Stalin: A Biography

by Robert Service

  19. Yu. Trifonov, Otblesk kostra (Moscow, 1966), pp. 47–8 in R. Medvedev, Let History Judge, pp. 5–6.

  20. Ya. M. Sverdlov, Izbrannye proizvedeniya, vol. 1, pp. 268–9.

  21. Ibid., p. 268

  22. Ibid., pp. 276–7.

  23. Ibid., p. 289.

  24. Izvestiya, 8 December 2000; ‘I. V. Stalin dal slovo zhenit’sya’, Istochnik, no. 4 (2002), p. 74. See also A. Ostrovskii, Kto stoyal za spinoi Stalina?, p. 407.

  25. Ya. M. Sverdlov, Izbrannye proizvedeniya, vol. 1, p. 289.

  26. Bol’shevistskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1912–1927, p. 18.

  27. Ibid.

  28. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 647, p. 434.

  29. Ibid., f. 558, op. 1, d. 4235, p. 1 and d. 4337, p. 1.

  30. Bol’shevistskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1912–1927, p. 20.

  31. B. I. Ivanov, Vospominaniya rabochego bol’shevika, pp. 120–1.

  32. A. S. Allilueva, Vospominaniya, p. 167.

  33. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 298.

  34. A. S. Allilueva, Vospominaniya, p. 168.

  35. F. S. Alliluev, ‘V purgu’ (unpublished memoir): RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 663, p. 115. Alliluev’s account was based on what Stalin had told him.

  36. Ibid., pp. 120 and 122.

  37. A. S. Allilueva, Vospominaniya, p. 189.

  38. F. S. Alliluev, ‘V purgu’ (unpublished memoir): RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 663, p. 123.

  39. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina. Dokumenty i materialy, pp. 82–3.

  40. Ibid., p. 83.

  41. F. S. Alliluev, ‘V purgu’ (unpublished memoir): RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 663, p. 112.

  42. Bol’shevistskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1912–1927, p. 21.

  11. Return to Petrograd

  1. A. S. Allilueva, Vospominaniya, p. 166; V. Shveitser, Stalin v turukhanskoi ssylke, pp. 40–7.

  2. B. I. Ivanov, Vospominaniya rabochego bol’shevika, p. 160.

  3. A. S. Allilueva, Vospominaniya, p. 165.

  4. B. I. Ivanov, Vospominaniya rabochego bol’shevika, p. 160.

  5. Ibid.

  6. A. V. Baikaloff, I Knew Stalin, pp. 28–9.

  7. Ibid., p. 29.

  8. Ibid.

  9. Ibid., p. vii.

  10. Ibid., p. 28.

  11. See above, p. 84 and below, p. 361.

  12. See below, p. 359.

  13. A. Allilueva, Vospominaniya, p. 165: this was a memoir written nearly three decades later. Anna saw him later in the day on 12 March 1917.

  14. F. Alliluev, ‘Ot Moskvy do Tsaritsyna. (Vstrechi s t. Stalinym)’: RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 663, p. 14.

  15. A. Allilueva, Vospominaniya, p. 165.

  16. Ibid.

  17. ‘Protokoly i rezolyutsii Byuro TsK RSDRP(b) (mart 1917 g.)’, VIKPSS, no. 3 (1962), p. 143.

  18. Ibid.

  19. Ibid.

  20. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 1, d. 55, pp. 1–2.

  21. A. Allilueva, Vospominaniya, p. 166.

  22. Ibid., pp. 168–70.

  23. ‘Protokoly i rezolyutsii Byuro TsK RSDRP(b) (mart 1917 g.)’, VIKPSS, no. 3 (1962), pp. 146 and 148.

  24. A. G. Shlyapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, vol. 2, p. 180; Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastitelin, p. 214.

  25. ‘O voine’, Pravda, 16 March 1917.

  26. ‘Na puti k ministerskim portfelyam’, Pravda, 17 March 1917.

