linguistics: Stalin’s interest in
literacy and numeracy: increased
Lithuania: resists Soviet expansionism; regains Vilnius; established as Soviet republic; reclaims independence; and German expansionism; Stalin demands and occupies; Germans conquer; reannexed by USSR; Stalin’s post-war aims in; armed resistance in; deportations from; see also Baltic states
Litvinov, Maxim
Livanova, V.
Lominadze, Vissarion
London: Stalin attends 1907 Party conference in
Longjumeau, near Paris
Low, (Sir) David
Lozgachëv, Pavel
Ludwig, Emile
Lunacharski, Anatoli
Luxemburg, Rosa
Lvov, Prince Georgi
Lysenko, Timofei
MacArthur, General Douglas
Machavariani, David
Machiavelli, Niccolò, The Prince,
Maclean, Donald
McNeal, Robert
Mach, Ernst
Magnitogorsk
Maiski, Ivan
Makharadze, Pilipe
Malenkov, Georgi: opposes Great Terror; class background; association with Stalin; and Nazi-Soviet pact (1939); and conduct of war; wartime responsibilities; on counter-productive effect of repression; encourages light industry; at Cominform Conference; visits Stalin; and administrative reforms; status and appointments; regains favour; in Leningrad Affair; and Stalin’s 70th birthday celebrations; studies political economy; Stalin teases for corpulence; delivers Central Committee political report at Nineteenth Party Congress; Stalin suspects of conspiracy; heads permanent commission on foreign affairs; fears Stalin’s disfavour; Stalin entertains; and Stalin’s stroke; and succession to Stalin; at Stalin’s funeral; reforms after Stalin’s death; rivalry with Khrushchëv
Malinovski, Roman
Malkina, Yekaterina
Manchuria (Manchukuo): Japan occupies; Stalin orders invasion of; Soviet dominance of
Mandelshtam, Osip
Manstein, General Erich von
Manuilski, Dmitri
Mao Tse-tung
Marchlewski, Julian
Markizova, Gelya
Marr, Nikolai
Marshall, General George: European recovery plan
Martov, Yuli: in Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party split; at 1905 Stockholm conference; at 1907 London conference; exiled to Turukhansk; Stalin charges with slander
Marx, Karl: Bogdanov on; on capitalist competitiveness; on global revolution; on end of capitalism; influence on Stalin
Marxism-Leninism: Stalin’s commitment to; in Georgia; appeal to intellectuals; predicts class war; and national question; in Finland; propagated; and foreign policy; reasserted in war; and dictatorship of proletariat; promoted
Masaryk, Jan
Maslov, Pëtr
Matsesta
Mayakovski, Vladimir
Mdivani, Budu
Medvedev, Roy
Meir, Golda
Mekhlis, Lev
Mendeleev, Dmitri
Mensheviks: ridicule Stalin; formed by Party split; in Georgia; differences with Bolsheviks; Lenin breaks with; excluded from Central Committee; and national question; support Provisional Government; Kamenev and Stalin attack; members transfer to Bolsheviks; and Democratic State Conference; control soviets; walk out from Second Congress of Soviets; Bolsheviks’ fear of rivalry; as potential opposition to Stalin
Menzhinski, Vladimir
Mercader, Ramón
Merkulov, V.N.
