The Year that Changed the World
Page 29
INDEX
Abraham Lincoln, USS, 2, 222
Abrams, John, 76–77
Adamec, Ladislav, 181–184, 188–189
Afghanistan, 39, 210
Albright, Madeleine, 214
Allensbach, 24
Allensbach Institute, 75, 223
Alliance for Free Democrats, 32
Allies
Normandy invasion during World War II, 28, 69
role in construction of Berlin Wall, 17
Al Qaeda, 219
Altenburschla, 19
Alt-Herren Riege (team of old men), 26
American Conservative Union, 2
American Diplomacy and the End of the Cold War (Hutchings), 227, 231, 232
American Society of Newspaper Editors, 224
Andropov, Yuri, 11–12
Angolan civil war, impact of, 23
Antall, Jozsef, 235
Arafat, Yasir, 182–183
Archive of the Gorbachev Foundation, 233–234
Arnot, Alexander, 231–232
Arsenals of Folly (Rhodes), 225
Ash, David, 228
Ash, Timothy Garton, 48, 143, 225, 230
At Cold War’s End (Fischer, ed.), 227
Atlantic Charter, 229
At the Highest Levels (Beschloss and Talbott), 222
Auchincloss, Kenneth, 232–233
Audience (Havel), 136–137
Ausländer (foreigners), 24
Austria
Pan-European Picnic (1989) and, 97–104, 106, 116, 124, 144, 231–232
refugees from GDR and, 97–104, 113–126
Austro-Hungarian Empire, 9–10
Autopsy of an Empire (Gorbachev), 227
Axis of Evil, 217
Back to the Future (film), 60–61
Bad Sooden, 19
Baez, Joan, 177–178
Bahrman, Hannes, 234
Bailey, Anthony, 223
Baker, James A., III
German unification proposal and, 125–126
nuclear arms and, 74–75
U.S.-Soviet relations and, 40, 60–61, 225, 227, 231
Balcerowicz, Leszek, 130
Balkan war, 213–214
Behr, Edward, 236
Berecz, Janos, 38
Berlin
attitudes toward German reunification, 23–28
Berlin Wall in, 15–16. See also Berlin Wall
refugees from GDR and, 113–114, 116, 120–121 See also East Berlin; West Germany
Berliner Luft, 25
Berlin Wall
Berlin airlift and, 4
border guards, 3, 5–10, 15–17, 27, 97–105
Brandenburg Gate, 3, 15, 170, 204
Checkpoint Charlie, 5–6, 9, 10, 16, 24–25, 88–89, 167–170, 175, 204, 223, 235
construction of, 16–17, 66, 68
death strip, 16–18
described, 17–18
fall of (1989), 5–9, 65–76, 88–94, 165–173, 203–204, 221–223
impact on citizens, 16–19, 24–26 9–14, 16, 27, 215–216, 222
refugees from East Germany and, 8–9, 16–17, 24, 27, 66, 97–105, 113–126, 133–135, 142–143, 159–161
remnants remaining, 16
September 11, 1989 border opening, 113–126
symbolism behind, 1, 3, 5–9, 15–16, 89, 171. See also Iron Curtain
Berlin Wall, The (Taylor), 223
Bernstein, Leonard, 204
Beschloss, Michael R., 222
Beyond the Wall (Pond), 227, 234
Bill of Rights, U.S., 30
Bismarck Strasse (Berlin), 15
Black Friday (Czech). See Velvet Revolution (Prague; 1989)
Bloc That Failed, The (Gati), 39, 224
BMW, 72, 161, 228–229
Bogomolov, Oleg, 63
Bölling, Klaus, 121
Bolshevik Revolution (1917), 65–66, 85
Bond, James, 21
Bonfire of the Vanities (Wolfe), 53
border guards
at the Berlin Wall, 3, 5–10, 15–17, 27, 97–105
fall of Berlin Wall and, 5–10, 97–104, 168–170
Boyd, Gerald M., 222
Brain race, 21
Brandenburg Gate, Berlin Wall, 3, 15, 170, 204
Brazil, 217
Breslau, Karen, 167
Bretton Woods Agreement, 21
Brezhnev, Leonid, 39, 45, 71, 91, 225–226
Brezhnev Doctrine, 39, 45, 63, 91, 227
Brian Lapping Associates, 228
Brokaw, Tom, 9, 183
Brookings Institution, Nuclear Audit, 22–23, 223–224
Bucharest, 105–111
Ceaucescu’s home, 198–200
Ceaucescu’s palace, 107, 198–199
fall of communism and, 193–201
Warsaw Pact summit (1989), 91–95 See also Romania
Buckley, William F., Jr., 223
Budapest
fall of communism in Hungary, 28, 29–39, 41–42, 46, 61, 66–74, 125, 128, 137, 139–140, 143–145
People’s Picnic (1989), 66–67
reburial of Imre Nagy, 84–88 See also Hungary
Bulgaria, fall of communism in, 190–191
Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, 227
Bush, George H. W.
