Singularity University, 426
Siri (Apple digital assistant), 269
“A 61-Million-Person Experiment in Social Influence and Political Mobilization” (Bond et al.), 299
Skinner, B. F., 361–363; About Behaviorism, 326, 362; anticipates instrumentarian power, 379–381; on applied utopistics, 437–438; on behavior for the greater good, 431; The Behavior of Organisms, 366; on collective decision making, 432–433; criticisms of, 323, 326, 441; on free will, 366, 367–368, 380; on increase in knowledge, 367, 368–369; and instrumentarian power, 379–380; and operant conditioning, 296, 361; and Other-One viewpoint, 366–368; Pentland as successor to, 418, 419, 424, 430, 431, 440; on planned society, 432–434, 437–438; prescribes future based on behavioral modification, 322–323, 412–413; on privacy, 370–371; on problem of autonomous individual, 439–440; on roots of behaviorism, 362–363; Science and Human Behavior, 367; seeks technology of human behavior, 369–371; on societal control of individual, 435. See also Beyond Freedom & Dignity; Walden Two
Skybox, 152
Skyhook Wireless, 135
Slate, 164, 459
SleepIQ app, 236
Sleep Number bed, 236–237
Sloan, Alfred, 29, 64
slot machines, 450
smart health, 247–248
smart-home devices, 5–7; and Amazon, 268–269; Aware Home, 5–6, 234–235, 247; examples of, 238–239; Google Home, 261, 262, 269; Nest thermostat, 6–7, 237–238; and privacy, 234–238, 477–478; and rendition, 238–240; Roomba, 235–236; value of market, 6; and voice recognition, 261
smart machines vs smart people (businesses’ investments in), 3, 181–182
smartphones: data mining by auto insurers, 214; data mining by lending companies, 172–173; health apps on, 248–251; reality mining (rendition of social relations) through, 420–421, 422–423; as supply route, 133–135; tracking of location data, 137, 140, 154, 174, 242–245. See also Android mobile phones
“smart skin,” 240
Smith, Adam, 183–184, 257, 496, 499
Snowden, Edward, 385, 511
social comparison, 461–465; and adolescence, 447–448, 454; as core process of instrumentarianism, 397f; definition of, 461; Facebook’s use of, 468; in Facebook voting experiment, 307, 463; and FOMO, 462–463; intensity of increases with social media, 462, 466–467; mental health consequences of, 463–465, 466–467; operating through privatized digital spaces, 456
social connection: dependent upon surveillance capitalism, 383, 455–456; surveillance capitalism offers, 383
“social credit” system, China’s, 388–394
social Darwinism, 106
social efficiency (Pentland), 429, 438
social graphs: Facebook’s, 92, 403; LinkedIn as Microsoft’s supply route to, 165; Pokémon Go as, 317
social influence: and adolescence, 453–454; and Facebook’s experiments, 306–307; forms of (social pressure, social comparison, modeling, subliminal priming), 456; Pentland on, 440; and Pentland’s “social physics,” 428–429, 436–437, 438. See also social pressure
socialism, 334, 357, 433, 523
social learning, 466; definition of, 431
social media: addictive design of, 448, 449, 451–452; Chinese censorship of, 392–393; and compulsion, 453–454; and destructive dynamics of hive mind, 21; DIALOG platform as precursor to, 270; emotional toll of, 445, 446, 447–448; and homing to the herd, 467–468; Instagram, 276, 457–458, 484; meta-data about, 272–273; Obama campaign’s use of, 123; privatization of, 455–456; profile inflation in, 462; rendition of the self through, 271–276; self-presentation through, 462, 464, 472; and social comparison, 462; surveillance-as-a-service firms’ use of, 173–174, 386, 388, 393; trust in, 340; users’ vulnerability to social influence, and Facebook’s experiments, 306–307, 436. See also Facebook; Twitter
social network incentives, 436, 438
social networks: Google+, 139; Google Buzz, 139, 156; Google’s efforts to establish supply routes in, 139, 156; LinkedIn, 165. See also Facebook
social participation: as coextensive with means of behavioral modification, 342; and dependency on digital connection, 4, 11, 174, 339, 342, 446, 449, 455–456
social persuasion: as one reason for success of surveillance capitalism, 343
Social Physics (Pentland), 418, 419, 430