  27. ‘Ob usloviyakh pobedy russkoi revolyutsii’, Pravda, 18 March 1917.

  28. ‘Ob otmene natsional’nykh ogranicheniyakh’, Pravda, 25 March 1917.

  29. Ibid. See also ‘Protiv federalizma’, Pravda, 28 March 1917.

  30. ‘Protokoly Vserossiiskogo (martovskogo) soveshchaniya partiinykh rabotnikov, 27 marta–2 aprelya 1917 g.’, VIKPSS, no. 5 (1962), pp. 111–12.

  31. Ibid., p. 112.

  32. Ibid., no. 6, p. 137.

  33. Ibid., p. 140.

  34. F. F. Raskol’nikov, ‘Priezd tov. Lenina v Rossiyu’, Proletarskaya revolyutsiya, no. 1 (1923), p. 221.

  35. See the cogent comments by R. Slusser, Stalin in October, pp. 49–50.

  12. The Year 1917

  1. For a rudimentary examination of this under-researched phenomenon see R. Service, The Bolshevik Party in Revolution, p. 47.

  2. See above, p. 63.

  3. ‘Zemlyu — krest’yanam’, Pravda, 14 April 1917.

  4. See, for example, ‘O voine’, Pravda, 16 March 1917.

  5. On Lenin’s (temporary) movement away from such terminology, see R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vol. 2, pp. 223–8.

  6. Ibid.

  7. R. Service, The Bolshevik Party in Revolution, pp. 46, 53–4.

  8. See R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vol. 2, pp. 223–8.

  9. Sed’maya (aprel’skaya) vserossiiskaya konferentsiya RSDRP (bol’shevikov), p. 227.

  10. Ibid., p. 225.

  11. Ibid., p. 228.

  12. S. Pestkovskii, ‘Vospominaniya o rabote v Narkomnatse (1917–1919 gg.)’, p. 126.

  13. Ibid., p. 124.

  14. See I. Getzler’s account of the significance of Sukhanov’s phrase in Nikolai Sukhanov, pp. 82–5.

  15. See above, p. 120.

  16. A. S. Allilueva, Vospominaniya, pp. 183–5.

  17. Draft of A. S. Allilueva’s memoir: RGASPI, f. 4, op. 2, d. 45, p. 6.

  18. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 216.

  19. Ibid., pp. 216–17.

  20. Ibid., p. 297.

  21. A. S. Allilueva, Vospominaniya, pp. 184–5.

  22. Ibid., pp. 169–70.

  23. Ibid., p. 175.

  24. Ibid., pp. 185–6.

  25. Ibid., p. 187.

  26. Ibid., p. 186.

  27. Ibid., p. 190.

  28. Ibid., p. 191.

  29. F. S. Alliluev, ‘Ot Moskvy do Tsaritsyna. Vstrechi s t. Stalinym’ (unpublished typescript): RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 663, p. 15.

  30. Ibid.

  31. Shestoi s”ezd RSDRP(b), p. 250.

  32. See below, p. 244.

  33. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP(b). Avgust 1917–fevral’ 1918, p. 32.

  34. Ibid., p. 39.

  35. Ibid., p. 46.

  36. Ibid., p. 49.

  37. Ibid., pp. 52–3.

  38. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 34, pp. 239–41.

  39. Ibid., p. 246.

  40. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP(b). Avgust 1917–fevral’ 1918, p. 55.

  13. October

  1. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta, pp. 84–6.

  2. See R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vol. 2, pp. 252–4.

  3. See their statement on 11 October 1917: Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta, pp. 87–92.

  4. Rabochii put’, no. 32, 10 October 1917.

  5. Ibid.

  6. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta, p. 99.

  7. Ibid., p. 101.

  8. Ibid.

  9. Novaya zhizn’, 18 October 1917.

  10. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta, p. 113.

  11. Ibid., p. 114.

  12. Ibid., p. 115.

  13. Ibid., p. 107

  14. Ibid.

  15. Ibid., p. 118.

  16. Ibid., p. 117.

  17. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 3, p. 389.