election to presidency, 39–40, 60, 227
fall of Berlin Wall and, 9, 175, 211–212, 222, 235–236, 237
foreign policy of, 213–215, 224–225, 227, 231, 232
Hungary and, 95, 232
legacy of, 211–214
library and museum, 211–212
nuclear deterrence and, 74–77
Poland and, 83, 94–95, 232
refugees from GDR and, 125–126
U.S.-Soviet relations and, 60–63
visits Eastern Europe, 94–95
Bush, George W., 212–220
admiration for Reagan, 1–2, 215–216, 221–222, 238
on communism, 2, 5
foreign policy team, 13
Café Papillon (East Berlin restaurant), 25–26, 119
Cambodian genocide, 23
Cannon, Carl M., 221–222
Cannon, Lou, 221–222
capitalism
crash of 2008 and, 218
GDR and, 121
in Hungary, 31, 33
in Poland, 37
Carré, John le, 21
Carroll, Lewis, 209, 211
Carter, Jimmy, 3, 211, 214
Catholic Church, 68, 131
Ceaucescu, Elena, 192–201
Ceaucescu, Nicolae, 105–111, 191–201
background of, 105–106
death of, 110, 192–193, 232–233, 236
described, 109–110
home in Bucharest, 198–200
palace in Bucharest, 107, 198–199
totalitarian state of, 25
uprising against, 110, 170, 174, 192–201, 203, 236
at Warsaw Pact summit (Bucharest; 1989), 92–93, 231
censorship, 139
Chaplin, Charlie, 109
Charles University (Prague), 178, 180
Charter 77, 143, 233
Checkpoint Charlie (Berlin), 5–6, 9, 10, 16, 24–25, 88–89, 167–170, 175, 204, 223, 235
Cheney, Dick
end of Cold War and, 95
U.S.-Soviet relations and, 60–63, 75, 227, 237
Chernobyl disaster (1986), 12, 222–223
Chernyaev, Anatoly, 233–234
China
Cultural Revolution, 23
economic growth of, 217, 218
Tiananmen Square uprising, 83, 90, 99, 123, 154–155, 157, 176, 182
Christian Democratic Union Party, 125–126
Churchill, Winston, 1, 5, 22, 229
CIA National Intelligence Estimate, 62, 71
Circle of Independent Intelligentsia (Czechoslovakia), 178–179
Civic Forum (Czechoslovakia), 178–179, 183–185, 189, 233
CKD steelworks, 185
Clancy, Tom, 21, 89
Clark, Stephen, 228
Clash of Civilizations, The (Huntington), 215, 236–237
Clinton, Bill, 133, 214, 215
Cold War
accounting of, 22–23, 223–224
Brandenburg Gate as embodiment of, 3
breaking free of mind-set, 76–79, 83, 94–96
G. W. H. Bush and, 213, 214
dimensions and consequences of, 20–23, 218–219
end of, 4–5, 7, 9–14, 31, 36, 61, 65–66, 70, 75–79, 213
fall of Berlin Wall and, 5–9, 54, 89
impact of, 20–23, 65
perceived victors of, 204
Reagan’s Berlin Wall speech (1987) and, 2–5, 9–14, 16, 27, 215–216
symbolism of Berlin Wall and, 1, 3, 5–9, 15–16, 89, 171
Cold War, The (Lightbody), 222
Cold War History Project, 223, 226, 230
Cold War International History Project, 225
Cold War Project, The (CNN series), 228
COMECON, 229
Comintern, 21
Committee for Historical Justice (Hungary), 85, 230–231
Common Fate Camp, 97–98
Common Market, 21, 93
communism
anticommunists and, 29–31
Berlin Wall and. See Berlin Wall
G. W. Bush on, 2, 5
fall of, in Bulgaria, 190–191
fall of, in Czechoslovakia, 28, 114, 128, 135–143, 175–190, 205–206
fall of, in GDR, 163–174, 203–205
fall of, in Hungary, 28, 29–39, 41–42, 46, 61, 66–74, 125, 128, 137, 139–140, 143–145, 206–207, 228–231, 236
