Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace

by Alan Palmer

  16. Anderson, Britain’s Discovery of Russia, pp. 220–1, including quotation from Horatio Smith.

  17. Lefebvre, Napoléon, II, p. 327.

  18. Shilder, Alek. I, III, p. 142.

  19. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 28 April 1813, Corr. Alex., pp. 141–2.

  20. Tarlé, op. cit., p. 273; Brett-James, General Wilson’s Journal, p. 151.

  21. Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, p. 881.

  22. Shilder, Alek. I, III, p. 147, citing the memoirs of Count Donnersmarck.

  23. LPN, V, p. 91; Catherine Pavlovna to Alexander, 10 May 1813, Corr. Alex., pp. 142–3.

  24. Shilder, Alek. I, III, pp. 147–8; Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 26 May 1813, Corr. Alex., p. 150.

  25. Ibid., III, p. 154; Chandler, op. cit., p. 892.

  26. Palmer, Metternich, p. 95; Kissinger, World Restored, pp. 70–5.

  27. Caulaincourt, Mémoires, II, p. 390; Lefebvre, op. cit., II, p. 330.

  28. Kissinger, op. cit., p. 72.

  29. Adams, p. 579.

  30. Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity, p. 104.

  31. Webster, Castlereagh, I, p. 125.

  32. Ibid., I, pp. 127–9, 143–5.

  33. Palmer, op. cit., pp. 95–6.

  34. Ibid., p. 97.

  35. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 14 June 1813, Corr. Alex., p. 154.

  36. Metternich, Mémoires, I, pp. 250–3.

  37. Ibid., I, pp. 147–54, 253–6 and II, pp. 461–3; Palmer, op. cit., p. 99.

  38. Gentz, quoted by Grimsted, Foreign Ministers, p. 217.

  39. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 1 August 1813, Corr. Alex., p. 156.

  40. Kissinger, op. cit., pp. 81–2.

  41. Metternich, op. cit., I, pp. 165–6.

  42. Ibid.; Palmer, op. cit., p. 104; Shilder, Alek. I, III, pp. 166–7 and 383.

  43. Chandler, op. cit., pp. 903–10.

  44. Ibid., p. 912.

  45. Waliszewski, II, pp. 201–3.

  46. Ibid., II, pp. 199–200.

  47. Chandler, op. cit., pp. 912–36.

  48. Alexander to Golitsyn, 21 October 1813, N.M., Alex. I, I, p. 511.

  49. Palmer, op. cit., p. 109.

  50. Kissinger, op. cit., pp. 100–1.

  51. Grimsted, op. cit., pp. 207–8.

  52. Cathcart to Castlereagh, 28 November 1813, Webster, British Diplomacy, p. 43.

  53. Webster, Castlereagh, I, pp. 167–9.

  54. Palmer, op. cit., p. 111.

  55. Alexander to La Harpe, 3 January 1814, SIRIO, V, pp. 42–5.

  56. Metternich to Gentz, 13 January 1814, Wittichen and Salzer, Briefe … Gentz, III, pt. I, p. 204.

  57. Nesselrode to his wife, 16 January 1814, LPN, V, p. 152.

  58. Shilder, Alek. I, III, p. 182.

  59. Webster, Castlereagh, I, pp. 203 and 218; Metternich to Hudelist, 23 January 1814, HHSA, Inter. Korrespondenz, 77.

  60. Webster, Castlereagh, I, pp. 204–10.

  61. Fournier, Congress von Chatillon, pp. 93–4 and 317.

  62. Webster, Castlereagh, 1, p. 213.

  63. Chandler, op. cit., pp. 972–5.

  64. Webster, Castlereagh, I, p. 215.

  65. Ibid., pp. 226–7.

  66. Shilder, Alek. I, III, pp. 195 and 386.

  67. Ibid., III, p. 198.

  68. Ibid., III, pp. 200 and 387.

  69. Caulaincourt, Mémoires, III, p. 69.

  70. Shilder, Alek. I, III, pp. 203–4.

  71. Caulaincourt, op. cit., III, pp. 72–6.

  72. Ibid., III, pp. 87–9; Shilder, Alek. I, III, pp. 209–10.

  73. Ibid., in, pp. 210, 213; Cooper, Talleyrand, p. 224; N.M., Alex. I, I, p. 133.

  74. Caulaincourt, op. cit., III, p. 94.

  Chapter 16: Paris and London

  1. N.M., Alex. I, I, pp. 135–6; Alexander to Marie Feodorovna, 3 April 1814, printed in the article by Shumigorskii in Russkaya Starina, Vol. 157, pp. 486–8.

