The Crimean War
Page 63
20
N. Pirogov, Sevastopol’skie pis’ma i vospominaniia (Moscow, 1950), pp. 28–37, 66, 147–8, 220–23; Za mnogo let: Zapiski (vospominaniia) neizvestnogo 1844–1874 gg. (St Petersburg, 1897), pp. 82–3; Kh. Giubbenet, Ocherk meditsinskoi i gospital’noi chasti russkih voisk v Krymu v 1854–1856 gg. (St Petersburg, 1870), p. 2.
21
N. Berg, Desiat’ dnei v Sevastopole (Moscow, 1855), pp. 17–19; R. Hodasevich, A Voice from within the Walls of Sebastopol: A Narrative of the Campaign in the Crimea and the Events of the Siege (London, 1856), p. 129; E. Kovalevskii, Voina s Turtsiei i razryv s zapadnymi derzhavami v 1853–1854 (St Petersburg, 1871), p. 82; Pirogov, Sevastopol’skie pis’ma, pp. 151–2.
22
Ibid., pp. 155–6, 185.
23
L. Tolstoy, The Sebastopol Sketches, trans. D. McDuff (London, 1986), pp. 44, 47–8.
24
Giubbenet, Ocherk, pp. 5, 7.
25
H. Connor, ‘Use of Chloroform by British Army Surgeons during the Crimean War’, Medical History, 42/2 (1998), pp. 163, 184–8; Shepherd, The Crimean Doctors, vol. 1, pp. 132–3.
26
Pirogov, Sevastopol’skie pis’ma, p. 27; Istoricheskii obzor deistvii krestovozdvizhenskoi obshchiny sester’ popecheniia o ranenykh i vol’nykh k voennykh gospitaliakh v Krymu i v Khersonskoi gubernii c 1 dek. 1854 po 1 dek. 1855 (St Petersburg, 1856), pp. 2–4; Sobranie pisem sester Krestovozdvizhenskoi obshchiny popecheniia o ranenykh (St Petersburg, 1855), p. 22.
27
Gosudarstvennoe podvizhnoie opolchenie Vladimirskoi gubernii 1855–56: Po materialam i lichnym vospominaniiam (Vladimir, 1900), p. 82; Rappaport, No Place for Ladies, pp. 115–17.
28
NAM 1951–12–21 (Bellew journal, 23 Jan. 1855); Rappaport, No Place for Ladies, pp. 101, 125.
29
G. St Aubyn, Queen Victoria: A Portrait (London, 1991), p. 295.
30
A. Lambert and S. Badsey (eds.), The War Correspondents: The Crimean War (Strand, 1994), p. 13; S. Markovits, The Crimean War in the British Imagination (Cambridge, 2009), p. 16.
31
E. Gosse, Father and Son (Oxford, 2004), p. 20.
32
M. Lalumia, Realism and Politics in Victorian Art of the Crimean War (Epping, 1984), p. 120.
33
H. Clifford, Letters and Sketches from the Crimea (London, 1956), p. 146.
34
NAM 1968–07–284 (Raglan to Newcastle, 4 Jan. 1855).
35
Gooch, The New Bonapartist Generals, p. 192.
36
L. Case, French Opinion on War and Diplomacy during the Second Empire (Philadelphia, 1954), pp. 2–6, 32; H. Loizillon, La Campagne de Crimée: Lettres écrites de Crimée par le capitaine d’état-major Henri Loizillon à sa famille (Paris, 1895), p. 82; RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1856, 19 Apr.
37
Za mnogo let, pp. 75–8.
38
The Englishwoman in Russia: Impressions of the Society and Manners of the Russians at Home (London, 1855), pp. 292–3, 296–8.
39
Ibid., pp. 294–5; Za mnogo let, p. 73.
40
E. Tarle, Krymskaia voina, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 1, pp. 454–9; The Englishwoman in Russia, p. 305.
41
A. Zaionchkovskii, Vostochnaia voina 1853–1856, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 2002), vol. 2, p. 76; GARF, f. 109, op. 1, d. 353 (chast’ 2), 1. 7.
