5. Justin D. Paquette, email to the author, June 14, 2018.
6. Eric Epperson, email to the author, September 30, 2016.
7. Helen Mayberg, email to the author, January 15, 2019.
8. Darin Dougherty, interviewed by the author by phone, April 20, 2017.
CHAPTER 17: OLD ILLNESS, NEW TRICKS—FROM PSYCHEDELICS TO SMARTPHONES
1. Gerard Sanacora, interviewed by the author in New Haven, June 27, 2016.
2. Benedict Carey, “Fast-Acting Depression Drug, Newly Approved, Could Help Millions,” New York Times, March 5, 2019.
3. Husseini Manji, interviewed by the author by phone, July 7, 2016.
4. Ella Daly et al, “Efficacy and Safety of Intranasal Esketamine Adjunctive to Oral Antidepressant Therapy in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” JAMA Psychiatry (February 2018).
5. Darrick May, interviewed by the author by phone, January 10, 2017.
6. Madhukar Trivedi, interviewed by the author by phone, October 11, 2016.
7. Ken Kaitin, interviewed by the author by phone, October 24, 2016.
8. David Dobbs, “The Smartphone Psychiatrist,” The Atlantic (July/August 2017).
9. Thomas Insel, interviewed by the author by phone, August 23, 2016.
10. https://mindstronghealth.com/science/ accessed January 16, 2018.
11. John Torous and Laura Weiss Roberts, “Needed Innovation in Digital Health and Smartphone Applications for Mental Health,” JAMA Psychiatry (May 2017).
12. David Bakker, Nikolaos Kazantzis, Debra Rickwood and Nikki Rickard, “Mental Health Smartphone Apps: Review and Evidence-Based Recommendations for Future Developments,” JMIR Mental Health (2016).
13. Eric Finzi, interviewed by the author by phone, October 26, 2016.
14. A trial Finzi conducted with Norman Rosenthal, published in 2014, randomized 85 people with major depressive disorder to receive either botulism toxin (onabotulinumtoxinA) or saline injected into their frown muscles. Six weeks after treatment, the study found, subjects’ scores on the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale dropped an average of 47 percent for people who got the botulism and 7 percent for the saline group. Eric Finzi and Norman Rosenthal, “Treatment of Depression with OnabotulinumtoxinA: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial,” Journal of Psychiatric Research (2014). See also Andreas Hennenlotter et al, “The Link Between Facial Feedback and Neural Activity within Central Circuitries of Emotion—New Insights from Botulinum Toxin—Induced Denervation of Frown Muscles,” Cerebral Cortex (2009); M. Justin Kim et al, “Botulinum Toxin-Induced Facial Muscle Paralysis Affects Amygdala Responses to the Perception of Emotional Expressions: Preliminary Findings from an A-B-A Design,” Biology of Mood and Anxiety Disorders (2014).
15. Sarah Lisanby, interviewed by the author by phone, January 26, 2017.
CHAPTER 18: STIGMA AND RELATED BULLSHIT
1. https://letstalk.bell.ca/en/.
2. Donna Ferguson in Anna Mehler Paperny, “Mental Illness: How Do I Find Treatment, and What Happens Next?” Globalnews.ca, October 16, 2014.
3. Mary, interviewed by the author in Toronto, August 20, 2016.
4. Claude Di Stasio, interview with the author by phone, August 17, 2016.
5. Karen Cutler, interview with the author by phone, September 22, 2016.
6. Deanna Cole-Benjamin, interview with the author in Kingston, ON, November 23, 2016.
7. Michelle Yan, interviewed by the author in Toronto, December 2, 2016.
8. Hirshbein, Melancholy.
9. Gary Newman, text message to the author, October 11, 2017.
10. Lisa, interviewed by the author by phone, August 11, 2016.
CHAPTER 19: THROUGH THE CRACKS
1. Findings and recommendations as a result of the Coroner’s Inquest Pursuant to Section 38 of the Coroners Act, [SBC 2007] C 15, into the death of Geisheimer, Brian David; Abdi, Sebastien Pavit; Charles, Sarah Louise, 2015.
2. Alexis Kerr, General Counsel for Fraser Health Authority, “Re: Response to recommendations regarding the Coroner’s Inquest into the deaths of: Brian Geisheimer; Sarah Charles; and Sebastian Abdi,” September 18, 2018.