  2. Shilder, Alek. I, III, pp. 213-15; Cooper, Talleyrand, pp. 225–8.

  3. Nicolson, Congress of Vienna, pp. 85–6; Lefebvre, Napoléon, II, p. 351.

  4. Webster, British Documents, pp. 147–8.

  5. Caulaincourt, Mémoires, III, pp. 93–9.

  6. Ibid., III, pp. 141–338; Garros, Quel Roman …!, pp. 445–8.

  7. Caulaincourt, op. cit., III, p. 222.

  8. Nicolson, op. cit., p. 91.

  9. Caulaincourt, op. cit., III, p. 222.

  10. Ibid., III, pp. 226–30.

  11. Ibid., III, pp. 255–338.

  12. Metternich, Mémoires, I, pp. 194–5.

  13. Lefebvre, op. cit., II, p. 252; Nicolson, op. cit., pp. 94–6.

  14. Webster, Castlereagh, I, pp. 263–4.

  15. Bartlett, Castlereagh, p. 133.

  16. See the letter of Alexander to Marie Feodorovna, from Paris, 15 April 1814, Russkaya Starina for 1914, p. 488.

  17. Metternich to Hudelist, 24 May 1814, HHSA, Inter. Korrespondenz, 78.

  18. For Alexander’s magnanimity, see Almedingen, Emperor Alexander, pp. 151–3.

  19. N.M., Alex. I, I, p. 137; Nicolson, op. cit., p. 105.

  20. Broughton, Recollections, I, p. III.

  21. Guedalla, Second Empire, pp. 43–4.

  22. Knapton, Empress Josephine, p. 341.

  23. Alexander to Josephine, 18 April 1814, quoted from Georges Maugin by Knapton, loc. cit.

  24. Ibid., p. 342.

  25. Ibid., p. 343.

  26. Ibid.; Nicolson, op. cit., p. 108.

  27. Shilder, Alek. I, III, pp. 222–3.

  28. Nicolson, op. cit., p. 108.

  29. Palmer, Metternich, p. 124; Webster, Castlereagh, I, pp. 280–1.

  30. Ibid., pp. 287–8; Kissinger, World Restored, pp. 142–4.

  31. Palmer, op. cit., p. 125.

  32. Ziegler, William IV, p. 116.

  33. Anderson, Britain’s Discovery of Russia, pp. 221–2 and the anonymous pamphlets listed in the bibliography below.

  34. Ziegler, op. cit., pp. 114–15.

  35. Colchester, Diaries and Correspondence, II, p. 500.

  36. Dorothea Lieven Memoirs printed in Corr. Alex., pp. 228–30. A translation of the same Memoirs was included in Temperley, Unpublished Diary … Princess Lieven, and is preferable to the complete translation of Corr. Alex. by Henry Havelock entitled Scenes of Russian Court Life (London, 1917).

  37. Catherine Pavlovna to Alexander, 13 April 1814, Corr. Alex., p. 187.

  38. The same to the same, 4 April 1814, Ibid., p. 180.

  39. Lieven Memoirs, Ibid., p. 228.

  40. Catherine Pavlovna to Alexander, 4 April 1814, Ibid., p. 180.

  41. The same to the same, 9 May 1814, Ibid., p. 189.

  42. Nicolson, op. cit., p. III.

  43. Anglesey, Capel Letters, pp. 36–7.

  44. Masson, Collected Writings of Thomas de Quincey, III, p. 67; Annual Register, 1814, chronological section, p.45; Broughton, op. cit., I, p. 113.

  45. Lieven Memoirs, Corr. Alex., p. 234.

  46. Lieven Memoirs, Ibid., p. 235.

  47. Webster, Castlereagh, I, p. 28.

  48. Lieven Memoirs, Corr. Alex., p. 235; Metternich to Hudelist, 13 June and 26 June 1814, HHSA, Int. Korrespondenz, 78.

  49. Nicolson, op. cit., pp. 113–14; Colchester, op. cit., II, p. 501.

  50. L’Estrange, Mary Russell Mitford, I, p. 287.

  51. The Times, 9 June 1814; Grieg, Farington Diary, VII, p. 256.

  52. Nicolson, op. cit., p. 114.

  53. Broughton, op. cit., I, pp. 139–40.

  54. Anonymous pamphlet, Correct Account of the Visit … to … Oxford, in the Bodleian Library, Oxford.

  55. Ibid.

  56. Grieg, op. cit., VII, p. 258.

  57. Lieven Memoirs, Corr. Alex., p. 244.

  58. Annual Register, 1814, pp. 552–67.

  59. Colchester, op. cit., II, p. 502.

  60. Lieven Memoirs, Corr. Alex., pp. 242–3.

  61. Gore, Creevey Papers, p. 116.

&
nbsp; 62. Scott, Quakers in Russia, p. 43.