fall of, in Poland, 28, 35–36, 43–54, 125, 128–133, 137, 139–140, 205
fall of, in Romania, 105–111, 193–201
fall of, throughout Eastern Europe, 41–42, 48, 54, 62, 173–174, 204
oppression in, 36
Reagan and, 13
as term, 224 See also Politburo
Constantinescu, Emil, 201
consumer goods, 171–172, 177, 198–199
containment policy, 5, 61
Cooper, Gary, 79
Cornea, Doina, 197–198
counterculture, 21
Cousteau, Jacques, 95
crash of 2008, 218
cult of personality, 110
Cuthbertson, Ian, 228
Czechoslovakia
denouement, 205–206
fall of Berlin Wall and, 8
fall of communism in, 28, 114, 128, 135–143, 175–190, 205–206, 233
Prague Spring (1968), 39, 45
refugees from GDR and, 122–123, 135, 141, 148, 152–153
reopening of border with GDR, 158–159
as totalitarian state, 135–143
Velvet Revolution (Prague; 1989), 170, 173, 175–190, 236
Warsaw Pact invasion of (1968), 105–106, 205 See also Prague
Dalai Lama, 135, 206
Danner, Mark, 237
Davis, John, 231
DDR Museum (Berlin), 224
death strip (Berlin Wall), 16–18
democracy
in Czechoslovakia, 185, 186, 206
in Eastern Europe, 99
in Hungary, 29–32, 41, 55–58, 110, 230–231
in Poland, 58–61, 79–84, 94, 110, 128–133, 225–226, 229–230
Reagan and, 3
U.S., 29, 30, 41
Democratic Forum, 97–99, 99
détente, 5, 61
Deutsche Bank, 73
Diensthier, Jiri, 233
Diepgen, Eberhard, 13
Dietrich, Marlene, 4
Dinescu, Mircea, 197–198
Dissolution (Maier), 163–164, 230–231, 232, 234, 235
Dresden
bank runs in, 165
Freedom Train and, 124, 152–153, 154
refugees from GDR and, 117, 124, 135, 152–153, 160
rise of opposition, 152–153, 158
Dubcek, Alexander, 45, 177, 186–187, 226
Duberstein, Kenneth, 11
Dukakis, Michael, 39–40
East Berlin
fall of Berlin Wall, 5–9, 65–76, 88–94, 165–173, 203–204
Jubilee of 1989 and, 115, 147–152
May Day (1989), 65–66, 69–70, 228
refugees from GDR and, 119–120, 160–161
rise of opposition, 158 See also Berlin; German Democratic Republic (GDR)
Eastern Europe
collapse of communism throughout, 41–42, 48, 54, 62, 173–174, 204
revolutions in, 14, 84, 216
Soviet withdrawal from, 12, 38–39, 91 See also names of specific countries
East Germany. See German Democratic Republic (GDR)
East Side Gallery (Berlin), 204
Eberlein, Werner, 148
Edge of the Forest, The (Bailey), 223
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 22, 224
Elizabeth, Queen, 106
El Salvador civil war, impact of, 23
Engels, Friedrich, 34
entry visas, 101–102, 113
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 207
European Community (EC), 229
European Union, Cold War and, 21
“Evil Empire,” collapse of, 2, 14, 215–216
exit visas, 8–9, 118, 165, 168
Fall of the Berlin Wall, The (Buckley), 223
Fall of the Wall, The (BBC-Spiegel TV documentary), 228, 231, 232, 234, 235
Farocki, Harun, 236
Faust’s Metropolis (Richie), 25
Federalist Papers, 29
Federal Republic of Germany. See West Germany
Fidesz (League of Young Democrats), 32
Filep, Maria, 97–98
Fischer, Benjamin, 227
Fischer, Joschka, 231
Fischer, Oskar, 91, 113–114, 231
Foreign Affairs, 236–237
Fourteen Points, 229