social pressure: experienced by young people on social media, 447–448, 454; Facebook’s use of, 436, 446, 463, 467, 468–469; and instrumentarianism, 444; operating through privatized digital spaces, 456; Pentland’s advocacy of, in social learning, 431, 435–437; social comparison heightening, 463
social proof, 456–457
social relations, instrumentarianism’s principles of, 431–441; applied utopistics, 437–438; behavior for the greater good (collective perspective and values), 431–432; death of individuality, 438–441; as facts of modern life, 469; plans replace politics, 432–435; social pressure for harmony, 435–437
social relations, rendition of, 419–429; instruments for, 419–421, 423–424; Pentland’s essay on, 426–429; and Pentland’s work on sociometrics, 422–425; and reality mining, 420–423
social trust: in China, 389; and contracts, 334; decline of, 383–384; superseded by instrumentarianism, 442; and the uncontract, 336–337
society: instrumentarianism’s control over, 20–21, 399, 400–404
“Society’s Nervous System: Building Effective Government, Energy, and Public Health Systems” (Pentland), 426–429
sociometer, 420, 423–424
Sociometric Solutions (later renamed Humanyze), 424–425
software-as-a-service (SaaS), 172–174
Sonnets from China (Auden), 24; I, 98, 176, 398; II, 27; III, 495; VI, 63, 199; VII, 376; VIII, 445; IX, 329; X, 351, 416; XI, 293
Sontag, Susan, 233
sorcerer’s apprentice, 404, 481
soul, the: as exempt from scientific inquiry, 364–365; totalitarianism’s engineering of, 353, 354–355, 359, 372–373
sovereignty of the individual, 6, 21, 36, 469, 521; and creation of meaning from experience, 290–291; elemental rights of, 54, 332. See also decision rights; freedom
Spain: commitment to democracy in, 517; economic crisis in, 56; Indignados movement in, 42, 56; right to be forgotten in, 27, 57–59
Spanish conquest (fifteenth century), 176–177, 177–178, 193
Spanish Data Protection Agency (Agencia Española de Protección de Datos), 57–58, 58–59
speed: as form of violence (shock and awe approach), 344, 346, 400, 406; and velocity of surveillance capitalism, 115, 119, 344, 400, 406, 421, 433–434
Spireon, 215, 216
Spotify, 316
Sprint, 316
Spy-Fi scandal, 143–145
Stalin, Joseph, 354–355, 356–357
Stamp Act (1765), 502
Starbucks, 316
Starner, Thad, 417
startups: acquisitions of, 102–103, 152; investment in, 72, 73, 117; surveillance-as-a-service firms, 172–173, 387–388
state power: fusion of instrumentarian power with, in China, 388–392, 394; and instrumentarian power, 386–387, 443–444; means of behavioral modification as form of, 320, 322, 324, 326, 341
Steinbeck, John, 226
Stillwell, David, 273–274, 280, 613n54, 615n64
stock share structures, 101, 102
Street View. See Google Street View
student data, collection of: resistance to, 140
subliminal priming, 294, 301–302, 307, 456
subprime mortgages, 507–508
Sunstein, Cass, 294–295
superorganisms, 373, 436–437
supply routes (behavioral surplus), 102–103, 129–130, 130–132, 132–133, 133–135, 156, 157, 163–165, 169–170, 201, 289
Surveillance After September 11 (Lyon), 112
surveillance-as-a-service (SVaaS), 172–174; and law enforcement, 387–388; Microsoft patent for preempting human behavior, 412; and Pentland’s work on
sociometrics, 425; use of social media, 173–174, 386, 388, 393
surveillance capital, 94
surveillance capitalism: awareness as threat to, 307–308; dressed up in rhetoric of empowerment, 10; emergence of, 52–55; expansion into offline world, 10, 19–20, 129; exploiting human needs for effective life, 53, 342; foundations of, 18–19; how did it take root?, 53–54; how did they get away with it?, 100–101, 338–345; as human invention, 85–87; invisibility/illegibility/ignorance of, 10, 11; logic and operations of, 8–12, 93–96, 338–340; naming and taming of, 61–62, 347, 353; objectives of, 399; offers solutions for problems of second modernity, 383; as parasitic and self-referential, 9; Pentland on, 442; rejection of/withdrawal of social agreement to, 344–345; shift of focus to social world, 20–21; what is it?, 512–516; who are customers of, 10
surveillance capitalism, summaries of key elements, 8–12, 93–97, 338–340, 512–516
surveillance economy, 94
surveillance exceptionalism, 74, 81–82, 112–121, 194, 324, 341
surveillance revenues, 94, 97f, 111, 166–175