3. Paul Kurdyak, interviewed by the author in Toronto, March 25, 2015.
4. Melanie Bose, interviewed by the author in Bethesda, MD, July 1, 2016.
5. Brian K. Ahmedani et al, “Health Care Contacts in the Year before Suicide Death,” Society of General Internal Medicine (2014).
6. Brian Ahmedani, interviewed by the author by phone, August 1, 2016.
7. zerosuicide.sprc.org.
8. Cathrine Frank, interviewed by the author by phone, November 26, 2018.
9. Jane Pearson, interviewed by the author by phone, July 13, 2016.
10. Mark Olfson, interviewed by the author by phone, September 16, 2016.
11. Javed Alloo, interviewed by the author in Toronto, September 7, 2016.
CHAPTER 20: MENTAL HEALTH IS FOR RICH PEOPLE
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Early Release of Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey,” January–March 2016; “Pharmacare Now: Prescription Medicine Coverage for All Canadians,” Report of the Standing Committee on Health, April 2018.
2. Steven C. Marcus, Jeffrey A. Bridge and Mark Olfson, “Payment Source and Emergency Management of Deliberate Self-Harm,” American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 102 No. 6 (June 2012).
3. Mark Olfson, interviewed by the author by phone, September 16, 2016.
4. Tara Bishop et al; “Acceptance of Insurance by Psychiatrists and the Implications for Access to Mental Health Care,” JAMA Psychiatry (February 2014).
5. Maria Oquendo, interviewed by the author by phone, July 13, 2017.
6. Tim Bruckner, interviewed by the author in Irvine, CA, July 11, 2016.
7. Joseph H. Puyat, Arminee Kazanjian, Elliot M. Goldner and Hubert Wong, “How Often Do Individuals with Major Depression Receive Minimally Adequate Treatment? A Population-Based, Data Linkage Study,” The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (2016).
8. Paul Kurdyak et al, “Universal Coverage without Universal Access: A Study of Psychiatrist Supply and Practice Patterns in Ontario,” Open Medicine (2014).
9. Paul Kurdyak, interviewed by the author, March 25, 2015.
10. Michael Schoenbaum, interviewed by the author by phone, September 19, 2016.
11. Paul Kurdyak and Sanjeev Sockalingam, “How Canada Fails People with Mental Illness,” Ottawa Citizen (January 22, 2015).
CHAPTER 21: TRYING TO HEAL THE LITTLEST MINDS
1. Laura Kann et al, “Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2015,” Surveillance Summaries, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, June 10, 2016.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS).
3. Arielle Sheftall, interviewed by the author by phone, March 27, 2018.
4. Madelyn Gould, interviewed by the author by phone, March 27, 2018.
5. Jane Pearson, interviewed by the author by phone, July 13, 2016.
6. US Department of Health and Human Services, “Sexual Identity, Sex of Sexual Contacts, and Health-Related Behaviors among Students in Grades 9–12—United States and Selected Sites, 2015,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, August 12, 2016.
7. Ann Haas et al, “Suicide and Suicide Risk in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Populations: Review and Recommendations,” Journal of Homosexuality (January 2011).
8. Haas et al, “Suicide and Suicide Risk.”
9. Ann Haas, interviewed by the author by phone, May 18, 2018.
10. Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, Katherine M. Keyes and Deborah S. Hasin, “State-Level Policies and Psychiatric Morbidity in Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Populations,” American Journal of Public Health (December 2009).
11. Mark L. Hatzenbeuhler, Katie A. McLaughlin, Katherine M. Keyes and Deborah S. Hasin, “The Impact of Institutional D
iscrimination on Psychiatric Disorders in Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Populations: A Prospective Study,” American Journal of Public Health (March 2010).
12. Ilan H. Meyer, Jessica Dietrich and Sharon Schwartz, “Lifetime Prevalence of Mental Disorders and Suicide Attempts in Diverse Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations,” American Journal of Public Health (June 2008).
13. Tarek A. Hammad, “Relationship between Psychotropic Drugs and Pediatric Suicidality,” Food and Drug Administration, 2004.
14. Gardiner Harris, “FDA Links Drugs to Being Suicidal,” The New York Times (September 14, 2004).
15. Christine Y. Lu et al, “Changes in Antidepressant Use by Young People and Suicidal Behavior after FDA Warnings and Media Coverage: Quasi-Experimental Study,” The BMJ (June 2014); Anne M. Libby, Heather D. Orton and Robert J. Valuck, “Persisting Decline in Depression Treatment after FDA Warnings,” JAMA Psychiatry (June 2009).
