9. Scott Weich et al, “Variation in Compulsory Psychiatric Inpatient Admission in England: A Cross-Classifed, Multilevel Analysis,” Lancet Psychiatry (2017).
10. Black people made up 13 percent of the Toronto residents on CTOs between 2005–06 and 2010–11 despite comprising about 7 percent of the population. R.A. Malatest and Associates Ltd., Legislated Review of Community Treatment Orders, May 2012.
11. Jorun Rugkasa, “Why We Need to Understand Service Variation in Compulsion,” Lancet Psychiatry, 2017.
12. Richard O’Reilly, interviewed by the author by phone, February 29, 2016.
13. Wendy Glauser, “Scrubbed: Ontario Emergency Room Chief Faces Questions about Failing to Hire Any Female Doctors in 16 Years,” The Globe and Mail, December 16, 2018.
14. Anita Szigeti, interviewed by the author by phone, July 8, 2017.
15. Treatment Advocacy Center, Browse By State, www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/browse-by-state.
16. Jay Chalke, Committed to Change: Protecting the Rights of Involuntary Patients under the Mental Health Act, Special Report No. 42, March 2019.
17. Jeffrey Swanson, interviewed by the author by phone, July 18, 2016.
18. Deanna Cole-Benjamin, interviewed by the author in Kingston, ON, November 23, 2016.
19. Leslie, interviewed by the author by phone, August 5, 2016.
20. Cindy, interviewed by the author by phone, October 9, 2016.
21. Andrew Lustig, interviewed by the author in Toronto, July 12, 2017.
22. Joel Dvoskin, interviewed by the author by phone, November 7, 2016.
23. E. Fuller Torrey, interviewed by the author in Kensington, MD, June 28, 2016.
24. Eight of 12 studies in a broad review of the evidence for community treatment orders found they reduced hospital readmission. But methodologies varied; the argument could be made that someone’s improvement was due to access to intervention, rather than the compulsion itself. Outcomes are better for people who are on CTOs for a longer period of time but that could be because people are kept on the CTO longer explicitly because they’re doing well. And hospitalization outcome differences between people on orders and off them were negligible in the few studies that were randomized. “The lack of evidence for patient benefit, particularly when combined with restrictions to personal liberty, is striking and needs to be taken seriously,” the study’s authors write. “Clinicians have a duty to provide their patients with treatment in the least restrictive environment.” Jorun Rugkasa, John Dawson and Tom Burns, “CTOs: What Is the State of the Evidence?” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (February 2014).
25. Statistics obtained through media request from Ontario’s Office of the Chief Coroner, October 18, 2017.
26. Erin Hawkes, “Medicate me, even when I refuse,” Huffington Post, 2013.
27. Daryl Geisheimer, interviewed by the author by phone, September 8, 2017.
28. Mark Lukach, My Lovely Wife in the Psych Ward (New York: HarperCollins, 2017).
CHAPTER 27: TRUST ISSUES
1. Laney, interviewed by the author by phone, August 5, 2016.
2. “The Bonnie Burstow Scholarship in Antipsychiatry,” OISE, University of Toronto, November 16, 2016, www.oise.utoronto.ca/oise/News/Bonnie_Burstow_Scholarship.html.
3. Bonnie Burstow, interviewed by the author by phone, May 19, 2017.
4. Husseini Manji, interviewed by the author by phone, July 7, 2016.
5. Gary Greenberg, Manufacturing Depression (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010), 334.
6. Gary Greenberg, interviewed by the author by phone, April 18, 2017.
7. Paul Kurdyak, interviewed by the author, March 30, 2015.
8. Patrick, interviewed by the author in Toronto, June 24, 2016.
9. Ethan McIlhenny et al, “Methodology for and the Determination of the Major Constituents and Metabolites of the Amazonian Botanical Medicine Ayahuasca in Human Urine,” Biomedical Chromatography, November 2010.
CHAPTER 28: FIRST PERSON AFTERWORD
1. Andrew Solomon, interviewed by the author in New York City, October 18, 2016.
2. Helen Mayberg, interviewed by the author, August 4, 2016.
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