Merzhanov, Miron
Meyer, Ernst
Meyerkhold, Vsevolod
MGB (Ministry of State Security); see also NKVD
Mgeladze, Akaki
Michels, Roberto
Mikhail, Grand Duke
Mikhalkov, Sergei
Mikhoels, Solomon
Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw
Mikoyan, Anastas: dacha; Stalin’s assessment of; and grain procurement; in Politburo; relations with Stalin; Armenian origins; writes memoirs; and Stalin’s admiration for Hitler; and Nazi-Soviet pact (1939); in conduct of war; on Stalin’s treatment of Molotov; on Stalin’s timorousness in war; responsibilities for food in war; telephones bugged; status and power; Stalin’s hostility to; and Stalin’s hostility to Voznesenski; proposes list of successors to Stalin; demoted and out of favour
Mikoyan, Ashken (Anastas’s wife)
Milyukov, Pavel
Milyutin, Vladimir
Mingrelians,
Minin, Sergei,
Mnatobi (newspaper)
Mogren (Swedish Police Commissioner)
Molochnikov, Nikolai
Molotov, Vyacheslav: snubs Stalin on return from exile; removed from Russian Bureau; Stalin moves in with; position in Party Secretariat; quarrel with Trotski; Lenin proposes promoting; omitted from Lenin’s Testament; at Lenin’s funeral; supports Stalin in Orgburo; and Stalin’s experience with beggar; recreations; and Stalin’s view of Krupskaya; Stalin complains of Bukharin to; and Stalin’s industrialisation policy; shares Stalin’s assumptions; and Stalin’s demand for export of grain; in Politburo; Stalin devolves power to; and Stalin’s mistrust of colleagues; as Stalin’s confidant; Stalin complains to about Rykov; and growth of state power; approves Nadya Allilueva’s travel abroad; attempts to understand Stalin; argues for industrial slow-down; accompanies Stalin family on Metro ride; Stalin’s correspondence with; writes memoirs; shares Stalin’s class attitudes; on Stalin’s fears of ‘fifth column’; and Yezhov’s appointment to NKVD; argues with Pyatnitski; participates in Great Terror; Stalin asks to prevent publication of articles; and Yezhov’s decline; class background; disagreements with Stalin; wife arrested; in People’s Commissariat of External Affairs; signs 1939 nonaggression pact with Germany; and Stalin’s view of Hitler; and Baltic States; on Stalin’s war preparations; attempts to delay war with Germany; at German invasion of USSR; on Stalin’s reaction to German invasion; in wartime Stavka; supports Stalin in conduct of war; musical abilities; social life with Stalin5; Stalin’s treatment of; responsibility for tanks in war; in Berlin (1940); entertains Churchill in Moscow; and German-Polish border; demands continuing offensive; and post-war Soviet influence in world; negotiates Soviet role in UN; readiness to accept Marshall Aid; in antiTito campaign; and exploitation of eastern Europe; singing with Stalin; loyalty to Stalin; Stalin humiliates; self-control; telephones bugged; demoted and out of favour; and withering away of state; rejects socialism in one country doctrine; and succession to Stalin; wine-drinking; position after Stalin’s death; eulogy at Stalin’s funeral; approves reforms after Stalin’s death
Molotova, Polina (Zhemchuzhina)
Monastyrskoe, Turukhansk District
Montgomery, General Bernard Law (later 1st Viscount)
Morozov, Grigori: marriage to Svetlana
Morris, William
Moscow: Soviet government transfers to from Petrograd; wartime defence of; victory parade (1945)
Moscow Metro: Stalin rides on with family
Moscow Revolutionary Tribunal
Moshentseva, Dr P.
Mother Tongue (Georgian anthology)
Murakhovski, A.A.
Muranov, Matvei
Murmansk
Musavatists
Mussolini, Benito,
MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs)
Nagasaki
Nagy, Ferenc
Nakhaev, General A.S.
Nalchik
Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of the French
Narym: Stalin exiled to
national question: Stalin on; and Stalin’s commissarship; Party policy on; and autonomous republics
Nazaretyan, Amakyan
Nazism: Stalin’s attitude to rise of; see also Germany; Hitler, Adolf
Nenni, Pietro
Neumann, Franz
New Economic Policy (NEP): introduced (1921); Trotski’s reservations on; and Stalin’s socialism; Bukharin supports; Stalin destroys; achievements
&nbs
p; Nicholas II, Tsar: war with Japan; issues October Manifesto (1905); and composition of Duma; in First World War; disperses Duma (February 1917); abdicates; behaviour; coronation
Nietzsche, Friedrich
Nikolaev, Leonid
NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs): expanded; OGPU incorporated in; arrests; purges Leningrad; and Constitution (1936); Yezhov heads0; and forced labour; in Great Terror; reports on public opinion; Beria replaces Yezhov as head; liquidates Spanish Trotskyists; purges Polish Communist Party exiles; and foreign communist activities; operations in Poland; in Baltic States; scorched-earth policy; in wartime Leningrad; repressions in wartime; post-war activities and records; see also GPU; MGB; OGPU
Nogin, Viktor
Nomonhan
Normandy invasion (1944)
North Africa: German successes in
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Novaya Uda, Irkutsk Province
Novaya zhizn (newspaper)
nuclear weapons see atomic bomb
Nutsubidze, Shalva,
October Manifesto (1905)
October Revolution (1917): and working class motivation; effect on world order
Ogarëv, Yakov
OGPU (earlier GPU): repressions; power; and Shakhty trial; and dekulakisation; interrogates army officers; and Nadya Allilueva’s funeral; incorporated in NKVD; see also NKVD
Okhrana: Stalin suspected of being agent for; investigates demonstrations in Batumi; ineffectiveness against political unrest; arrests Stalin; infiltrates revolutionary parties; informed of Bolshevist Central Committee; monitors Stalin; and Stalin’s exile in Turukhansk; acts against Bolsheviks
Okulov, Alexei
Onufrieva, Pelageya
Ordzhonikidze, Sergo: Lenin recruits to Central Committee; and Soviet expansionism; supports Stalin on status of republics; in Caucasian Bureau; in Stalin’s Testament; allies with Stalin; and Stalin’s deference to mother; takes charge of Central Control Commission; occasional disloyalty to Stalin; in Politburo; and Stalin’s fears of conspiracies; as Stalin’s confidant; letter from Nadya Allilueva; supports industrial expansion; Georgian origins; opposes Stalin’s strategic ideas; disbelieves campaign against Pyatakov; suicide; and popular adulation of Stalin
Orgburo: composition; changes postings; role
Orwell, George: Homage to Catalonia
Osinski, Nikolai
Overlord, Operation
Panslavism
Pasternak, Boris
Patolichev, Nikolai
Patolichev, N.S.