42
I. Ignatovich, Pomeshchichie krest’iane nakanune osvobozhdeniia (Leningrad, 1925), pp. 331–7; The Englishwoman in Russia, pp. 302–3, 313.
43
J. Curtiss, Russia’s Crimean War (Durham, NC, 1979), pp. 532–46; D. Moon, ‘Russian Peasant Volunteers at the Beginning of the Crimean War’, Slavic Review, 51/4 (Winter 1992), pp. 691–704. On a similar phenomenon in the Kiev, Podol’e and Volhynia regions in the early months of 1855, see RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5496, 11. 18–52.
44
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5452, ch. 2, 1. 166; Rebrov, Pis’ma sevastopol’tsa, p. 3.
45
Pirogov, Sevastopol’skie pis’ma, p. 148; A. Markevich, Tavricheskaia guberniia vo vremia krymskoi voiny: Po arkhivnym materialam (Simferopol, 1905), pp. 107–51; A Opul’skii, L. N. Tolstoi v krymu: Literaturno-kraevedcheskii ocherk (Simferopol, 1960), p. 12; Hodasevich, A Voice, pp. 24–5; RGVIA, f. 9198, op. 6/264, sv. 15, d. 2.
46
‘Vostochnaia voina: Pis’ma kn. I. F. Paskevicha k kn. M. D. Gorchakovu’, Russkaia starina, 15 (1876), pp. 668–70; Tarle, Krymskaia voina, vol. 2, pp. 224–8.
47
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5450, 11. 50–54; RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5452, ch. 2, 11. 166, 199–201; ‘Doktor Mandt o poslednikh nedeliiakh imperatora Nikolaia Pavlovicha (iz neizdannykh zapisok odnogo priblizhennogo k imperatoru litsa)’, Russkii arkhiv, 2 (1905), p. 480.
48
Poslednie minuty i konchina v bozhe pochivshego imperatora, nezabvennogo i vechnoi slavy dostoinogo Nikolaia I (Moscow, 1855), pp. 5–6; ‘Noch’ c 17-go na 18 fevralia 1855 goda: Rasskaz doktora Mandta’, Russkii arkhiv, 1 (1884), p. 194; ‘Nekotorye podrobnosti o konchine imperatora Nikolaia Pavlovicha’, Russkii arkhiv, 3/9 (1906), pp. 143–5; Tarle, Krymskaia voina, vol. 2, p. 233.
49
See e.g. V. Vinogradov, ‘The Personal Responsibility of Emperor Nicholas I for the Coming of the Crimean War: An Episode in the Diplomatic Struggle in the Eastern Question’, in H. Ragsdale (ed.), Imperial Russian Foreign Policy (Cambridge, 1993), p. 170.
50
A. Tiutcheva, Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882 (Moscow, 1928–9), p. 178.
51
Ibid., pp. 20–21.
CHAPTER 10. CANNON FODDER
1
RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1856, 2 Mar.
2
L. Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie (Paris, 1869), p. 312.
3
F. Charles-Roux, Alexandre II, Gortchakoff et Napoléon III (Paris, 1913), p. 14.
4
The Later Correspondence of Lord John Russell, 1840–1878, ed. G. Gooch, 2 vols. (London, 1925), vol. 2, pp. 160–61; Lady F. Balfour, The Life of George, Fourth Earl of Aberdeen, 2 vols. (London, 1922), vol. 2, p. 206.
5
H. Verney, Our Quarrel with Russia (London, 1855), pp. 22–4.
6
G. B. Henderson, ‘The Two Interpretations of the Four Points, December 1854’, in id., Crimean War Diplomacy and Other Historical Essays (Glasgow, 1947), pp. 119–22; The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondence between the Years 1837 and 1861, 3 vols. (London, 1907–8), vol. 3, pp. 65–6.
7
P. Schroeder, Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert (Ithaca, NY, 1972), pp. 256–77.
8
P. Jaeger, Le mura di Sebastopoli: Gli italiani in Crimea 1855–56 (Milan, 1991), p. 245; C. Thoumas, Mes souvenirs de Crimée 1854–1856 (Paris, 1892), p. 191.
9
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5855, 11. 36–7.
