outside-looking-in experience of the self, 447–448, 456–457, 465
Overstock.com, 48
Overture search engine, 71, 76
Ovum, 246
Page, Larry: and advertising, 71, 74, 84; as exception to traditional utopian thinkers, 405; on Google as automagical, 128; and Google corporate governance structure, 101–102; and Google’s secrecy, 89; on lawlessness of cyberspace, 105; on right to be forgotten ruling, 60; on transformation of society, 401–402; on true nature of Google’s business, 98
Page Rank algorithm, 69
Paglen, Trevor, 491
Paine, Thomas, 513, 522
Palantir, 388
panopticon, 470–471
Paradiso, Joseph, 207–208, 208–209, 221, 224, 240, 378
Parker, Sean, 451
parking spaces, 229–230
Pasquale, Frank, 108, 109, 174, 187
Patel, Amit, 67–68, 75, 76
patents: Facebook’s, 159–160, 287, 393; Google’s, 77–80, 150; Microsoft’s, 411–412; for reality mining, 423; for vehicle telematics, 216
patients’ rights, 322, 325
Patriot Act (2001), 114
Pedersen, Darhl, 479
Peifer, Karl-Nikolaus, 59
Pentagon Highlands Forum, 118
Pentland, Alex: on attractions of instrumentarianism, 429; on behavior for the greater good, 432; commercial ventures of, 422, 424–425; on computation replacing politics, 433–434, 438; credentials of, 417–418; on death of individuality, 438–439, 440, 441; and detached observation (God’s eye view), 418–419; on laws of social behavior, 430–431; principles of instrumentarianism, 430–442; and reality mining, 420–423, 428; rejection of old social categories by, 428; on social network incentives, 436; on social pressure for harmony, 436–437; students of, 417–418, 419; theory of instrumentarianism, 416–417, 426–429; work on rendition of social relations, 419–429
people analytics. See rendition of social relations
permissionless innovation, 50, 60
personality prediction: through Facebook profiles, 272–273, 273–275, 279, 280; by IBM, 276–278
personalization, 19; as coup from above, 513; and digital assistants, 255–262, 268–269; and emotion analytics, 282–284; as new use of computer-mediated transactions, 64, 213, 256; as part of prediction imperative, 256; and rendition of the self, 271, 273, 274, 277, 278; and voice recognition, 262–268
persuasion score, 123
Pew Research, 61, 157, 243, 340, 447, 517
Philippines, 508
phones. See smartphones
photography, 233
Picard, Rosalind, 285–287, 288, 291–292, 441
Pichai, Sundar: and breadth/depth of Google’s instrumentarian media, 400–401; and personalization, 261–262; and salience of machine intelligence, 191
Piketty, Thomas, 43–44, 518, 519, 520, 543n42
Pinterest, 509
Planck, Max, 363, 375, 412, 633n38, 634–635n45
planning: and authority, 437–438; and contracts, 334–335; replacing politics, 432–435; in socialist economics, 334
Poetics of Space, The (Bachelard), 476
Poindexter, John, 116
Pokémon Go, 309–319; and ads, 314, 315–316, 318–319; and behavioral futures markets, 317; as behavioral modification, 299, 312, 313, 314; dynamics of, 312; as experiment in economies of action, 311–314; and Hanke, 310–311; as herding, 8–9; Ingress as test bed for, 150; and lack of privacy, 309–310; launch of, 314–315; and social pressure, 342, 463; as surveillance capitalism, 315–316, 319
Poland, 356, 517
Polanyi, Karl, 39, 98–99, 345–346, 514
police departments/law enforcement agencies, 387–388
policies, 409–410
political funding (funding for election campaigns), 43, 109
Politico, 123
politics, plans replacing, 432–435
pornography, restrictions on, 109, 509
Poupyrev, Ivan, 246
poverty: in Catalonia, 56; in US and UK, 42–43
power: assumptions about, 6, 7, 234–235, 247; asymmetries of, 185, 188–189, 281, 328; concentration of by Google, 180; corporate, 109–110; and dangers of surveillance capitalism, 175; and digital dispossession, 100; as oldest political question, 3–5; surveillance capitalism’s shift from knowledge to, 8; and tendency to over-share personal information, 460; who decides who decides?, 181, 182, 192, 223, 327, 328. See also instrumentarianism; totalitarianism
PrecisionID, 167–168, 170
prediction imperative, 131f, 195, 199–204, 339; definition of, 200–201; and internet of things, 209–212; and surveillance-as-a-service companies, 425. See also extraction imperative
