The Crimean War
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Shchegolov, Ensign Alexander, capture of HMS Tiger
Sheffield and Rotherham Independent (newspaper)
Sheik ül-Islam, re-consecration of Hagia Sophia mosque
shell shock
Shil’der, Gen Karl A., at Silistria (1854)
Shil’der, Nikolai, biography of Tsar Nicholas
Shuja Shah Durrani
Siberia: conquest of by Russia Pacific coast theatre of war
Silistria: allied reinforcements Arab Tabia redoubt Russian advance (1853) siege of (1854)
Simferopol the Napoleon III’s field plan Sevastopol wounded
Simpson, Gen Sir James: on French supply organization takes over as C-in-C Crimea
Sinope, battle of (1853): destruction of Turkish fleet response in France view of in Britain
Slade, Adolphus, RN (naval advisor to the Porte) comment on French soldiery
slave trade, after Tanzimat reforms
Slavophile movement support for Bulgarian rebels support for War
Slavs: national identities settlers in conquered areas see also pan-Slavism
Snow, John, prevention of cholera
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK)
Soimonov, Lt-Gen F. I. (10th Division), at Inkerman
Solferino, battle of (1859)
Solovetsky Monastery, bombarded by Royal Navy
Soviet Union: Cold War and Afghanistan commemoration of Sevastopol heroes tensions with NATO dissolution (1991) see also Russia
Soyer, Alexis
Spectateur de Dijon (newspaper)
spectators: at Alma at Balaklava see also war tourism
St George, Lt Col RA, storming of the Malakhov
St Nicholas fortress (Georgia), taken by Bashi Bazouks
St Petersburg, blockade called for
St Vincent de Paul, nuns in French military hospitals
Stakhova, Alexandra (nurse)
Stalin, Joseph: demands changes to Pudovkin’s film demands joint Soviet – Turkish control of Dardanelles
The Standard (newspaper)
Stanley, Edward, Lord Stanley (14th Earl of Derby)
Star Fort (Sevastopol)
Star of the South (ship), lodgings for British officers and wives
steamships, enable fast movement of news
Steevens, Capt Nathaniel (88th Foot): ceasefire fraternization death of Col Egerton
Sterling, Lt-Col Anthony (93rd Highland Bde)
Stockmar, Christian Friedrich, Baron
Straits Convention (1841) see Convention of London
Stroganov, Count, governor-general of New Russia
Sturdza, Alexandru
Sturdza, Michael, Prince of Moldavia
Sukhozanet, Gen Nikolai reports on British threat in Central Asia
Sukhumi
Suleiman Pasha (Ottoman commissioner in Bucharest)
Sulivan, Captain Bartholomew, reports on Baltic fortresses
Sunni Muslims, the Caucasus
supply ships, destroyed by the hurricane (1854)
Sveaborg (Baltic fortress)
Sweden: Baltic sea war and military treaty with Western powers Palmerston’s plans and
Switzerland, source of mercenary soldiers
Sylvester, Henry (Asst. Surgeon)
Syria, riots and attacks on Christians
Taganrog, destruction of part of allied Kerch raid
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de
Tanzimat reforms cost of Hatt-i Sharif and opposition to support for questioned in Britain
Tarle, Evgeny (Stalin era historian)
Tashkent
Tatars submit to Catherine the Great in Bulgaria exodus from the Crimea misinform allies about Sevastopol defences plan to involve in open field war refugees in Evpatoria reprisals by Russians resettled in Bessarabia revenge attacks in Kerch rise up against Russians upon arrival of allies Russian policy towards
Tatischev, Vasily
Taylor, Sir Herbert, Urquhart and
telegraph: speeds reception of news from the front underwater cable (Balaklava to Varna)
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord: Maud ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’
‘Testament of Peter the Great’
Theodosia (Kefe)
Thiers, Adolphe
Third Section (Russian secret police) attempt to contain rumours reports on more educated classes
Thompson, Elizabeth see Butler, Elizabeth (née Thompson)
Thoumas, Capt Charles (French army), letters home
Thouvenal, Édouard-Antoine de (French ambassador to the Porte) Hatt-i Hümayun decree
Three Emperors’ League (1873)
Thunderer (Russian steam frigate)
Tiger, HMS, aground and captured at Odessa
The Times (newspaper) ‘Anglicus’ articles attacked by Raglan comment on the death of the Tsar draws attention to poor medical conditions in Crimea influence on politics Islamic petition in Constantinople letters from officers and soldiers reaction to Sinope readers’ letters readers’ response to escalating Scutari deaths report on Light Brigade charge
Times Crimean Fund for the Relief of the Sick and Wounded
Timm, Vasily, The Death of Admiral Nakhimov
Titov, Vladimir (Russian ambassador in Constantinople)
Tiutchev, Anna: pan-Slav ideas at court on Tsar Nicholas
Tiutchev, Fedor, pan-Slavism of
