Schirndling, 160
Schmidt, Helmut, 119
Schultz, George, 61
Schultz, Kurt-Werner, 103
Schumacher, Hans, 236
Schurer, Gerhard, 164, 235
Schwartz, Stephen, 224
Schwerin, bank runs in, 165
Scoblic, Peter, 237–238
Scowcroft, Brent, 9, 40, 60, 61, 95, 224–225, 227, 231, 232
SEATO, 21
secret police, 11–12, 25, 53, 65, 104, 106, 114, 134–136, 140, 151–152, 157, 191, 194–198, 201
Securitate (secret police in Romania), 106, 191, 194–198, 201
September 11, 2001, 2, 215
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 148
fall of Berlin Wall and, 90–91
German reunification proposal and, 125–126
refugees from GDR and, 118
replaces Gromyko, 12
Shultz, George, 75, 227
Siani-Davies, Peter, 236
Sicherman, Harvey, 227
Siegessäule (Berlin), 15
Sieland, Gisela, 19
Skoda, Jan, 185
Skoda autoworks, 185
Sleepwalking through History (Hutchings), 227
Slum Clearance (Havel), 206
Smith, Stephen, 128, 141–142
socialism
Gorbachev and, 56
as term, 224
Socialist Unity Party, 26
Society for a Merrier Present (Czechoslovakia), 139
soft power, 13–14
Solidarity (Poland)
elections of 1989, 79–84, 128–133, 225–226, 229–230, 233
fall of communism and, 28, 32, 35–36
Jaruzelski embraces, 45–46, 50–54, 205
origins of, 47, 52, 94
in revolution of 1989, 47–54
rise of, 50–54, 58–61
uprising of 1980, 43–46
Somalia, 210
Sopron, Hungary, Pan-European Picnic (1989), 97–104
Soviet Union, former
ascent of Gorbachev within, 11–14, 25
Brezhnev Doctrine and, 39, 45, 63
collapse of, 5, 14, 45, 62, 71, 204
fall of Berlin Wall, 5–10, 90–91
fall of communism in Czechoslovakia, 28
fall of communism in Hungary, 28, 29–39, 41–42, 66–74
fall of communism in Poland, 28
flaws of Soviet system, 11–12
Hungarian revolt of 1956, 34–35
Hungary and, 38
impact of Cold War and. See Cold War
as military power, 211
nuclear disarmament and, 55–58, 207
Poland and, 44–45, 81, 225–226
Reagan’s Berlin Wall speech (1987) and, 2–5, 9–14, 27
Reagan visits Moscow (1987), 14
revolution of 1917, 65–66, 85
share of world GDP, 217
United States and, 60–63, 75, 224–225, 226–228
withdrawal from Afghanistan (1988), 39
withdrawal from Eastern Europe, 12, 38–39, 91
World War II and, 211
Sputnik, 21, 68
Stalin, Joseph, 23, 56, 110
Stanculescu, Victor, 198
Star Wars missile defense, 237
Stasiland (Funder), 224
Stasi (secret police), 11–12, 25, 53, 65, 104, 114, 134, 151–152, 157
State Opera House (Prague), 123
Steel, Ronald, 215, 237
Stein, Janice, 224
Stempel (exit stamp), 165, 168
Stetincu, Jacob, 203
Stewart, Jimmy, 106
Stoltenberg, Gerhard, 74
Stoph, Willi, 148, 156, 163
Suskind, Ron, 215, 237
Svobodne Slovo, 185, 186
Swaggart, Jimmy, 39
Talbott, Strobe, 222
Taylor, Frederick, 223
Teltschik, Horst, 72–74, 126, 228–229, 235
Temptation (Havel), 136–137
Temptations of a Superpower (Steel), 215, 237
Thatcher, Margaret, 12, 13, 61, 126, 213, 229
Thirty Years’ War, 22
Tiananmen Square uprising (China), 83, 90, 99, 123, 154–155, 157, 176, 182
Time of Silence, 117, 120
Timisoara uprising (Romania), 191, 193–194, 195, 197–198, 200–201
Tisch, Harry, 148
Tismaneanu, Vladimir, 236
Tokes, Laszlo, 193–194, 197–198, 201
Tokes, Rudolf L., 38, 224, 233
Trabant (car), 8, 26, 103, 142, 159, 161
trade unions
in Hungary, 32
in Poland. See Solidarity (Poland)
strikes of 1980–1981, 43–46, 48, 91
travel laws, 8–9, 98, 101–102, 113, 118, 121, 157, 158–160, 163–170
Treaty of Versailles, 9–10
triumphalism, 215
Truman Doctrine, 2
Tucker, Robert W., 215, 237
Turmoil and Triumph (Schultz), 227
Turn, The (Oberdorfer), 225
Turnley, Peter, 110–111
Twin Towers attack (2001), 2, 215
Tyson, Mike, 39
Ulbricht, Walter, 16–17, 66
Umwelt Bibliotek, 152
underground political activity, 25
United Communist Workers’ Party (Poland), 52
United Kingdom
democracy in, 29, 30
Gorbachev and, 12, 13, 61
United Left, 152
United Nations, 21
Krushchev at, 17
refugees from GDR and, 118, 123–124
United States
G. H. W. Bush becomes president, 39–40, 60
democracy in, 29, 30, 41
“Europe crisis” of, 74–78