  63. Ibid., pp. 52–3.

  64. W. Allen, Life and Correspondence, I, pp. 193–9.

  65. Ibid., pp. 52–3.

  66. Scott, op. cit., pp. 55–6.

  67. Adams, p. 655; Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 29 June 1814, Corr. Alex., pp. 191–2.

  68. N.M., Elis., II, p. 488.

  69. Webster, Castlereagh, I, pp. 295–6.

  Chapter 17: Panorama of Europe

  1. Choisseul-Gouffier, Historical Memoirs, p. 188.

  2. N.M., Elis., II, p. 489; and Elizabeth to her mother, 20 September 1814, Ibid., p. 582.

  3. Shilder, Alek. I, III, p. 248; cf. Weil, I, no. 81, pp. 62–4.

  4. Grimsted, Foreign Ministers, p. 210.

  5. Ibid., pp. 219–21.

  6. N.M., Alex. I, I, p. 340; Edling, Mémoires, p. 146; SIRIO, III, p. 303; Grimsted, op. cit., pp. 231 ff.

  7. Weil, I, no. 10, pp. 8–9 (cf. Ibid., no. 190, p. 153).

  8. Talleyrand, Mémoires, II, p. 329; Seton-Watson, Russian Empire, pp. 149–51; Waliszewski, II, p. 270; Weil, I, p. 574.

  9. Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity, pp. 119–20.

