On Monsters: An Unnatural History of Our Worst Fears
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bones, monstrous, 30–32
Book of Daniel, 66–67, 68–69
Book of Enoch, 63, 72
Book of Genesis, 72, 74
Book of Imaginary Beings (Borges), 44–45
Book of Revelation, 66–71, 70, 124
Borges, Jorge Luis, 44–45, 185
Bostrom, Nick, 261, 276
brainless fetuses, 160
Bram Stoker’s Dracula, 195
Branch Davidians, 70
Bridgewater Treatises, 164, 165
Brisson, Luc, 42
Brodsky, David P., 226–227
The Brood, 201
Browne, Thomas, 127, 244
Browning, Tod, 140
Bruno, Giordano, 107–108
Buffy the Vampire Slayer, 195
Bullock, Dave, 259
Bundy, Ted, 245
Bunker, Chang, 137
Bunker, Eng, 137
Burton, Tim, 193
Bush, George W., 245, 248, 281
Byron, George Gordon, Baron, 152
The Cabinet of Jan Svankmajer, 194
caimans, 132
Cain (biblical), 88–90, 95, 96, 98, 101
California, 228
“The Call of Cthulhu” (Lovecraft), 184–185
Cambodia, 7–9, 8
Cameron, James, 257
Camoudi snakes (anacondas), 132
cannibalism, 195, 278
Canon Episcopi, 115
capitalism, 243
Carr, Robert, 232–233
Carrol, Sean B., 178
Carroll, Noel, 184, 192
Cartesian model, 236, 238
Caspian Mountains, 90
castration anxiety, 190
category jamming, 184
catharsis, 196–197, 201
Catholic Church. See Roman Catholic
Church cats, predatory, 24
Caverly, John, 208
centaurs
as liminal beings, 40, 125
Lucretius on, 47, 50
as omen, 44–45, 48
CGI characters, 191
Chambers, Raymond Wilson, 98
chance, 165
Chase, Anthony, 216
Chicago, Illinois, 246–247
children, 209–210, 269–270, 273–274
chimeras, 40
chimpanzees, 239–240
China, 5–6, 11, 14
Chinguo, Stanislaus, 278
Cho, Seung-Hui, 205
Chomsky, Noam, 236
Christianity
and Beowulf, 97–98
and cross symbol, 105
demons and devils of, 13, 64, 68, 106
and desire, 117
and genealogy of monsters, 84–86
and hell, 71
and heresy, 107–108
and heroics, 99, 102
humility-emphasis of, 99–100
and Jews, 90–91
and Judgement Day, 100
and monster killers, 99–100
and monstrous human races, 37
and Muslims, 241
persecution of Christians, 67–68
and Resurrection, 83
on souls of monsters, 79–83
and xenophobia, 86–87
See also Bible
Christopher, Saint, 81
The City of God (Augustine), 77, 86
civilizations, monstrous, 240–244
Clark, William, 32
clash of civilizations, 240, 248
classicism, 51
Cleaver, Eldridge, 246
Clinton, Hillary, 281
cloning, 189–190
cockroaches, 263
coelacanth, 2
Collins, Francis, 274
Colossus: The Forbin Project, 267
Columbine massacre, 204, 205
Columbus, Christopher, 91
communism, 243
compassion, 224
Confessions (Augustine), 79
conjoined twins, 157, 174
Alberch on, 173
Chang and Eng Bunker, 137
as expression of God’s will, 76
Lazarus and Baptista, 83, 84
souls of, 83
conscience, 188–189, 210, 220
consumerism, 241, 243
contingency, 165
Cope, Edward Drinker, 237
cosmetic procedures, 262, 265–266, 276–277
cosmic fear, 185, 186, 191, 192, 193, 194
Council of Constance, 107
Crane, Stephen, 231–233
Craven, Wes, 183
creationism, 164, 168, 178–179
credulity, 32–36
Bacon on, 127
of Barnum’s audience, 136
in Doran’s model, 130–132, 140
and paleontology, 279
Crimes and Misdemeanors, 281
criminal monsters, 203–228