susceptibility to persuasion, 308
Swire, Peter, 113, 114, 385, 564n57
synthetic declarations (form of resistance/withdrawing social agreement; assertion of alternative framework), 345, 395, 480, 524–525. See also resistance
Taínos (indigenous people), 12, 177–178, 193
targeted applications, 217, 250
Tea Act (1773), 503
TechCrunch, 317, 318, 458–459
technological “drift,” 226
technologies, surveillance capitalism confused with (“puppet master vs puppet”), 14–17, 238, 352, 376
technology addiction, hand-and-glove relationship of, 449–453
technology of human behavior, 369–371, 379–380. See also behavioral modification; radical behaviorism
telematics, 205–206, 206–207, 214–215, 216
telemedicine, 247–249
telemetry, 204–205, 218, 247, 375
telestimulation, 206, 207, 307, 312, 319, 470
television, 263–266, 462
Tenet, George, 116
tensor processing units (TPUs), 189
terms-of-service agreements, 48–49, 237. See also contracts
terrorism: instrumentarian power as solution to, 385–387; war on terror and surveillance exceptionalism, 112–116, 324, 341
Thaler, Richard, 294–295
theory and practice: of instrumentarianism vs totalitarianism, 396f; of neoliberal market economics, 38–39; of surveillance capitalism, 406; and utopianism, 406. See also dispossession cycle; Pentland, Alex
third modernity, 46–52; Facebook as one model of, 469–470; and hiding technologies, 489–491; the hive as instrumentarianism’s model of, 443–444; positive possibilities for, 54, 195; two visions of, 55, 395. See also second modernity
Thrun, Sebastian, 413–414
Time, 357, 361, 371, 459
Toronto, Ontario, 231–232
Toronto Globe and Mail, 232
Total Information Awareness (TIA) program, 116
totalitarianism, 20, 354–360; Burnham’s prediction of success, 523; in China, 389; compared with instrumentarianism, 396f–397f, 399; defied comprehension, 353, 356–360, 394; in Germany, 355; instrumentarianism mistakenly equated with, 352; intent of, 353; in Italy, 354; neoliberalism’s fear of, 108, 504–505; in 1984, 372–373; path to, 518; in Russia, 355–357; state solution to problems of first modernity, 383
totality: instrumentarianism’s pursuit of includes society, 399, 400–404, 430, 519; surveillance capitalism’s urge toward, 95, 268, 351, 399, 497; totalitarianism’s pursuit of, 354, 399. See also certainty
Townshend Acts (1767), 503
tracking programs: analyses of, 135–137; through Android phones, 136–137, 154; and broadband privacy regulations, 171–172; Facebook’s, 47–48, 91–92, 136, 159–160, 160–161, 457, 482; Google’s, 136, 161, 243–244; location data on smartphones, 137, 140, 154, 174, 242–245; and Pokémon Go, 317, 318; through smart TVs, 264–265; and surveillance-as-a-service firms, 174; by Verizon, 166–170. See also cookies
traffic/transit data, 228–229, 230
travel, 35
TripAdvisor, 110
Trump campaign (2016), 278
trust. See social trust
tuning approach to behavioral modification: definition of, 294–295; and Facebook, 299–300, 301–302, 307, 463, 470; nudges, 202, 294–295, 370, 435; Pentland’s use of, 434–435, 438, 466; and radical indifference, 505
Turn, 167, 168, 169
TVs, 263–266
Twitter: and content moderation, 509; and free speech, 110; funding Pentland’s research lab, 417; and personality prediction, 273, 276, 277; removal of metrics from, 491; and tracking, 136; and Verizon tracking ID, 168
tyranny, 513–514
Uber, 230, 393
ubiquitous computing: and actuation/behavioral modification, 293–294; Aware Home as living lab for study of, 5–6; data from as “dark data,” 210–211; and inevitabilism, 221–225, 227; and instrumentarianism, 8, 20, 352, 374–375, 376–377; Paradiso on, 207, 208–209, 221, 224; Pentland on, 427; producing certainty, 203–204; and reality mining, 420; and rendition, 233–241; and smart cities, 227–232; terminology of, 202; and ubiquitous sensing, 207–209; Weiser on, 199–200, 398. See also Big Other; internet of things
uncertainty: and contracts, 333, 334, 336; and inevitabilism, 221–222; and instrumentarianism, 384–385; and insurance industry, 214–215, 216; and the will, 330–331, 333, 337. See also certainty
uncontracts, 218–221, 295, 333–336
unemployment, 42, 56
Unger, Roberto, 521