  18. Ibid., p. 390.

  19. L. Trotskii, Stalin. An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence, pp. 225–6.

  20. R. M. Slusser, Stalin in October, p. 239.

  21. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta, p. 120.

  22. M. P. Zhakov, ‘Pis’mo M. Zhakova’, pp. 88–93.

  23. Ibid.

  24. A. S. Allilueva, Vospominaniya, p. 61.

  25. See R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, p. 262.

  26. I am unconvinced by R. Slusser’s attempt to downgrade Stalin’s role in October 1917 in Stalin in October, chaps 6–7. But I wish to record my appreciation of the book’s empirical research.

  27. F. S. Alliluev, ‘Vstrechi s t. Stalinym’ (unpublished typescript, n.d.): RGASPI, f. 558, op
. 4, d. 668, p. 39.

  28. L. D. Trotski, Stalin. An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence, p. 352.

  29. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta, p. 134: co-signed statement of 3 November 1917.

  30. GDMS, Hall 2.

  14. People’s Commissar

  1. F. S. Alliluev, ‘Vstrecha’ (unpublished typescript, n.d.): RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 668, p. 30.

  2. See below, p. 359. Fëdor Alliluev’s memoir nevertheless remained unpublished, presumably because Stalin preferred to claim obscurity on his own behalf rather than to let others do it for him.

  3. S. Pestkovskii, ‘Vospominaniya o rabote v Narkomnatse (1917–1919 gg.)’, pp. 129–30.

  4. Ibid.

  5. Ibid., pp. 127.

  6. See the unpublished account by F. S. Alliluev: ‘V Moskve. (Vstrechi s t. Stalinym)’, RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 663, p. 18.

  7. A. Allilueva, Vospominaniya, p. 187.

  8. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 1, d. 5397, p. 2.

  9. Collegium meeting, item 8, 21 April 1918: GARF, f. 1318, op. 1, d. 1, p. 11.

  10. GARF, f. 1318, op. 1, d. 1, p. 3/1a: People’s Commissariat for Nationalities’ Affairs collegium, 15 February (2 March) 1918.

  11. See the undated collegium discussion at an undated meeting: GARF, f. 1318, op. 1, d. 1, pp. 52–5.

  12. Collegium meeting, item 5, 8 March 1919: GARF, f. 1318, op. 1, d. 2, pp. 94–5.

  13. Tretii Vserossiiskii S”ezd Sovetov Rabochikh, Soldatskikh i Krestyanskikh Deputatov, p. 73.

  14. Ibid., p. 74 and 78–9.

  15. Commission for the Drafting of the RSFSR Constitution: GARF, f. 6980, op. 1, d. 3, p. 12 (5 April 1918).

  16. Ibid. (10 April 1918).

  17. Ibid., p. 22 (12 April 1918).

  18. Pravda, 1 April 1918.

  19. See above, p. 75–6.

  20. RGASPI, f. 558, 2, d. 42. On this file see M. Kun, Stalin: An Unknown Portrait, pp. 82–3.

  21. ‘M. I. Ulyanova ob otnoshenii V. I. Ul’yanova i I. V. Stalina’, ITsKKPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 197.

  22. See above, pp. 100–1.

  23. Commission for the Drafting of the RSFSR Constitution: GARF, f. 6980, op. 1, d. 6, p. 38 (19 April 1918). The Russian phrase here was avtonomnaya oblastnaya respublika.

  24. Ibid., p. 10.

  25. Ibid., p. 12.

  26. Ibid., p. 1.

  27. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta, p. 150.

  28. Bol’shevistskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1912–1927, p. 36.

  29. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta, p. 173.

  30. Ibid., p. 171.

  31. Ibid., p. 172.

  32. See above, p. 136.

  33. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta, p. 178 (19 January 1918).