aggression and rage, 208–212
and causes of psychopathology, 223–226
and desire, 212–218
and detachment, 218–223
judging and managing of, 226–228
labeling of, 216
See also serial killers; specific individuals
Cronenberg, David, 200, 201
cryptozoology, 32, 279
Ctesias
on griffins, 28
on manticores, 33, 34
as source for Alexander, 22
on umbrella-footed humans, 36
on unicorns, 129
Cthulhu, 184–185, 186
cultural category, monsters as, 13
curiosities, 135, 137–140
Cuvier, Georges, 128, 156–157
cyborg technology, 260–265
cyclops, 158
Alberch on, 173
as creation of God, 86
and fossil elephant skulls, 31–32
medieval authorities on, 77
and Odysseus, 26–27, 98
popular belief in, 35
and rise of science, 129
soi pour soi explanation of, 158–159
teratological explanation of, 156–158
Cynocephali (dog-headed men)
Augustine on, 77
and Christianity, 88
depiction of, 78
and embellishment, 36–37
Isidore on, 78
and rise of science, 129
Saint Christopher as, 81–83, 82
Dahmer, Jeffrey, 195
danger from monsters, 13
Darrow, Clarence, 207–208, 218
Darwin, Charles
on artificial selection, 272–273
Origin of Species, 138, 168
popular reactions to paradigm, 199–200
and racial attitudes, 235
on saltational jumps, 166–169, 179
on speciation, 163
See also natural selection Darwin, Erasmus, 152
Daryaee, Touraj, 243
David (biblical), 73
Dawn of the Dead, 195
De Anima (Aristotle), 80
death, 190, 215, 266
decay, 201
deceit, 220
“Declaration on Armed Struggle against Jews and Crusaders,” 248
deconstructionism, 253
deformities, 143. See also disabilities
dehumanization of others
and criminal minds, 219–221
cultural ubiquity of, 37
and environmental variables, 241, 244
in media, 226, 245
by religious ideologies, 249
and technology, 258
De Mirabilibus Mundi (Solinus), 88
Democritus, 37
demons and devils
and acts of maleficium, 113
ancients’ beliefs regarding, 56–58
in Book of Revelation, 67
and desire, 117, 144
and exorcisms, 106–107, 119–120
and gender, 118–119
incubi, 113, 144
modern belief in, 13
and Paré, 148
possession by, 57–58, 59, 106–107, 117, 225–226, 278, 284
powers over nature, 115–116
and rise of science, 134, 149
and Socrates, 57
and St. Anthony, 104–106, 105
succubi, 113, 144, 145
and witches, 108, 109, 111, 112–113, 118–119
Dennett, Daniel, 251, 268, 269
Derrida, Jacques, 253
Descartes, Rene, 149–150, 236
The Descent of Man (Darwin), 3, 168, 169
desire
ancient period, 51–60
and criminal minds, 212–218
and demons, 144
medieval period, 116–119
psychological effects of, 188
and repression, 189–190
See also sexuality
despair, 186, 248
detachment, 218–223
deviations. See variations, genetic The Devil’s Rejects, 195
Dhu’l-Qarneyn (He of the Two Horns), 92
Diamond, Stephen, 212
Dick, Philip K., 220–221
digit formation, 173–175
dinosaurs, 28–29, 29, 32
Diodorus, 37
disabilities
and Barnum’s shows, 137–140
and infanticide, 40, 41
and “monster” term, 15
and moral depravity, 143
disbelief, suspension of, 131
discipline, 209–210
Discourse on Method (Descartes), 149–150
disease, 201
disgust, 184
DNA, 175
Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?