10
H. Bell, Lord Palmerston, 2 vols. (London, 1936), vol. 2, p. 125; Hansard, HC Deb. 21 May 1912, vol. 38, p. 1734; C. Bayley, Mercenaries for the Crimean: The German, Swiss, and Italian Legions in British Service 1854–6 (Montreal, 1977).
11
F. Kagan, The Military Reforms of Nicholas I: The Origins of the Modern Russian Army (London, 1999), p. 243.
12
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5496, 11. 1–4, 14, 18–19, 22–8.
13
C. Badem, ‘The Ottomans and the Crimean War (1853–1856)’, Ph.D. diss. (Sabanci University, 2007), pp. 182–4.
14
FO 881/1443, Clarendon to Cowley, 9 Apr. 1855.
15
FO 881/1443, Clarendon to Cowley, 13 Apr. 1855; Stratford to Clarendon, 11 June 1855; Longworth to Clarendon, 10 June, 2 and 26 July 1855; FO 881/547, Brant memo
on Georgia, 1 Feb. 1855; L. Oliphant, The Transcaucasian Provinces the Proper Field of Operation for a Christian Army (London, 1855).
16
RA VIC/MAIN/F/2/96.
17
T. Royle, Crimea: The Great Crimean War 1854–1856 (London, 1999), pp. 377–8; B. Greenhill and A. Giffard, The British Assault on Finland (London, 1988), p. 321.
18
WO 28/188, Burgoyne to Raglan, Dec. 1854.
19
A. de Damas, Souvenirs religieux et militaires de la Crimée (Paris, 1857), pp. 149–50; NAM 6807–295–1 (Sir Edward Lyons to Codrington, March 1855).
20
H. Small, The Crimean War: Queen Victoria’s War with the Russian Tsars (Stroud, 2007), pp. 125–33.
21
V. Rakov, Moi vospominaniia o Evpatorii v epohu krymskoi voiny 1853–1856 gg. (Evpatoriia, 1904), pp. 52–6; E. Tarle, Krymskaia voina, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 2, p. 217; The Times, 14 June 1856, p. 5.
22
WO 6/74, Panmure to Raglan, 26 Mar. 1855; Royle, Crimea, p. 370.
23
FO 78/1129/62, Rose to Clarendon, 2 June 1855.
24
A. Kinglake, The Invasion of the Crimea: Its Origin and an Account of Its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan, 8 vols. (London, 1863), vol. 8, pp. 48–55; E. Perret, Les Français en Orient: Récits de Crimée 1854–1856 (Paris, 1889), pp. 287–9; The Times, 28 May 1855.
25
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5563, 1. 322; N. Dubrovin, Istoriia krymskoi voiny i oborony Sevastopolia, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 1900), vol. 3, p. 179.
26
J. Herbé, Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient (Paris, 1892), p. 337; Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave, p. 314.
27
A Visit to Sebastopol a Week after Its Fall: By an Officer of the Anglo-Turkish Contingent (London, 1856), p. 34.
28
M. Vrochenskii, Sevastopol’skii razgrom: Vospominaniia uchastnika slavnoi oborony Sevastopolia (Kiev, 1893), pp. 77–84; H. Loizillon, La Campagne de Crimée: Lettres écrites de Crimée par le capitaine d’état-major Henri Loizillon à sa famille (Paris, 1895), pp. 106–7.
29
Herbé, Français et russes en Crimée, p. 199; RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5452, ch. 2, l. 166; W. Porter, Life in the Trenches before Sevastopol (London, 1856), p. 111.
30
E. Boniface, Count de Castellane, Campagnes de Crimée, d’Italie, d’Afrique, de Chine et de Syrie, 1849–1862 (Paris, 1898), pp. 168–73.
31
Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave, p. 313; E. Ershov, Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia artilleriiskogo ofitsera v semi tetradakh (St Petersburg, 1858), pp. 167–73; NAM 1965–01–183–10 (Steevens letter, 26 Mar. 1855).