16. “We cannot ignore the weight of these epidemiologic data or the very real possibility that the FDA advisory has unintentionally discouraged depressed patients from seeking treatment and doctors from prescribing antidepressants,” psychiatrist Richard A. Friedman wrote, “Antidepressants’ Black-Box Warning—10 Years Later,” New England Journal of Medicine (October 2014).
17. Betsy Kennard, interviewed by the author by phone, March 13, 2018.
18. Marcella, interviewed by the author by phone, October 13, 2016.
CHAPTER 22: “MORE CHILDREN DO NOT HAVE TO DIE”
1. Kerri Cutfeet, interviewed by the author by phone, August 12, 2017.
2. Michael Kirlew, Affidavit before the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal; January 27, 2017.
3. Alvin Fiddler, “Re: Preventable Deaths of Our Youth,” email to Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, January 18, 2017. Exhibit B referred to in the affidavit of Dr. Michael Kirlew, Canada Human Rights Tribunal, January 27, 2017.
4. Joshua Frogg, interviewed by the author by phone, July 12, 2017.
5. Michael Kirlew; Affidavit, January 27, 2017.
6. US Centers for Disease Control Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System Database; accessed July 27–29, 2017.
7. Caroline Jiang et al. “Racial and Gender Disparities in Suicide among Young Adults Aged 18–24: United States, 2009–2013,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, September 2015.
8. https://wemattercampaign.org/
9. Gordon Poschwatta, interviewed by the author by phone, November 3, 2016.
10. Henry Harder, interviewed by the author by phone, October 28, 2016.
11. Eva Serhal et al, “Implementation and Utilisation of Telepsychiatry in Ontario: A Population-Based Study,” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 2017.
12. Cindy Hardy, interviewed by the author by phone, October 20, 2016.
13. Michael Kirlew, interviewed by the author by phone, July 31, 2017.
CHAPTER 23: RACE AS BARRIER
1. Hector M. Gonzalez, “Depression Care in the United States: Too Little for Too Few,” Archives of General Psychiatry (2010).
2. Leopoldo Cabassa et al, “Latino Adults’ Access to Mental Health Care: A Review of Epidemiological Studies,” Administration and Policy in Mental Health (2006).
3. Carrie Farmer Teh et al, “Predictors of Adequate Depression Treatment among Medicaid-Enrolled Adults,” Health Services Research (February 2010).
4. Rudayna Bahubeshi, “Canada: Let’s Really Talk about Mental Illness and Who’s Most Vulnerable,” CBC.ca (October 2, 2017).
5. Rheeda Walker, interviewed by the author by phone, November 9, 2016.
6. Gursharan Virdee, interviewed by the author by phone, May 9, 2018.
7. Napoleon Harrington, interviewed by the author by phone, March 24, 2018.
8. Jasmin Pierre, interviewed by the author by phone, July 29, 2016.
9. Maria Chiu et al, “Ethnic Differences in Mental Illness Severity: A Population-Based Study of Chinese and South Asian Patients in Ontario, Canada,” J Clin Psychiatry (2016).
10. Maria Chiu, interviewed by the author by phone, October 4, 2016.
11. Maria Chiu et al, “Postdischarge Service Utilisation and Outcomes among Chinese and South Asian Psychiatric Inpatients in Ontario, Canada: A Population-Based Cohort Study,” BMJ Open (2018).
12. Meri Nana-Ama Danquah, Willow Weep for Me (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1998), 224.
CHAPTER 24: WHO YOU GONNA CALL?
1. Susan Stefan, interviewed by the author by phone, November 3, 2016.
2. Ontario Human Rights Commission, A Collective Impact, December 10, 2018.
3. Daryl Kramp, Economics of Policing: Report of the Standing Committee on Public Safety and National Security, May 2014, 41st Parliament, Second Session.
4. Anna Mehler Paperny, “Outgoing Toronto Police Services Board Chair Alok Mukherjee on Reimagining Toronto Cops,” Globalnews.ca, June 18, 2015.
5. Anna Mehler Paperny, “Taser Files: What We Found in 594 Pages of Taser Incident Reports,” Global News, July 7, 2015.
6. Joel Dvoskin, interviewed by the author by phone, November 7, 2016.
7. Peter Eisler, Jason Szep, Tim Reid and Grant Smith, “Shock Tactics,” Reuters, August 22, 2017.
8. Vincent Beasley, interviewed by the author by phone, November 6, 2017.
9. Wendy Gillis, “Toronto Police Curb Disclosure of Suicide Attempts to US Border Police,” Toronto Star, August 17, 2015.