prediction products, 8, 97f, 338; and click-through rates, 82, 95; depending on surplus at scale (and extraction imperative), 200–201, 338; need for rejection of, 344; overview, 96; quality of, 201
Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, The (Goffman), 471
prisons, 322, 324, 325, 326
privacy: artists’ strategies to protect, 489–491; and backstage/onstage, 471, 474; behaviors of, 479; as category that falls short in contesting surveillance capitalism, 14, 194; in China, 392; collective action on behalf of, 485–486; vs decision rights, 90; declared no longer a social norm, 48, 274, 370–371; definition of, 90; and division of learning in society, 191–192; EU regulation of with GDPR, 481, 485, 487–488; Facebook’s disregard for, 160, 274, 458; FTC championing of, 113; and Google Glass, 156–157; Google posing as advocate for, 168; Google’s disregard for, 19, 79–80, 81–82, 161; and Google Street View, 141–142, 143–145, 147–148, 149–150; and home as sanctuary, 478–479; informational privacy, 27, 57–61, 480, 485; in information society, 191–192; and ISPs/internet companies, 171–172; Microsoft’s disregard for, 164–165; and Pentland’s view of data ownership, 441–442; and Pokémon Go, 310; public response to loss of, 340–341; and requests for personal data collected by Facebook, 482–484; and resistance to telematics, 216; Senate subcommittee’s 1974 defense of, against behavioral modification, 323–324, 325; Skinner on, 370–371; study on, 479; and tendency to over-share personal information, 460; and Verizon tracking ID, 167–168. See also Google Street View; privacy, assumptions about; privacy, decision rights over; privacy laws; privacy policies; privacy settings, bypassing of
privacy, assumptions about: and affective computing/emotion analytics, 286–287; and Aware Home project, 6, 7, 234–235, 247; and telemedicine, 247
privacy, decision rights over, 90; Google’s disregard for (and Street View), 143; and user profile information, 79–80, 81–82
privacy census, 136
Privacy International, 143, 144
privacy laws, 191, 480–488; GDPR (in EU), 481, 485, 487–488
privacy policies: Facebook’s, 48, 160; of health care apps, 251; impossible to read, 49–50; Microsoft’s, 163–164; for Nest thermostat, 7; Niantic’s, 317, 318; and Roomba vacuum cleaner, 235–236; of Samsung Smart TV, 264; and Sleep Number bed, 236–237; time spent reading, 237; Verizon’s, 169–170
privacy settings, bypassing of: resistance to, 140; by tracking programs, 137–138, 167–168
privatization of networked spaces, 455–456
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 301, 303–304
Prodigy, 111
producer-consumer reciprocities, lack of in surveillance capitalism, 10
profile inflation, 462
promises: and right to the future tense, 330–334, 337; and the right to sanctuary, 492; and the seventh extinction, 516. See also contracts
ProPublica, 168, 509, 511
psychic numbing effect: and dependency, 11; encouragement of, 456; evidence of, 20, 78, 418; in habituation stage of dispossession cycle, 140; and personal experience vs abstraction, 21–22; and sanctuary, 492; and threat to democracy, 519; and the uncontract, 337; and values/expectations, 521
“Psychological Functions of Privacy” (Pedersen), 479
&nb
sp; psychology, discipline of: and adolescence, 452; and privacy, 479; professionalization of, 325; and viewpoint of observation, 363–364, 366–367. See also radical behaviorism
Psychology of the Other-One (Meyer), 363
psychosurgery, 324
public corporations: diminishment of, 40–41
public opinion, 520
public spaces: Google’s claim to, 141–142
“puppet master vs puppet” (surveillance capitalism confused with its technologies), 14–17, 238, 352, 376
Qualcomm, 240
quality scores, 82–83
Quartz, 244
racism, 509–510
radical behaviorism, 20, 353, 360–361; Arendt on, 382; and free will, 366, 367, 368, 380, 439, 440, 441; roots of, 362–363; as technology of human behavior, 369–371; viewpoint of observation, 363–364, 366–367. See also behavioral modification; Pentland, Alex; Skinner, B. F.