United Kingdom: August 2011 riots in, 27, 41–42, 44; Brexit vote, 278, 507; and democracy, 501, 502–503, 503–504, 517; “missing generation” of data scientists in, 189; outside-looking-in experience of young women in, 447–448; Pokémon Go in, 316; resistance to Street View in, 143–144; response to terrorism, 387
US Congress: broadband privacy regulations overturned, 171–172; regulation of human research by, 325–326; Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 169; Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, 320, 322, 323–325; surveillance activities expanded post-9/11, 114
US Department of Agriculture, 43
US Department of Commerce, 252
US Department of Justice, 508
US Department of Transportation (DOT), 228
US Department of Treasury, 508
US government: collusion with tech companies, 385–386, 511; funding Pentland’s research lab, 417; response to terrorism, 386, 387; trust in, 384; use of behavioral modification by, 320–322, 324, 326
unprecedented, the, 12–14, 20–23, 66, 95, 178, 193–195, 341, 351–353, 516, 519; Google Glass as horseless carriage, 156. See also “horseless-carriage” syndrome
“User Behavior Monitoring on a Computerized Device” (2013 Microsoft patent), 411–412
user profile information (UPI), 78–80, 92
user profiles, consolidation of, 140
users: vs customers, 69; reciprocal relationship between Google and, 68–69, 74, 81–82, 88; as suppliers of raw material, 88, 94
US Steel, 52
us-them relationships: of instrumentarianism society, 430; and means of behavioral modification, 327
utopianism: applied utopistics, 404–407, 407–411, 421, 437–438; and authority, 437–438; elements of, 405; and inevitabilism, 222; and instrumentarianism, 404–407; and surveillance capitalist vision for transformation of society, 401, 403
Varian, Hal, 84; on continuous experimentation, 298; on contractual forms, 218–219, 333; on feedback loop in improvement of Google Search, 68–69; on new uses of computer-mediated transactions, 64–65, 212–213, 256, 298; on personalization/customization, 256–257, 552n6
vehicular monitoring systems, 213, 215, 219, 333, 336
velocity of surveillance capitalism (speed), 115, 119, 400
, 406, 421, 433–434; as one reason for surveillance capitalism’s success, 344
venture capitalists, 72–73
Verizon, 166–170, 171, 417
Verma, Inder M., 303–304
video marketing, 282, 512
violence: in instrumentarianism, 360, 381–382, 395, 396f, 515; speed as form of (shock and awe approach), 344, 346, 400, 406; in totalitarianism, 356, 357–358, 396f
Viv (Samsung digital assistant), 269
Vizio, 265
voice communications, capture of, 262–263, 268; resistance to, 140; by toys, 266; by TVs, 264
voice recognition, 260–269; and digital assistants, 260; and toys, 266–267; and TVs, 263–266
voting, and Facebook experiment, 299–301, 306–307, 436
Waber, Ben, 424
Walden, Ian, 237
Walden Two (Skinner), 362; as antidote to totalitarianism, 372, 373–374; and behavior for the greater good, 431; collective decision making in, 433; critical reception of, 371; form of power in, 372; and ideal of Other-One, 373–374; and instrumentarian power, 379; social planning in, 437–438; social pressure for harmony in, 435
Wall Street Journal: on app-based lending startups, 173; Facebook in, 159, 303; Google in, 104, 126, 154, 157, 231; Pokémon Go unveiled to, 314; on Silicon Valley investment community, 73–74; on Verizon/AOL advertising programs, 170
Walmart, 168
Wang, Yang, 392
wardriving, 145
Washington Post, 104, 119, 124, 125, 166, 174, 451–452
Watson (IBM machine intelligence system), 211, 276–277
Watson, John B., 362
Waze, 152
wearable technologies: and emotion analytics, 289; Google Glass, 139, 156–158, 417; and government surveillance, 387; and health care, 247–250; for hiding from surveillance, 489–490, 490–491; independently networked, 490; MacKay’s first generation of, 205–206; and Pentland, 417, 422, 423–424; Picard’s vision of, 287; and Pokémon Go, 314; rendition of the body through, 246–247; resistance to, 140; sociometer, 420, 423–424
Weaver, Henry “Buck,” 64
web bugs, 86
Weber, Max, 16, 115, 333–334, 628n10
WebMD, 168
websites as intermediaries or publishers, 110–112
Weiser, Mark, 199–200, 398
Weiwei, Ai, 491
Weizenbaum, Joseph, 292
The Age of Surveillance Capitalism Page 90