Tolstoy, Leo at Silistria attachment of to serfs Plan for the Reform of the Army reformist ideas response to Inkerman defeat in Sevastopol suggests a duel to decide outcome of war transferred to Esky-Ord watches destruction of Sevastopol ‘The Military Gazette’ Anna Karenina A Landowner’s Morning ‘Sevastopol in August’ (short story) ‘Sevastopol in December’ (short story) Sevastopol Sketches War and Peace Youth a memoir
Tolycheva, Tatyana, escape from Sevastopol
Tomkinson, Capt (Light Bde), winter (1854 – 55)
Topal Umer Pasha (allied governor of Evpatoria)
Torrens, Gen Sir Arthur Wellesley (4th Division)
Totleben, Eduard (military engineer) comment on the French army defence of Sevastopol retires wounded
travelogues, impressions of Russia and the East
Trebizond, import of British manufactured goods
trench warfare allied armies after Malakhov and Redan failure daily shelling in allied trenches fraternization with Russians night raids on allied trenches shooting games trench digging trench fatigue/madness see also Sevastopol
Triple Alliance (1856)
Tunisian troops
Turco-Russian War see Crimean War
Turgenev, Ivan: support for Bulgarians Tolstoy and
Turkestan
Turkey see Ottoman Empire
Turks, a minority in the Ottoman Empire
Tuscany, monarch restored
typhus: French army inside Sevastopol
Ukraine: in possession of Crimea (1954) Russia gains possession of Ruthenian (Uniate) Catholics
Ultramontane (Clerical) party (France)
uniforms, belligerant armies
Union franc-comtoise (newspaper)
United States of America: relations with Great Britain relations with Russia sends warships to Eastern Mediterranean (1946)
Unkiar-Skelessi, Treaty of (1833), secret clause
Urquhart, David: anti-Russian agitation in Constantinople free trade speeches member of parliament Palmerston and Polish sympathies sympathy for Turkey and Islam trade mission to Turkey England, France, Russia and Turkey Turkey and Its Resources
Urusov, Prince S. S. (adjutant to Gen Osten-Sacken)
Uspensky, Porfiry, Archimandrite
Uvarov, Sergei
Uvazhnov-Aleksandrov, Colonel, shortlived command of Soimonov’s Division
Vaillant, Marshal (French Minister of War) council of war with allied leaders (1855)
Vanson, Lt, ‘souvenirs’ of Sevastopol
Vantini, Giuseppe see Yusuf, General
Varna: British and French troops cholera outbreak d
runkenness among troops fire caused by arsonists Turkish army
Verney, Sir Harry, Our Quarrel with Russia
Viazmitinov, Anatoly, in the Zherve battery
Vicars, Capt Hedley (Ninety-Seventh Regiment)
Victor Emmanuel: King of Piedmont-Sardinia war with Austria (1859) King of Italy Crimean War paintings
Victoria, Queen of Great Britain: Tsar Nicholas and description of Napoleon III political judgement of attitude to Russian invasion of Turkey comment on Clarendon abdication threat religious sympathies with Greeks sees necessity of war declaration of War on Russia (1854) knitting for soldiers calls Palmerston to form a government (1855) comments on the death of Tsar Nicholas does not trust Russian diplomatic moves not ready to end war and the Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum Napoleon III writes on alternative plans for war Serpent Island incident (1856) unhappy with the Crimean peace first Victoria Cross investiture collector of photographic memorabilia buys The Roll Call
Victoria Cross, institution of
Viel-Castel, Horace de, on France as a great power
Vienna Conference (1853), peace terms offered to Russia
Vienna Conference (1855)
Vienna, Congress of (1815)
Villafranca, secret deal (France/Austria)
Ville de France (French ship)
Vitzthum von Eckstädt, Karl Friedrich, Count (Saxon Minister to London)
Vixen (British schooner), gun-running to Circassia
Vladimir, Saint, Grand Prince of Kiev desecration of church of
Vladimirescu, Tudor
Vladivostok
Voennyi sbornik (military journal)
Volkonsky, Sergei
Voltaire, Catherine the Great and
Vorntsov, Count Semyon
Vorontsov, Prince Mikhail and Franco-Austrian peace proposals as governor-general in the Crimea palace hit by naval shells
Vyazemsky, Prince Pyotr, criticisms of the war
Walewski, Alexandre Joseph, Count (French Foreign Minister); council of war with allied leaders (1855) and Napoleon’s threat of revolutionary war Paris Peace Congress (1856) Polish independence possible peace talks with Russia Serpent Island incident (1856)
Wallachia autonomy granted (1829) cereal exports to Britain debated at Paris Peace Congress (1856) hospodar ordered to reject Turkish rule preliminaries to Crimean War (1853) repressive occupation by Russians Russian occupation of (1829 – 34) Russian response to 1848 revolution see also Romania
Wallachian volunteers, desert from Russian army
war graves, Sevastopol
war memorials: in Britain in France in Sevastopol
war tourism see also Duberly, Fanny; spectators
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of
White, Charles, Turcophile pamphlets
White Sea, theatre of war