Freedom Train, 123–124, 133–134, 142–143, 152–153, 154
Free German Youth, 157
free speech, 106, 206
Freie Deutsche Jugend (Free German Youth), 66, 147
Fried, Daniel, 231
Friedman, Milton, 34, 184
frontier guards, 97–104, 159–160
Fulda Gap, 18, 76–77, 210, 227–228
Funder, Anna, 224
Gabal, Ivan, 179, 233, 236
Gabalova, Zdenka, 175–176, 180, 236
Gallagher, Tom, 236
Gati, Charles, 39, 224
GDR. See German Democratic Republic (GDR)
Geiffert, Hans, 153
Gelb, Leslie H., 219, 238
Geldbach, Anita, 19
Generation Gap, 22
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 229, 231–232, 236
attitudes toward German reunification, 23
nuclear deterrence and, 72, 74–76
refugees from GDR and, 104–105, 115, 123–124
George Bush Library and Museum (College Station, Texas), 211–212
Georgia
pro-democracy movements in, 99 See also Soviet Union, former
Gerasimov, Gennady, 150
Geremek, Bronislaw, 47, 53, 59–60, 225, 233
German Democratic Republic (GDR)
attitudes toward German reunification, 23–28
Berlin Wall. See Berlin Wall
closes borders, 142
denouement, 203–204
economic problems of, 114, 117, 125, 133–135, 137, 143, 157, 160–161, 164–165
fall of, 163–174, 203–205
fall of Berlin Wall and, 5–10, 65–76, 88–94
impact of Berlin Wall in, 16–19, 24–26
Jubilee of 1989 and, 66, 115, 135, 147–152
Pan-European Picnic (1989) and, 97–104, 106, 116, 124, 144, 231–232
refugees from, 8–9, 16–17, 24, 27, 66, 97–105, 113–126, 133–135, 142–143, 159–161
reopening of border with Czechoslovakia, 158–159
rise of opposition, 152–161
September 11, 1989 border opening, 113–126
travel laws, 8–9, 98, 101–102, 113, 118, 121, 157, 158–160, 163–170
Germany. See German Democratic Republic (GDR); West Germany
Germany Unified and Europe Transformed (Zelikow and Rice), 227, 229, 231
Geyer, Georgie Ann, 222
Givens, Robin, 39
glasnost (openness), 4, 12, 29–30, 37, 157
Gorbachev, Mikhail
background of, 11
Cold War and, 22, 70, 237–238
Czech Velvet Revolution (1989) and, 183
fall of Berlin Wall and, 70–75, 91–93, 204
GDR Jubilee of 1989 and, 135, 147–152
glasnost (openness), 4, 12, 29–30, 37, 157
Honecker and, 27, 66
Hungary and, 55–58, 60–61, 70–71, 73, 141, 226–228
Nobel Peace Prize, 204
nuclear deterrence/disarmament and, 12–13, 55–58, 60–63, 75, 207, 229
perestroika (reform) and, 4, 12–13, 29–30, 37, 71, 157, 222–223, 227
Poland and, 45, 81
Pozsgay compared with, 33–34
reaches out to other countries, 12–13, 27–28, 75, 233–234
Reagan’s Berlin Wall speech (1987), 2–5, 9–14, 215
refugees from GDR and, 113–114
rise of, 11–14, 25
rise of opposition in GDR, 153–155, 159
socialism and, 56
U.S.-Soviet relations and, 60–63, 75, 226–228
at Warsaw Pact summit (Bucharest; 1989), 91–95
Gorbachev, Raisa, 12
Gorbimania, 4
Göttingen, 19
Grand Hotel Europa (Prague), 180
Great Dictator, 109
Great Escape, 113–126, 144, 159–161, 232
Greene, Graham, 21
Gromyko, Andrey, 12
Grosz, Karoly
demotion of, 88, 93
fall of communism in Hungary and, 66–67, 73, 224, 230–231
as head of Hungarian socialist party, 31, 33, 38, 41, 55–57, 226–228