32
H. Clifford, Letters and Sketches from the Crimea (London, 1956), p. 194; Porter, Life in the Trenches, pp. 64–5.
33
C. Mismer, Souvenirs d’un dragon de l’armée de Crimée (Paris, 1887), p. 140; Porter, Life in the Trenches, pp. 68–9.
34
F. Luguez, Crimée-Italie 1854–1859: Extraits de la correspondence d’un officier avec sa famille (Nancy, 1895), pp. 61–2.
35
J. Cler, Reminiscences of an Officer of Zouaves (New York, 1860), pp. 233–4; S. Calthorpe, Letters from Headquarters; or the Realities of the War in the Crimea by an Officer of the Staff (London, 1858), pp. 215–16.
36
Ershov, Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia, pp. 224–30.
37
Damas, Souvenirs, p. 265.
38
Porter, Life in the Trenches, p. 127.
39
WO 28/126, Register of Courts Martial; Clifford, Letters and Sketches, p. 269. For some of the many voluminous reports on drunkenness in the Russian army, see RGVIA, f. 484, op. 1, dd. 398–403.
40
Herbé, Français et russes en Crimée, p. 225; The Times, 17 Mar. 1855.
41
M. Seacole, Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many Lands (London, 2005), p. 117.
42
A. Soyer, Soyer’s Culinary Campaign (London, 1857), p. 405.
43
B. Cooke, The Grand Crimean Central Railway (Knutsford, 1990).
44
Herbé, Français et russes en Crimée, p. 223.
45
RGVIA, f. 481, op. 1, d. 18, 11. 1–8.
46
V. Kolchak, Voina i plen 1853–1855 gg.: Iz vospominanii o davno perezhitom (St Petersburg, 1904), pp. 41–2; Vrochenskii, Sevastopol’skii razgrom, p. 113; Sobranie pisem sester Krestovozdvizhenskoi obshchiny popecheniia o ranenykh (St Petersburg, 1855), pp. 37–40; Ershov, Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia, p. 91.
47
Porter, Life in the Trenches, p. 144; Ershov, Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia , pp. 97–107; Sobranie pisem sester Krestovozdvizhenskoi obshchiny, pp. 49–55; N. Pirogov, Sevastopol’skie pis’ma i vospominaniia (Moscow, 1950), p. 62.
48
Vospominaniia ob odnom iz doblestnykh zashchitnikov Sevastopolia (St Petersburg, 1857), pp. 14–18; Ershov, Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia, p. 34.
49
H. Troyat, Tolstoy (London, 1970), pp. 170–71; Tolstoy’s Diaries, vol. 1: 1847–1894, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian (London, 1985), p. 103; A. Maude, The Life of Tolstoy: First Fifty Years (London, 1908), pp. 111–12.
50
Tolstoy’s Diaries, vol. 1, p. 104; V. Nazar’ev, ‘Zhizn′ i liudi bylogo vremeni’, Istoricheskii vestnik, 11 (1890), p. 443; M. Vygon, Krymskie stranitsy zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo (Simferopol, 1978), p. 37.
51
Vrochenskii, Sevastopol’skii razgrom, p. 117; N. Dubrovin, 349-dnevnaia zashchita Sevastopolia (St Petersburg, 2005), pp. 161–7; NAM 1968–07–484 (Gage letter, 13 Apr. 1855).
52
J. Jocelyn, The History of the Royal Artillery (Crimean Period) (London, 1911), p. 359; NAM 1965–01–183–10 (Letter, 23 Apr. 1855).
53
Mismer, Souvenirs d’un dragon, pp. 179–80; Mrs Duberly’s War: Journal and Letters from the Crimea, ed. C. Kelly (Oxford, 2007), pp. 186–7.
54
M. O. Cullet, Un régiment de ligne pendant la guerre d’orient: Notes et souvenirs d’un officier d’in fanterie 1854–1855–1856 (Lyon, 1894), pp. 165–6; Herbé, Français et russes en Crimée, pp. 260–65.
55
NAM 1974–05–16 (St George letter, 9 June 1855).
56
A. du Casse, Précis historique des opérations militaires en orient de mars 1854 à septembre 1855 (Paris, 1856), p. 290; Herbé, Français et russes en Crimée, pp. 267–72.
57
Cullet, Un régiment, p. 182; J. Spilsbury, The Thin Red Line: An Eyewitness History of the Crimean War (London, 2005), pp. 278–9.