White Works redoubts (Sevastopol)
Wightman, Trooper (17th Lancers)
Williams, General William, in command in Kars
Wilson, Capt (Coldstream Gds), at Inkerman
Wilson, Sir Robert, Sketch of the Military and Political Power of Russia in the Year 1817
winter (1854 – 5); in prospect in actuality the hurricane
Wodehouse, John (British ambassador in St Petersburg)
women: attempts to Westernize Turkish womens dress by the Sultan British army wives cantinières Dasha Sevastopolskaia (the heroine of Sevastopol) leaving Sevastopol in Sevastopol spectators at Alma spectators at Balaklava see also nurses and nursing
Wood, Midshipman Evelyn, letters home
Woods, Nicholas (war correspondent), report on Inkerman dead
Wrangel, Lt-Gen Baron (cavalry commander), at Evpatoria
Yalta Conference (1945)
Yenikale see Kerch, allied raid (1855)
Ye ilköy see San Stefano
York, Prince Frederick, Duke of, memorial column
Young, William (British consul)
Young Turks
Ypsilantis, Alexander
Yusuf, General, of Spahis d’Orient
Zamoyski, Wladislav: Czartoryski’s agent in London the ‘Sultan’s Cossacks’
Zherve Battery, fight for possession
Zhukovsky, Vasily, tutor to Alexander II
About the Author
ORLANDO FIGES is the author of The Whisperers, Natasha’s Dance, and A People’s Tragedy, which have been translated into over twenty languages. The recipient of the Wolfson History Prize and the Los Angeles Times Book Award, among others, Figes is a professor of history at Birkbeck College, University of London.
Notes
a
According to medieval Russian chronicles, the lands of Japheth were settled by the Rus′ and other tribes after the Flood in the Book of Genesis.
b
The Russians were steadily extending their system of fortresses along the Terek river (the ‘Caucasus Line’) and using their newly won protectorate over the Orthodox Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kacheti to build up a base of operations against the Ottomans, occupying Tbilisi and laying the foundations for the Georgian Military Highway to link Russia to the southern Caucasus.
c
Not to be confused with Mehmet Ali, the Egyptian ruler.
d
The name reverted to the Gold Cup after the outbreak of the Crimean War.
e
There is an obvious comparison with the Western view of Russia during the Cold War. The Russophobia of the Cold War era was partly shaped by nineteenth-century attitudes.
f
It also influenced British public opinion on the eve of the Crimean War. In May 1854, ‘The True Story of the Nuns of Minsk’ was published in Charles Dickens’s journal Household Words. The author of the article, Florence Nightingale, had met Makrena in Rome in 1848 and had written an account of her ordeal which she then put in a drawer. After the battle of Sinope, when the Russians destroyed the Turkish fleet in the Black Sea, Nightingale brought out the article, which she thought might help to drum up popular support against Russia, and sent it to Dickens, who shortened it into the version that appeared in Household Words.
g
In 1850 the British public applauded the decision by Palmerston to send the Royal Navy to block the port of Athens in support of Don Pacifico, a British subject who had appealed to the Greek government for compensation after his home was burned down in an anti-Semitic riot in Athens. Don Pacifico was serving as the Portuguese consul in Athens at the time of the attack (he was a Portuguese Jew by descent) but he had been born in Gibraltar and was thus a British subject. On this basis (‘Civis Britannicus Sum’), Palmerston defended his decision to dispatch the fleet.
h
The Austrians and Prussians had agreed to follow Russia’s example, but then backed down, fearing it would cause a break with France. They found a compromise, addressing Napoleon as ‘Monsieur mon frère.’
i
The Prime Minister, Lord Aberdeen; Lord John Russell, leader of the House of Commons; Foreign Secretary Lord George Clarendon; Sir James Graham, First Lord of the Admiralty; and Palmerston, at that time Home Secretary.
j
Nesselrode was supported by Baron Meyendorff, the Russian ambassador in Vienna, who reported to the Tsar on 29 November that the ‘little Christian peoples’ would not fight on Russia’s side. They had never received any help from Russia in the past and had been left in ‘a state of military destitution’, unable to resist the Turks (Peter von Meyendorff: Ein russischer Diplomat an den Höfen von Berlin und Wien. Politischer und privater Briefwechsel 1826 – 1863, ed. O. Hoetzsch, 3 vols. (Berlin and Leipzig, 1923), vol. 3).
k
A reference to the expeditionary force of General Oudinot in 1849 – 50 which attacked the anti-papal Roman Republic and brought back Pius IX to Rome. The French troops remained in Rome to protect the Pope until 1870.
l
In the Opium Wars of 1839 – 42.