  10. Waliszewski, II, p. 272; N.M., Alex. I, I, p. 143.

  11. For contemporary accounts of the Congress, see Spiel, Der Wiener Kongress.

  12. Weil, I, no. 108, p. 92.

  13. Grimsted, op. cit., p. 35; Metternich, Mémoires, II, p. 477.

  14. See the introduction to Weil, I, and Nicolson, op. cit., pp. 204–5.

  15. Weil, I, no. 278, p. 224.

  16. Ibid., I, no. 277, p. 223.

  17. Ibid., I, no. 292, pp. 233–4.

  18. Palmer, Metternich, p. 97.

  19. Weil, I, no. 252, p. 205.

  20. Ibid., I, no. 233, p. 193.

  21. Ibid., I, no. 292, p. 234.

  22. Webster, Castlereagh, I, pp. 342–47.

  23. Nicolson, op. cit., pp. 169–70; Palmer, The Lands Between, p. 24.

  24. Webster, Castlereagh, I, pp. 347–8.

  25. Grimsted, op. cit., p. 211.

  26. Shilder, Alek. I, III, pp. 534–47.

  27. Weil, I, no. 457, p. 339 and no. 531, p. 384.

  28. Castlereagh to Liverpool, 2 October 1814, Webster, British Diplomacy, p. 199.

  29. Shilder, Alek. I, III, p. 279.

  30. Palmer, Metternich, pp. 136–7 and sources cited, Ibid, pp. 357–8.

  31. Weil, I, no. 598, pp. 422–3 and no. 608, pp. 427–8.

  32. Webster, Castlereagh, I, pp. 349–50,; Kissinger, World Restored, pp. 161–2.

  33. Weil, I, no. 661, p. 461.

  34. Grimsted, op. cit., p. 217.

  35. Webster, British Diplomacy, p. 222.

  36. Webster, Castlereagh, I, p. 347; Nicolson, op. cit., p. 177.

  37. Weil, I, no. 1036, p. 669; no. 1066, p. 687; and no. 1091, p. 699.

  38. Webster, Castlereagh, I, pp. 362–75; Palmer, Metternich, pp. 141–2.

  39. Webster, Castlereagh, I, p. 389.

  40. Grimsted, op. cit., p. 231.

  41. Webster, Castlereagh, I, p. 495.

  42. Nicolson, op. cit., pp. 180–1; Palmer, Metternich, p. 142.

  43. Maistre, Correspondance Diplomatique, II, pp. 40–1; Kukiel, op. cit., p. 132.

  44. Kissinger, op. cit., pp. 167–70.

  45. Grimsted, op. cit., pp. 231–3; Palmer, op. cit., p. 141.

  46. Kukiel, op. cit., p. 132; Weil, I, no. 1036, p. 669.

  47. Ibid., I, no. 1068, p. 687.

  48. Ibid., I, no. 1068, p. 687.

  49. Ibid., I, no. 416, pp. 317–18 and no. 417, p. 318.

  50. Ibid., I, no. 1006, p. 651.

  51. Ibid., II, no. 1319, and 1320, p. 45; no. 1380, p. 75 and no. 1409, p. 90.

  52. Ibid., I, no. 1104, p. 705.

  53. Ibid., I, no. 994, p. 647.

  54. Metternich, Mémoires, I, pp. 315–16.

  55. N.M., Elis., II, p. 485.

  56. Knapton, Lady of the Holy Alliance, pp. 140–1; Edling, Mémoires, pp. 217–18.

  57. Ibid.; Ley, Madame de Krudener et son Temps, p. 434.

  58. Knapton, op. cit., p. 140.

  59. Ibid., p. 141.

  60. Metternich, op. cit., I, pp. 204–6.

  61. Paléologue, Enigmatic Czar, p. 231.

  62. Nicolson, op. cit., p. 230.

  63. Palmer, op. cit., pp. 146–8.

  64. Grimsted, op. cit., p. 217, citing Stein, Briefe, V, p. 369.

  65. Metternich, op. cit., I, p. 328; Palmer, op. cit., p. 145.

  66. Longford, Wellington, The Years of the Sword, p. 389.

  67. Weil, II, no. 2433, p. 585.

  68. Ibid., II, no. 2336, p. 539.

  69. Knapton, op. cit., p. 141.

  70. Weil, II, no. 2460, pp. 595–6.

  71. Edling, op. cit., p. 231; N.M., Alex. I, p. 167.

  Chapter 18: Holy Alliance

  1. Knapton, Lady of the Holy Alliance, pp. 144–5; Edling, Mémoires, p. 232; Ley, Madame de Krudener et son Temps, pp. 449–51.

  2. Knapton, op. cit., p. 153.

  3. Edling, op. cit., p. 234; Knapton, op. cit., pp. 154–6.

  4. N.M., Alex. I, II, pp. 215–21.

  5. Ley, op. cit., p. 458.

  6. Waliszewski, II, p. 358.

  7. Shilder, Alek. I, III, p. 335.

  8. Paléologue, Enigmatic Czar, pp. 239–40.

  9. LPN, V, pp. 215–16; Waliszewski, II, p. 354.

  10. Longford, Wellington, Pillar of State, p. 6.

  11. Palmer, Metternich, p. 154.

  12. Grimsted, Foreign Ministers, pp. 243–4.

  13. Barantes, Mémoires, II, p. 225.

  14. Shilder, Alek. I, III, p. 348; Cooper, Talleyrand, p. 286.

  15. Broughton, Recollections of a Long Life, I, pp. 309–11, 316, 325; Metternich, Mémoires, II, pp. 523–5.

  16. Webster, Castlereagh, I, p. 481; Knapton, op. cit., pp. 155–6; Guedalla, The Duke, p. 286.

  17. Ibid., p. 157.

  18. Webster, Castlereagh, I, pp. 481–2; Kissinger, op. cit., p. 187.

  19. Guedalla, op. cit., pp. 282 and 285.

  20. Shelley, Diary, I, p. 158.

  21. Webster, Castlereagh, I, p. 464.

  22. Knapton, op. cit., p. 157.

  23. Ibid.; Schwarz, Die Heilige Allianz, p. 55; Ley, op. cit., pp. 491–6.

  24. Empaytaz, Notice sur Alexandre, p. 40.

  25. Schwarz, Die Heilige Allianz, pp. 50–2.

  26. Webster, Castlereagh, I, pp. 55–7.

  27. Webster, British Diplomacy, p. 381; Palmer, op. cit., p. 153.

  28. Longford, Wellington, Pillar of State, p. 31.

  29. Webster, Castlereagh, I, p. 482.

  30. Schwarz, op. cit., pp. 52–7.

  31. Knapton (op. cit., p. 159) cites a letter from Roxane Stourdza to Capodistrias originally printed in Russkii Arkhiv no. 11 (1891), p. 421; but her brother, Alexander Stourdza, appears to have been more sympathetic towards the Baroness’s claims (Ley, op. cit., p. 498).