58
Cullet, Un régiment, pp. 278, 296–9.
59
Herbé, Français et russes en Crimée, p. 285; NAM 1962–10–94–2 (Alexander letter, 22 June 1855).
60
V. Liaskoronskii, Vospominaniia Prokofiia Antonovicha Podpalova (Kiev, 1904), p. 17.
61
Small, The Crimean War, p. 159.
62
Herbé, Français et russes en Crimée, pp. 280–81; Liaskoronskii, Vospominaniia , p. 17.
63
Boniface, Campagnes de Crimée, p. 235.
64
Kinglake, Invasion of the Crimea, vol. 8, pp. 161–2.
65
A. Massie, The National Army Museum Book of the Crimean War: The Untold Stories (London, 2004), pp. 199–200.
66
T. Gowing, A Soldier’s Experience: A Voice from the Ranks (London, 1885), p. 115; Spilsbury, Thin Red Line, pp. 282–6; A Visit to Sebastopol, pp. 31–2.
67
NAM 1966–01–2 (Scott letter, 22 June 1855); NAM 1962–10–94–2 (Alexander letter, 24 June 1855).
68
Luguez, Crimée-Italie, pp. 47�
�9.
69
NAM 1968–07–287–2 (Raglan to Panmure, 19 June 1855); NAM 1963–05–162 (Dr Smith to Kinglake, 2 July 1877).
CHAPTER 11. THE FALL OF SEVASTOPOL
1
E. Boniface, Count de Castellane, Campagnes de Crimée, d’Italie, d’Afrique, de Chine et de Syrie, 1849–1862 (Paris, 1898), p. 247.
2
A. Maude, The Life of Tolstoy: First Fifty Years (London, 1908), p. 119.
3
NAM 1984–09–31–129 (Letter, 9 July 1855); NAM 1989–03–47–6 (Ridley letter, 11 Aug. 1855).
4
A. de Damas, Souvenirs religieux et militaires de la Crimée (Paris, 1857), pp. 84–6.
5
L. Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie (Paris, 1869), p. 282; J. Cler, Reminiscences of an Officer of Zouaves (New York, 1860), pp. 231–2; C. Mismer, Souvenirs d’un dragon de l’armée de Crimée (Paris, 1887), p. 117.
6
H. Loizillon, La Campagne de Crimée: Lettres écrites de Crimée par le capitaine d’état-major Henri Loizillon à sa famille (Paris, 1895), pp. x–xi, 116–17.
7
J. Baudens, La Guerre de Crimée: Les campements, les abris, les ambulances, les hôpitaux, etc. (Paris, 1858), pp. 113–15; G. Guthrie, Commentaries on the Surgery of the War in Portugal … with Additions Relating to Those in the Crimea (Philadelphia, 1862), p. 646.
8
Kh. Giubbenet, Ocherk meditsinskoi i gospital’noi chasti russkih voisk v Krymu v 1854–1856 gg. (St Petersburg, 1870), pp. 143–4.
9
Ibid., pp. 10, 13, 88–90; RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1856, 12 Mar.
10
M. Vrochenskii, Sevastopol’skii razgrom: Vospominaniia uchastnika slavnoi oborony Sevastopolia (Kiev, 1893), pp. 164–9; W. Baumgart, The Crimean War, 1853–1856 (London, 1999), p. 159.
11
E. Tarle, Krymskaia voina, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 2, p. 328.
12
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5732, 1. 28; E. Ershov, Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia artilleriiskogo ofitsera v semi tetradakh (St Petersburg, 1858), pp. 244–5; L. Tolstoy, The Sebastopol Sketches, trans. D. McDuff (London, 1986), p. 139.
13
RGVIA, f. 9196, op. 4, sv. 2, d. 1, ch. 2, 11. 1–124; f. 9198, op. 6/264, sv. 15, d. 2/2, ll. 104, 112; f. 484, op. 1, d. 264, ll. 1–14; d. 291, ll. 1–10; Boniface, Campagnes de Crimée, p. 267; Loizillon, La Campagne de Crimée, pp. 105, 139; H. Clifford, Letters and Sketches from the Crimea (London, 1956), p. 249.