Pauker, Ana
Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich von
Pavlov, Dmitri,
Pavlov, Ivan
peasants: Lenin’s policy on; unrest in Imperial Russia; and Stolypin’s reforms; demands on Provisional Government; in Civil War; and forced grain procurement; grain hoarding; Bukharin’s conciliatory policy on; and NEP; Stalin’s policy on; incorporated in industrial labour force; in administrative posts; risings and resistance; hatred of Soviet agricultural system; trading; punished; starvation; hatred of Stalin; defect during war; wartime trading; see also collectivisation; kulaks
People’s Commissariat of Enlightenment
People’s Commissariat of External Affairs
People’s Commissariat of Nationalities’ Affairs: Stalin heads; offices and organisation; Jewish section; and structure of Soviet Union
people’s democracies: in eastern Europe
Pereprygin family
Perm: military disaster at
Pervukhin, Mikhail
Pestkowski, Stanislaw
Peter I (the Great), Tsar
Petkov, Nikola
Petrograd see St Petersburg
Petrov (photographer)
Petrovski, G.I.
Philby, Kim
Piłsudski, Josef
Piotrovski, V.V.: In the Steps of Ancient Cultures
Platform of the Forty-Six
Platonov, Andrei
Platonov, Sergei
Plekhanov, Georgi: influence; at Stockholm conference (1905); Stalin criticises; at London conference (1907); as thinker
Pokrovski, Mikhail
Poland: Stalin meets Lenin in; independence accepted; Soviet war with (1920); as potential invader; Stalin dominates; Stalin pressurises (1939); Hitler plans conquest of; defeated by Germany (1939); Soviet part-occupation and regime in; historic hostility to USSR; post-war settlement; Soviet advance in; Stalin’s post-war aims in; elections in; Provisional Government; refuses execution of Gomulka; anti-Soviet demonstrations in
Poles (ethnic): killed in Great Terror
Poletaev, Nikolai
Polish Communist Party: Stalin persecutes exiles
Politburo: and Civil War; and national question; composition and unity in; Kamenev chairs after Lenin’s death; internal factions and disputes; and Stalin’s aggressive agrarian policy; and grain shortage; approves elimination of kulaks; power and status; membership numbers; and Marxist idealism; and suppression of opponents; under 1936 Constitution; treatment of Kazakhs and Ukrainians; sanctions purge of anti-Soviet elements; Stalin purges; reforms; and Stalin’s foreign policy; on Hitler’s rise to power; and Nazi-Soviet pact (1939); Stalin manipulates members; and succession to Stalin
Popkov, Pëtr
Popov, Nikolai
popular fronts
Port Arthur
Poskrëbyshev, Alexander
Pospelov, P.N.