  32. Knapton, op. cit., pp. 160–5.

  33. N.M., Alex. I, I, p. 524.

  34. Clarkson, Thomas Clarkson’s Interview with the Emperor Alexander, p. 5.

  35. N.M., Alex. I, II, pp. 215–23; Knapton, op. cit., p. 158; Ley, op. cit., pp. 470 and 472.

  36. Knapton, op. cit., p. 158.

  37. Ibid, p. 155.

  38. Ibid., pp. 211–12 and 125; Ley, op. cit., pp. 564–5 and 578–9.

  39. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 1 October 1815, Corr. Alex., p. 202.

  40. Webster, Castlereagh, I, pp. 483–4.

  41. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 1 October 1815, Corr. Alex., p. 203.

  42. Shilder, Alek. I, III, pp. 348–9.

  Chapter 19: Contrasts

  1. Choiseul-Gouffier, Historical Memoirs, pp. 206–7.

  2. Ibid., p. 209; N.M., Alex. I, I, pp. 188–90.

  3. Extracts from the Polish Constitutional Charter are printed in Vernadsky, Source Book for Russian History, II, pp. 500–2.

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sp; 4. Raeff, Speransky, p. 39.

  5. Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity, pp. 134–5; Shilder, Alek. I, III, p. 356.

  6. Ibid, III, pp. 551–2.

  7. Schiemann, Geschichte Russlands … Nikolaus, I, I, pp. 112–78.

  8. Choiseul-Gouffier, op. cit., p. 211.

  9. Elizabeth to her mother, 19 December 1815, N.M., Elis., II, p. 600.

  10. Shilder, Alek. I, III, p. 402.

  11. Ibid., IV, pp. 1–2 and 449.

  12. Ibid., IV, p. 10; Seton-Watson, Russian Empire, p. 154.

  13. Waliszewski, 11, p. 403.

  14. Shaw, Letters of Pushkin, pp. 59 and 67.

  15. See the memoirs of the Decembrist, Fonvizin, from which translated extracts are printed in Vernadsky, Source Book, II, pp. 522–5. See also Riha, Readings, p. 99.

  16. Vernadsky, loc. cit.; Jenkins, Arakcheev, p. 205.

  17. Ibid., p. 172.

  18. Ibid. p. 187.

  19. Ibid., p. 179.

  20. Ibid., p. 175.

  21. Shilder, Alek. I, IV, pp. 30–2.

  22. Jenkins, op. cit., p. 188.

  23. Ibid., p. 182; Shilder, Alek. I, IV, p. 22.

  24. Jenkins, op. cit., p. 186; Pipes article, JMH, Vol. 22, pp. 208–9.

  25. Jenkins, op. cit., pp. 188–9; Vernadsky, Source Book, II, pp. 503–4.

  26. Ibid.

  27. Ibid., II, p. 504 (quoting a decree signed by Alexander, 26 August, 1818).

  28. Seton-Watson, op. cit., pp. 160–1.

  29. Pipes, JMH, Vol. 22, pp. 212–14; Lee, Last Days of Alexander, p. 85.

  30. Fonvizin memoirs, quoted in Vernadsky, Source Book, II, p. 524.

  31. Memoirs of F.F. Vigel, Ibid., II, p. 512.

  32. Pipes, JMH, Vol. 22, pp. 216–18; Jenkins, op. cit., p. 273.

  33. Raeff, Speransky, p. 201.

  34. Elizabeth to her mother, 23 January 1816, N.M., Elis., II, p. 608.

  35. N.M., Corr. Alex., Introduction, pp. xxv–xxvi.

  36. Elizabeth to her mother, 14 June 1816, N.M., Elis., II, p. 614.

  37. Una Pope-Hennessey, A Czarina’s Story, p. 11.

  38. Memoir by Alexandra, Ibid., p. 26.

  39. Elizabeth to her mother, 30 December 1815, N.M., Elis., II, p. 603.

  40. The same to the same, letters of early 1816, Ibid., II, pp. 606–12.

  41. The same to the same, 13 October 1817, Ibid., II, pp. 657–8.

  42. N.M., Alex. I, pp. 159–84.

  43. Strakhovsky, Alexander I, pp. 131 and 173.

  44. Seton-Watson, op. cit., pp. 164–71.

  45. Ibid., p. 166; N.M., Alex. I, I, pp. 178–9.

  46. Scott, Quakers in Russia, pp. 59 and 60–1; Wheeler, Memoirs, p. 58.