fall of Berlin wall, 9–10
Hungary and, 38, 95
impact of Cold War and, 20–23. See also Cold War
Nuclear Audit (Brookings Institution), 22–23, 223–224
Reagan’s 1987 speech on, 2–5, 9–14, 16, 27, 215–216, 222
refugees from GDR and, 125–126
share of world GDP, 217
situation in 1988, 39–41
Soviet Union and, 22, 40, 60–63, 75–77, 224–225, 226–228
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), 21
U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 222
U.S. Constitution, 30, 206
U.S. State Department
fall of Berlin Wall and, 10, 13
U.S.-Soviet relations and, 61–62
University of Budapest, 34
Urban, Jan, 178–179, 184, 187, 205, 233, 236
Urban, Jerzy, 230
Urbanek, Karel, 187–188
USSR. See Soviet Union, former
Us vs. Them (Scoblic), 237–238
Uzbekistan, pro-democracy movements in, 99
Vanek, Ferdinand, 137
Védrine, Hubert, 214–215
Velvet Revolution (Prague; 1989), 170, 173, 175–190, 236
Victoria Hotel (Warsaw), 59–60
Videograms of a Revolution, 236
Vienna, 70
Vietnam War, impact of, 23
Vlad, Iulian, 194, 195
Volkskammer (People’s Parliament), 89
Volkspolizei (state police)
at the Berlin Wall, 3, 5–6, 16, 27
fall of Berlin Wall and, 5–9
Walesa, Lech
new Polish government and, 128, 131–133, 135–136
Nobel Peace Prize (1983), 47
as president of Poland, 205
Round Table (1989), 47, 52
Solidarity and, 32, 35–36, 47–54, 95
Solidarity elections of 1989, 82–84, 229–230
Soviet praise for, 61
Walker, Martin, 20, 224
Wall (Wyden), 223
Wanfried, 19
Warsaw, 43–51
under martial law, 35–36, 43–51
Round Table (1989), 35, 47, 49, 50–54, 58–63
/> Solidarity elections of 1989, 79–84 See also Poland
Warsaw Pact, 19–20, 21, 30, 210, 227–228
Hungary and, 57, 69, 71–72, 90–91, 127
invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968), 105–106, 205
Jubilee of GDR (1989) and, 115, 147–152
Poland and, 127
summit in Bucharest (1989), 91–95, 230–231
Wartburg (car), 103
Washington Post, 89, 230–231
We All Lost the Cold War (Lebow and Stein), 224
Wedel, Janine, 51, 225
Weinberger, Caspar, 13, 44
Wenceslas Square (Prague), 139, 140, 177–181, 183–186, 190, 205
Wenn Mauer Fallen (Krenz), 158
“We Shall Overcome,” 153
West Germany
attitudes toward German reunification, 23–28, 213
Berlin Wall. See Berlin Wall
fall of Berlin Wall, 5–9, 65–76, 88–94 See also Berlin
We the People (Ash), 230
Wiecko, Andrzej, 225
Wiedervereinigung (reunification), attitudes toward, 23–28
Wilde, Oscar, 129
Wilhelm Strasse (Berlin), 16
Wilson, Woodrow, 214, 229
Winter, Ulle, 19–20
Wir sind das Volk, 234
Wolf, Christa, 163
Wolfe, Tom, 53
Wolfowitz, Paul, 61–62
Woodrow Wilson Center, Cold War Archive, 231
Workers’ Guard, 101, 103
World Affairs, 237
World Bank, 21
World Economic Forum, 218
World Trade Center terrorist attacks (2001), 2, 215
World Transformed, A (G. H. W. Bush and Scowcroft), 61, 94, 224–225, 227, 231, 232
World War I
Cold War versus, 20
end of, 9–10
World War II
Brandenburg Gate and, 3
chief victors in, 211
Cold War versus, 20
end of, 10
Normandy invasion, 28, 69
Poland in, 44–45
symbolism of Berlin Wall and, 1, 5–9, 15–16
Wuensdorf, 210
Wyden, Peter, 27, 223
Yakovlev, Alexander, 63, 227
YouTube, 3
Yugoslavia, 174, 213–214
Zagrodzka, Danuta, 49–50
Zakaria, Fareed, 217, 238
Zelikow, Zelikow, 227, 229, 231, 232, 234
Zhivkov, Todor, 190–191
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Michael Meyer spent more than twenty years as a correspondent and editor for Newsweek. Between 1988 and 1992, he was the magazine’s bureau chief for Germany, Central Europe and the Balkans. He is the author of The Alexander Complex (Times Books, 1989), a psychological profile of American empire-builders. He is a member of the New York Council on Foreign Relations and the Century Association and was an Inaugural Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin. He holds graduate degrees from Columbia University and the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.
The Year that Changed the World Page 31