  34. Ibid., p. 200.

  35. Ibid., p. 202.

  36. Ibid., p. 212.

  37. GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 1(3), item 4 (3 April 1918).

  15. To the Front!

  1. F. S. Alliluev, ‘V puti. (Vstrechi s t. Stalinym)’, RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 663, p. 18.

  2. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 4, p. 116.

  3. See A. Zimin, U istokov stalinizma, 1918–1923, p. 134.

  4. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 4, pp. 120–1.

  5. F. S. Alliluev, ‘V Tsaritsyne. (Vstrechi s t. Stalinym)’, RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 663, pp. 20–2.

  6. F. S. Alliluev, ‘Obed u Minina’: RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 668, p. 57.

  7. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 4, p. 118.

  8. If Stalin had repeated his risky behaviour after his trip to Abganerovo-Zutovo, there would surely have been fanfares about it in the memoirs written in the years of his supremacy.

  9. F. S. Alliluev, ‘T. Stalin na bronepoezde’: RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 668, p. 90.

  10. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 1, d. 258, p. 1.

  11. F. S. Alliluev, ‘Vstrechi s Stalinym’: RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 668, p. 39.

  12. Ibid., p. 38.

  13. Ibid., p. 35.

  14. S. Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem k drugu, p. 90.

  15. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 297.

  16. A. Allilueva, Vospominaniya, p. 170.

  17. See below, pp. 289–91.

  18. See the picture of her with her sister Anna and brother-in-law Stanisław Redens: RGASPI, f. 558, op. 2, d. 193.

  19. For the marriage see below, pp. 230–1.

  20. K. E. Voroshilov na Tsaritsynskom fronte. Sbornik dokumentov, p. 64.

  21. Bol’shevistskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1912–1927, p. 52.

  22. See report of V. P. Antonov-Ovseenko to Lenin: ibid., p. 60.

  23. Pravda, 20 September 1963.

  24. J. Davrichewy, Ah! Ce qu’on rigolait bien, p. 221.

  25. ITsKKPSS, no. 11 (1989), p. 163.

  26. Ibid., p. 169.

  27. R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vol. 3, pp. 79–81.

  28. K. Voroshilov, Stalin i Krasnaya Armiya, p. 104.

  29. ITsKKPSS, no. 11 (1989), p. 157.

  30. Ibid., pp. 161–2.

  31. Bol’shevistskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1912–1927, p. 51.

  32. ITsKKPSS, no. 6 (1989), p. 146 and no. 12 (1989), pp. 169–70; G. Leggett, The Cheka, pp. 162–3.

  33. Stalin’s copy of N. Lenin, Gosudarstvo i revolyutsiya (Petrograd, 1919), inside flap: RGASPI, f. 558, op. 3, d. 156.

  34. Ibid., p. 28.

  35. Ibid., inside flap.

  36. The Trotsky Papers, 1917–1922, vol. 1.

  37. V. Alliluev, Khronika odnoi sem’i: Alliluevy. Stalin, p. 9.

  38. See below, pp. 178–9.

  39. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 1, d. 627, p. 1.

  40. Ibid.

  41. S. V. Lipitskii, ‘Stalin v grazhdanskoi voine’, p. 98.

  42. See R. Service, The Bolshevik Party in Revolution, pp. 101–2 and 123–5.

  16. The Polish Corridor

  1. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 50, p. 186.

  2. Ibid., pp. 285–6. See also the remarks by Béla Kun quoted from archives in V. M. Kholodkovskii, ‘V. I. Lenin i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya novogo tipa’, p. 88.

  3. See Lenin’s speech to the Ninth Party Conference, RGASPI, f. 44, op. 1, d. 5, pp. 11–18, 20–1, 27–8; and his memoranda quoted in Izvestiya, 27 April 1992.

  4. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 15, item 3 and d. 103, item 8.

  5. ITsKKPSS, no. 2 (1990), p. 158.

  6. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 51, p. 240.

  7. ITsKKPSS, no. 1 (1991), pp. 119–22.

  8. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 96, item 2.