radical indifference, 376–377, 397f, 504–512; definition of, 377; tyranny’s foundation on, 513
radicalism algorithm, 386, 393
Radin, Margaret, 49
Realeyes, 282, 284
reality, creation of through declarations, 177
reality business, 19; and the internet of things, 202; reality mining paves the way for, 420
reality mining, 420–423, 428
Recorded Future, 117
Reddit, 509
redirection stage of dispossession cycle: and disinformation at Facebook, 511–512; and Facebook’s behavioral modification, 306; and Google Glass, 157–158; and Google Street View, 149–155; and “Like” button, 160–161; tactics of, 140; and Verizon tracking, 169
Register, 154
regulation, of business: broadband privacy regulations, 171–172; Common Rule (legal standards for experimentation), 303–304, 320, 325; of cookies, 86–87; of data collection from biometrics, 125, 251, 252–253; General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), 481, 485, 487–488; Google supports civil society organizations against, 126; neoliberal ideology on, 107–108, 341; public response to lack of, 340; and rise of industrial capitalism, 106–107; self-regulation, by firms, 108, 110, 113, 147, 248–249, 305; tech companies argue against, 103–105
reinforcement, 326; Facebook “likes” as, 451; Pentland’s version of (social network incentives), 436; positive reinforcement, 325; Skinner’s work with, 296, 361; in Walden Two, 435
relational autonomy, 453
rendered behavior, 70f, 97f
rendering: definitions of, 234
rendition, 339; definition of, 233–234
rendition of bodies, 242–253; through facial recognition, 251–253; through health care apps, 247–251; through location data, 242–245; through wearables, 246–248, 249
rendition of emotions, 282–290; and Affectiva, 288–290; and consent, 290–292; development of, 285–287; market growth in, 287; and SEWA project, 282–284
rendition of personal experience, 255–269; and digital assistants, 255–262, 268–269; and voice recognition, 262–268
rendition of social relations, 419–429; instruments for, 419–421, 423–424; Pentland’s essay on, 426–429; and Pentland’s work on sociometrics, 422–425; and reality mining, 420–423
rendition of the self, 270–282; and Cambridge Analytica, 278–282; and consent, 290–292; through DIALOG platform, 270–271; and Facebook personality prediction, 271–276; and IBM personality prediction, 276–278
Requirimiento (Monarchical Edict of 1513), 178
research and policy papers: Google funding, 126–127
resistance: “be the friction,” 520–525; to collection of personal information through Google Street View, 139–140, 143–144, 148–149; as counter-declarations, 345, 489–492; and dispossession cycle, 141, 158; forms of withdrawing social agreement, 344–345; hiding as, 489–492; hope for, 194–195, 395; need for new forms of collective action, 486; and Spanish conquest, 178; as synthetic declarations, 345, 395, 480, 524–525
Restall, Matthew, 177–178
rights, constitutional: First Amendment rights, 60, 108–109, 325; Fourth Amendment rights, 480–481
rights, surveillance capitalism’s claim to, 179, 314, 519, 521–522
Rights of Man, The (Paine), 513
right to be forgotten (informational privacy), 27; as effective democratic action, 57–61, 485. See also collective action; decision rights
right to the future tense, 20, 54, 329–348; and behavioral modification, 309; and contracts, 333–336; definition of, 195; and human will, 329–338; loss of under instrumentarian power, 378–379, 430, 444; and promises, 330–332; prophecy, 345–348; and transformation of human relationships, 347–348; and uncertainty, 331, 333–338
right to sanctuary, 21, 54, 475–492; Big Other erasing, 477–480, 492; and hiding, 489–491; home as sanctuary, 475–477; and privacy laws, 480–488
right to speak in the first person, 291, 330, 381, 439, 444, 454, 488, 515
Roberts, John, 49
Robinson, James A., 503–504
Rockefeller, John, 106
roles, social: in first modernity, 34; in second modernity, 36
Rometty, Ginni, 211
Roomba (vacuum cleaner), 235–236
Roosendaal, Arnold, 159
Rosenberg, Jonathan, 124
Rotenberg, Marc, 114, 139
Russia, totalitarianism in, 355, 356
Rutenberg, Jim, 123–124
Rutherford, Alexandra, 322
Safegraph, 174
Safe Harbor Framework, 160, 486
Samsung, 263–265, 268, 269
