The (Durkheim), 183

  division of learning in society: as cause of user ignorance, 343–344; essential questions of, 181–183, 327–328; instrumentarian power’s command over, 379, 396f; and new priesthood, 187–190; as principle of social order, 185–186, 190–192; privatization of, 19, 190–192; and problem of the two texts, 186–187; surveillance capitalism’s dominance over, 180, 351–352;

  Doctoroff, Dan, 228, 229, 230–231

  Doctrine of Fascism, The (Mussolini and Gentile), 354

  Doerr, John, 72, 76

  Domingos, Pedro, 191

  DoppelLab, 208

  dot-com economy, 72–73

  DoubleClick, 161

  double movement, 39–40, 52, 182, 395, 500–501

  Douglas, William O., 90

  Driving Mode, 154

  Drucker, Peter, 64

  Dublon, Gershon, 209

  Dulles, Allen, 321

  Duranty, Walter, 356

  Durkheim, Emile, 22, 32, 183–187, 192

  Eagle, Nathan, 420, 421, 423

  eBay, 393

  “economic orientation” (Max Weber), 16, 297, 346; of Google, 77

  economies of action, 131f, 195, 202, 293–299, 339; and actuation/means of behavioral modification, 293–294; approaches to, 294–297; in China’s social credit system, 389–391; and Facebook’s user experiments, 299–309; and “for-profit cities,” 231; and games, 311; and means of behavioral modification, 203; and Pokémon Go, 309–329; and vehicle telematics, 213, 215

  economies of scale, 131f, 195, 200–201, 338; in totalitarianism, 359; and vehicle telematics, 214

  economies of scope, 131f, 195, 339; and depth of behavioral surplus extraction (second dimension of economies of scope), 201, 241, 339; and extension of extraction operations into offline world (first dimension of economies of scope), 201, 241, 339; and “for-profit cities,” 231; rendition activities in, 241; shift toward, 201–202; and vehicle telematics, 213, 214. See also extension of extraction operations into offline world (first dimension of economies of scope); depth of behavioral surplus (second dimension of economies of scope)

  Economist, 391

  Edelman, Benjamin, 130–132

  Edison, Thomas, 16–17, 184, 520

  “Education after Auschwitz” (Adorno), 518

  Edwards, Douglas, 89, 98

  effective life, human need for, 11, 32–33, 43–44, 53, 256–257, 342, 347, 518

  Ekman, Paul, 285

  electoral politics: Cambridge Analytica’s involvement in, 278, 280; and Facebook user experiments, 299–300, 301, 436; funding for elec
tion campaigns, 43, 109; Google’s involvement in, 122–124, 341–342; and online disinformation, 508, 510

  Electric Horseman, The (Garland), 233

  Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), 165, 167

  Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC), 114, 139, 144, 160, 169, 318

  electronic text, 181, 182–183, 186–187, 270. See also shadow text

  electrophysiology, 324–325

  emerging adulthood, 446–447, 449, 452–453, 467

  Emoshape, 289

  emotion analytics, 282–290; and Affectiva, 288–290; and consent, 291–292; development of, 285–287; revenues from, 287; SEWA project, 282–284

  emotions: emotional toll of social media, 445, 446; manipulation of by Facebook, 301–302, 305–306, 307; Microsoft patent for monitoring mental states, 411–412; and reinforcement for social harmony, 435. See also emotion analytics; empathy; mental health

  empathy, 302; and awareness, 307; and contractual agreements, 335–336; and Facebook emotional contagion experiments, 302, 436; and Pentland’s social theory, 437

  employment levels, 42, 56, 500

  Endor, 425

  Englehardt, Steven, 136

  entrepreneurs, 41, 99, 342

  envy, 463

  equivalence without equality: and Facebook, 505–506, 507, 509; as “radical indifference,” 377; as the “reality business,” 399; and targeted advertising, 509–510; and tyranny, 513

  Erikson, Erik, 36, 452

  Ervin, Sam, 320, 323–324

  ethics. See morality

  euphemism, used to obfuscate surveillance capitalism, 90–91, 210–211

  European Council, 387

  European Union: Android antitrust investigation, 134, 138; General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), 481, 485, 487–488; Safe Harbor Framework, 160, 486

  EU Commission, 103, 282, 417

  EU Court of Justice, 59–60, 486

  Evil by Design (Nodder), 456

  exceptionalism. See surveillance exceptionalism

  execution architectures, 203, 213, 218

  exits. See no exit

  Exodus Privacy, 137

  “Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion Through Social Networks” (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock), 301

  experimentation: Common Rule legal standards for, 303–304, 320, 325; Facebook user experiments in electoral politics, 299–300, 301, 436; Facebook user experiments in manipulating emotional contagion, 301–302, 305–306, 307

  experimentation, continuous, 298–299; by Facebook, 299–309; as new use of computer-mediated transactions, 64, 213, 298; Pokémon Go as, 309–319

 

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