10. Scott Gilbert, interviewed by the author in Toronto, January 12, 2018.
CHAPTER 25: HOW TO TALK ABOUT WHAT WE TALK ABOUT WHEN WE TALK ABOUT WANTING TO DIE
1. David Jobes, interviewed by the author by phone, August 1, 2016.
2. Yunqiao Wang et al, “Clinician Prediction of Future Suicide Attempts: A Longitudinal Study,” The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, April 2016.
3. Yunqiao Wang, interviewed by the author by phone, July 21, 2016.
4. Aaron T. Beck and Maria Kovacs, “Assessment of Suicidal Intention: The Scale for Suicide Ideation,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (1979).
5. Paul Kurdyak, interviewed by the author in Toronto, March 30, 2015.
6. Javed Alloo, interviewed by the author in Toronto, September 7, 2016.
7. Sarah Lisanby, interviewed by the author by phone, July 6, 2016.
8. Maria Oquendo, interviewed by the author by phone, July 13, 2017.
9. Marcel Adam Just et al; “Machine Learning of Neural Representations of Suicide and Emotion Concepts Identifies Suicidal Youth,” Nature Human Behaviour (2017).
10. Tom Ellis, interviewed by the author by phone, July 26, 2016.
11. Brian Ahmedani, interviewed by the author by phone, August 1, 2016.
12. Kurt Kroenke, Robert L. Spitzer and Janet B.W. Williams, “The PHQ-9: Validity of a Brief Depression Severity Measure,” Journal of General Internal Medicine, September 2001.
13. Madelyn Gould et al, “Newspaper Coverage of Suicide and Initiation of Suicide Clusters in Teenagers in the USA, 1988–96: A Retrospective, Population-Based, Case-Control Study,” Lancet Psychiatry (2014).
14. Madelyn Gould, interviewed by the author by phone, March 27, 2018.
15. David A. Jobes et al, “The Kurt Cobain Suicide Crisis: Perspectives from Research, Public Health, and the News Media,” Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour (Fall 1996).
16. Stephanie Leon et al; “Media Coverage of Youth Suicides and Its Impact on Paediatric Mental Health Emergency Department Presentations,” Healthcare Policy, 2014.
17. Mario Cappelli, interviewed by the author by phone, October 31, 2017.
18. Solomon, Noonday Demon, 251.
CHAPTER 26: CERTIFIABLE
1. E. Fuller Torrey, American Psychosis: How the Federal Government Destroyed the Mental Illness Treatment System (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 93.
2. Claims History Database, Registered Persons Dabatase, Ontario Mental Health Reporting System, obtained from Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, November 2, 2017, through media r
equest. Data extracted March 2017 and November 2017.
3. The number of visits by girls under eighteen being kept on two-week certifications more than tripled; the number of month-long stays increased sixfold (although the starting number was small). And in almost 90 percent of cases these girls are being held to protect themselves from themselves. Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, November 2017.
4. Integrated Analytics: Hospital, Diagnostics Workforce Branch, Health Sector Information, Analysis and Reporting Division, obtained from British Columbia Ministry of Mental Health and Addictions, October 23, 2017, through media request.
5. Statistics obtained from Alberta Health Services November 15, 2017, through media request. I was obliged to get involuntary hospitalization data for Saskatchewan at the health region level. The number of compulsory hospital admissions in Saskatoon Health Region increased 88 percent between 2010 and 2016, and the number of certificates issued for involuntary ECT doubled during that time, according to statistics from the health region obtained November 28, 2017, through access-to-information request. The number of people put on community treatment orders province-wide more than tripled between 2013–14 and 2016–17, according to Saskatchewan government statistics obtained December 27, 2017, through access-to-information request.
6. Hans Joachim Salize et al, “Compulsory Admission and Involuntary Treatment of Mentally Ill Patients—Legislation and Practice in EU-Member States,” European Commission Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General, 2002.
7. Hans Joachim Salize et al, “Compulsory Admission.”
8. Patrick Keown et al, “Rates of Voluntary and Compulsory Psychiatric In-Patient Treatment in England: An Ecological Study Investigating Associations with Deprivation and Demographics,” The British Journal of Psychiatry (2016).
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