Postyshev, Pëtr
Potsdam Conference (1945)
POUM (Spanish party)
Prague Conference (1912)
Pravda (newspaper): founded; Stalin writes for; Molotov and Shlyapnikov edit; and national question; Stalin appointed to editorial board; Stalin gives up editorship; on Nadya Allilueva’s death; and non-aggression pact with Germany (1939); reporting of war; cultic writings on Stalin; denigrates Western leaders; on Doctors’ Plot; limits posthumous praise of Stalin; prepares laudatory editorial on Stalin
Preobrazhenski, Yevgeni: urges Europe-wide revolution; sympathises with Trotski; opposes Stalin’s appointment as General Secretary; criticises economic policy; writings; allies with Stalin
Presidium (Bolshevik Party): internal Bureau established; and Stalin’s stroke; and succession to Stalin
Prokofiev, Sergei
Proletari (journal)
Proletarians Brdzola (journal)
proletariat, dictatorship of
Prosveshchenie (journal)
Provisional Government (Russian): formed (1917); Russian Bureau opposition to; Lenin demands overthrow of; rule and reforms; and conduct of First World War; break-up; unpopularity; conflict with Bolsheviks
Prussia: Soviet dominance in
Przewalski, Nikolai
Pugachëv revolt (1773–5)
Pushkin, Alexander
Putin, Vladimir
Pyatakov, Georgi
Pyatnitski, Osip
Qazbegi, Alexander: The Patricide
Rabochii put (newspaper)
Radek, Karl: and war with Poland; tried
Radzinski, Edvard
Rajk, László
Rakovski, Christian,
Ramishvili, Isidore,
Ramzin, Leonid
Rapallo, Treaty of (1922)
Rappoport, Yakov
Rasputin, Grigori
Red Army: beginnings; in Civil War; Perm defeat; Lenin proposes for actions in Europe; triumphs in Civil War; and Lenin’s European strategy; in war against Poland (1920); exercises control of outlying regions; conquers Georgia (1921); powers; and economic development; threatened trial of commanders; suppresses peasant risings; hatred of collectivisation; campaign against religion; collaboration with German army; reinforced in Far East; and Nazi threat; and Spanish Civil War; clash with Japanese; Stalin addresses (1941); recovers from first German onslaught; prisoners-of-war; wartime conscription; scorched-earth policy; strategy against Germans; casualties at Stalingrad; Kursk victory; westward advance against Germans; appeal in east-
central Europe; and Western Allies; final offensive; inactivity in Warsaw Rising; unrestrained behaviour in European advance; experience of Western civilisation; occupation of eastern Europe; redesignated Soviet Army; Stalin sees as threat
Redens, Stanisław
Reisner, M.A.
religion: persecuted
Renner, Karl
Revolutionary-Military Council
Reznikov (informer)
Rhee, Syngman
Ribbentrop, Joachim von
Riga
Right Deviation
Robespierre, Maximilien
Rodionov, Mikhail
Rodzaevski, Konstantin
Rodzyanko, Mikhail
Röhm, Ernst
Rokossovski, Marshal Konstantin
Romania: as potential invader of USSR; Stalin woos; Soviet demands on; troops in USSR; and Panslavism; USSR demands reparations from; communist regime in; monarchy removed
Roosevelt, Franklin D.: condemns Nazi atrocities; Stalin entertains; meets Stalin at Tehran; broadcasts; cooperation with Stalin; Churchill meets; agrees wartime supplies to USSR; relations with Stalin; and post-war European settlement; at Yalta conference; requests United Nations Organisation; death; and prospective capture of Berlin; commitments to Stalin
Rozanov, Vladimir
Rudzutak, Yan
Rukhimovich, Moisei
Russia (post-1991): conditions; see also Soviet Union
Russian Bureau of Central Committee: differences in; Stalin admitted to; welcomes return of Lenin
Russian Empire: national question in; in First World War; popular unrest in; and sense of nationhood; see also Provisional Government
Russian language: honoured; Stalin’s views on
Russian Orthodox Church: attacked; maintains some autonomy; restrictions relaxed in war; post-war position
Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party: in Georgia; Iskra campaigns for; and ethnic considerations; Second Party Congress (Brussels and London, 1903); and popular unrest (1905); Third Party Congress (London, 1905); Fourth Party Congress (Stockholm, 1905); Fifth Party Congress (London, 1907); Bolshevik-Menshevik differences in; leaders return to Switzerland; membership numbers; Mensheviks excluded; new Central Committee formed
Russian Socialist Federal Republic
(RSFSR): Constitution; within Soviet federation; lacks own communist party; and Leningrad ambitions
Russians (ethnic): elevated; Stalin honours at war’s end
Russo-Japanese War (1904–5)
Rustaveli, Shota; Knight in the Panther’s Skin
Ryazanov, David
Stalin: A Biography Page 89