sanctuary: home as, 5, 6, 310, 475–477, 478–479; principle of/history of, 478; the self as, 291; as a space where self can be nurtured, 474. See also right to sanctuary
Sandberg, Sheryl, 92, 161, 511
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 291, 471
Sassen, Saskia, 42
satellite imaging, 152
Satori, 163
saudade (yearning for home), 5, 517
scale. See economies of scale
scapegoating: by Google, in Street View violations, 144–145, 147
Schmidt, Eric: on Android, 134–135; on Defense Innovation Advisory Board, 120; and “for-profit cities,” 231–232; on future of the internet, 199, 378; on Google acquisition of YouTube, 103; on Google Glass, 157; on Google’s corporate governance structure, 101–102; and Google’s secrecy, 88–89; hired at Google, 76; influencing academic research, 125; involvement in Obama campaigns, 122, 123, 124, 281; on lawlessness of cyberspace, 103, 104–105; on lobbyists, 124; on machine intelligence, 413–414; The New Digital Age, 103, 223; on power of technology, 180, 401, 498; on quantity of Google’s products, 129; and response to terrorism, 386; on right to be forgotten ruling, 60; on search engines retaining data, 15; on Spy-Fi scandal, 145; on true nature of Google’s business, 98
Schrems, Max, 486, 653n19
Schroepfer, Mike, 305
Schüll, Natasha Dow, 450
Schumpeter, Joseph, 50–52
Schwartz, Paul M., 59, 191
Science and Human Behavior (Skinner), 367
Scientific American, 425
scope. See economies of scope
search: meaning of, and individualization, 34
search engines: AOL’s Overture, 71, 76; Baidu (Chinese), 246; Microsoft’s Bing, 95, 162, 163; models for generating revenue, 71; retaining data, 15, 140. See also Google Search
Searle, John, 177, 331, 332
second modernity: challenges of, 36–37; and division of learning, 185–186; and individualization, 35–37; instability of, 41–46; needs of, 342, 402, 403
Securities and Exchange Commission, 239
security issues, 386; for Nest thermostat, 7; post-9/11, 113–115
self, the, 33, 34–36; in emerging adulthood, 453–455, 456; as exempt from scientific inquiry, 364–365; and home, 475–477; individualization, 18, 33–37, 44–46, 455; as inward space of lived experience, 290–291. See also sovereignty of the individual
; self, rendition of, 270–282; and affective computing/emotion analytics, 282–290; and Cambridge Analytica, 279–282; through DIALOG platform, 270–271; and Facebook machine learning, 278–279; and Facebook personality prediction, 271–276; and IBM personality prediction, 276–278; as “personalization,” 271; as threat to human autonomy, 290–292
self-awareness, 307–309. See also free will
self-determination, 35; centrality of self-awareness to, 307–308; Senate subcommittee’s 1974 defense of, against behavioral modification, 323–324; surrender of, 518. See also autonomy; free will
self-driving cars, 125, 413–414
self-interest: as one reason for success of surveillance capitalism, 342
self-objectification: psychological dangers of, 464. See also social comparison
self-presentation, 462, 464, 472
self-regulation, by firms, 108, 110, 113, 147, 248–249, 305, 341
self-regulation, human, 307–308
Selvaggio, Leo, 489–490
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 169
Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, 320, 322, 323–325
Sense Networks, 425
sensors: for analysis of social relations (sociometer), 420, 423–424; and behavioral modification, 293–294; and emotion analytics, 283; in wearable technologies, 247–248
sensors, ubiquitous, 207–209, 240. See also internet of things; “smart” products; wearable technologies
September 11, 2001 (9/11) attacks, 9–10, 101, 112–115, 193–194, 341
Sequoia Capital, 68, 72
Sesame Credit, 390, 391–392, 393
SEWA: Automatic Sentiment Analysis in the Wild, 282–284
shadow text: access to, 483–485; as digital dossier, 393; Instagram’s use of, 457–458; need for rejection of, 344; as pathological division of learning, 186–187, 327–328; and reality business, 202; as reversion to pre-Gutenberg order, 190. See also uncertainty
Shaffer, Howard, 450, 451
shareholder value maximization, 38–39, 41, 175, 181–182, 370, 499
shock and awe approach (speed as violence), 344, 346, 400, 406
Short, Jodi, 107–108
Shorten, Richard, 359
Sidewalk Labs, 228–232
signal blocking, 489
Silicon Valley, business environment in, 72–73
Simitis, Spiros, 191
The Age of Surveillance Capitalism Page 89