  9. Ibid., f. 558, op. 1, d. 4200, p. 1.

  10. R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vol. 3, p. 120.

  11. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 4, pp. 332–3.

  12. Bol’shevistskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1912–1927, pp. 149–50: telegrams to Lenin and Trotski.

  13. See R. Service, Lenin: A Biography, pp. 406–8.

  14. Bol’shevistskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1912–1927, p. 110.

  15. K. E. Voroshilov, Stalin i Vooruzhënnye Sily SSSR, p. 23.

  16. Istoriya SSSR, vol. 3, book 2, p. 364.

  17. RGASPI, f. 558, d. 1470, p. 1.

  18. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 51, pp. 237–8.

  19. Bol’shevistskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1912–1927, p. 142.

  20. Ibid., p. 143.

  21. Ibid., pp. 147 and 150.

  22. Ibid., p. 150.

  23. Ibid., pp. 150–1.

  24. Ibid., pp. 151–2.

  25. Speech by Stalin to the Twelfth Party Congress section on the national question, 25 April 1923: ITsKKPSS, no. 4 (1991), p. 171.

  26. Ibid.

  27. See N. Davies, White Eagle, Red Star, p. 200.

  28. See the assessment by Norman Davies (shared with Piłsudski) in ibid., pp. 208–10.

  29. S. M. Budënnyi, Proidënnyi put’, vol. 2, p. 304.

  30. See N. Davies, White Eagle, Red Star, pp. 213–14.

  31. S. M. Budënnyi, Proidënnyi put’, vo
l. 2, pp. 310–11.

  32. Ibid., p. 303.

  33. See N. Davies, White Eagle, Red Star, pp. 218–19.

  34. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 103, item 1a.

  35. Ibid., item 5.

  36. See above, pp. 172–3.

  37. Thus he attended the Politburo on 25 and 26 August, 6, 14, and 15 September 1920: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 104–9.

  38. Ibid., d. 106, item 19.

  39. Ibid., item 10.

  40. Ibid., d. 107, item 2; d. 108, item 1.

  41. Ibid., d. 108, item 9.

  42. Ibid., f. 44, op. 1, d. 5, pp. 33, 35 and 36.

  43. Devyataya Konferentsiya RKP(b), p. 26.

  44. Ibid., p. 79.

  45. C. Zetkin, Erinnerungen an Lenin (Vienna, 1929), pp. 20–1; I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 4, pp. 323–4 and 333.

  46. Devyataya Konferentsiya RKP(b), p. 82.

  47. This is essentially what Trotski did at the Tenth Party Congress at the end of the ‘trade union discussion’ and indeed what Lenin pre-emptively sought to do at the Ninth Party Congress.

  48. See above, p. 170.

  49. Birthday speech for Lenin: Pravda, 24 April 1920.

  50. See R. C. Tucker, Stalin as Revolutionary, pp. 122–30.

  17. With Lenin

  1. A. Mikoyan, Mysli i vospominaniya o Lenine, p. 139.

  2. See R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vol. 3, pp. 181 and 207.

  3. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 1, d. 5193, p. 2.

  4. Ibid. Stalin wrote on Rabkrin letter-paper, perhaps aiming to show to Lenin that he had plenty of other work to carry out: ibid., p. 1.

  5. Politburo minutes, 24 November 1921: ibid., f. 17, op. 3, d. 234, item 10.

  6. RGASPI, f. 46, op. 1, d. 3, p. 18.

  7. Ibid.

  8. Ibid., f. 5, op. 2, d. 8, p. 24.

  9. See R. Service, The Bolshevik Party in Revolution, chaps. 5–7.

  10. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 261.

  11. Odinnadtsatyi s”ezd RKP(b), pp. 84–5; RGASPI, f. 17, op. 2 d. 78, item 1-i-b, p. 1.

  12. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 240: this was Molotov’s recollection in old age.

  13. See the discussion at the Central Committee plenum, 3 April 1922: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 2, d. 78, item 1 (i/b).