(Dick), 220–221
Dobson, James, 245
Doctor Faustus (Marlowe), 131
Dodds, E. R., 56, 57
dog as metaphor for thumos, 58
Dog-faced Boy, 137,
dog-headed men (Cynocephali)
Augustine on, 77
and Christianity, 88
depiction of, 78
and embellishment, 36–37
Isidore on, 78
and rise of science, 129
Saint Christopher as, 81–83, 82
Donnie Darko, 241
doppelgangers, 188, 189–190
Doran, Madeleine, 130
Dracula, 191
dragons, 125
and Alexander’s forces, 20–21
of the Bible, 67, 68
in China, 11
and St. George, 102, 191
“The Dramaturgy of Death” (Wills), 232
dread, 185
dreaming, 49–50
Driesbach, David F., 78
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (film), 207
dualism, 267
Dyson, Freeman, 271–272
Eastern monsters, 14–15
East/West conflict, 240–241
Eco, Umberto, 77–78
E. coli, 199
education, 249
Edward Scissorhands, 193
eels of the Ganges River, 33, 34
Ego, 209
egocentrism, 220
Ehrenreich, Barbara, 24
Eichmann, Adolf, 244
Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (Arendt), 244
elephant fossils, 31–32
The Elephant Man, 193
Ellis, Bret Easton, 241
El sueno de la razon produce monstrous (Goya), 151
embellishment of monster tales, 22–23
embryology
Aristotle’s understanding of, 45–46
and body plans, 157–159
and deviations, 162, 163
and epigenesis, 45–46, 159
and homeotic genes, 177–178
Hunter’s theories on, 154–156
and law of soi pour soi, 158–159
and preformationism, 45–46
emotional caricatures, 3
emotions, 52–54, 55–56, 57, 58
empathy
and Adolf Eichmann, 244
and oppressed classes, 247
and psychopathology, 220, 222–223, 224
and uncanny valley, 191
Empedocles, 46–47, 163
The End of Faith (Harris), 250–251
Enlightenment, 129–130, 151
entertainment, monsters as, 130–131
environmental issues, 257
Epictetus, 59
Epicurus, 37, 44
epigenesis, 45–46, 159
Eraserhead, 193
Eros, 215
erotic attraction, 54–55. See also desire; sexuality
essential forms of Aristotle, 46, 47, 48
ethical progress of society, 187–188
Ethiopia and Ethiopians, 22, 78, 234
ethnic groups, 36, 85, 216, 233–234
ethnocentrism, 36, 37
Etruscans, 39
Etymologiae (Isidore), 75, 126
eugenics, 273
Euripides, 55, 58, 59
European bison, 33
evangelical Pentecostals, 131
Eve (biblical), 88, 89, 238
Everett, Bart, 259
evil, 227, 283
evil twins, 189–190
evolution
and Darwin, 168
deviations in, 162, 163 (see also variations, genetic)
and Empedocles, 46–47, 163
evo-devo, 175–178
God’s use of, 165–166
and phobias, 3
of robots, 259
and teratology, 173–175
See also mutation
evolutionary developmental biology (evodevo), 175–178
exaggeration, 22–23
executions, public, 232–233
exogenic theory of monsters, 165
exorcisms, 106–107, 119–120, 278, 279
extinction, 27, 30, 31–32, 164
Faces of the Enemy, 235
facial deformities, 78–79
Fatal Attraction, 280–281
Fausto-Sterling, Anne, 42
fear
and angst, 185–186, 194
and category jamming, 184
cosmic fear, 185, 186, 191, 193, 194
and empathy, 222
psychological effects of, 188
and psychopathology, 224
and xenophobia, 239
feces, 184
Feejee Mermaid taxidermy hoax, 136, 140
feminism, 48
fetal development, 155–156, 168. See also
embryology Feynman, Richard, 260–261
films
economic horror genre, 280–281
heroism portrayed in, 24
horror film genre, 192
science fiction genre, 199–202
splatter-punk film genre, 194, 195
torture porn film genre, 194–198
uncanny aesthetic in, 193–194
fish, smallest, 177
Flannery, Tim, 3–4
Flood, biblical, 72, 74, 75
flukes (parasites), 251
Forbidden Planet, 212–215, 214
fossils, 30–32, 279
The Fragility of Goodness (Nussbaum), 8
Frankenstein (film), 272
Frankenstein (Shelley), 151–153
danger associated with, 13
and horror genre, 183, 196
and Hunter, 154
and La Mettrie, 150
as mosaic being, 40
and outcast archetype, 11–12, 100
Franks, Bobby, 205, 217
freaks, 7, 135–140
Freaks (film), 140
freedom fighters, 249
Freud, Sigmund, 189
on aggression, 191, 192, 202, 209–210, 243
and criminal minds, 212
on horror and vulnerability, 188–194
and Id, 209, 212–215, 217, 218
and Leopold and Loeb, 207
pessimism of, 187, 209
on projection, 57, 198
and psychological pathology, 209–210
>
on repression, 116, 189–190, 192, 195–196, 197
on sexuality, 215
on technology, 257
Friedman, John Block, 83
Fritzl, Josef, 204–205
fruit fly mutations, 170–171, 171, 172
Fukuyama, Francis, 273–274
Gacy, John Wayne, 195, 219, 219–220, 225, 280
Gaiman, Neil, 185
Galilei, Galileo, 148–149
Galvani, Luigi, 152, 173
Galynker, Igor, 223
gangster personalities, 53
Gardner, Erle Stanley, 205, 208, 218, 245
Gay, Peter, 217
Gein, Ed, 195
genders
and ancient theories of animal origins, 46
androgyny, 42
and demonization, 118, 118–119
hermaphrodites, 39–42, 41, 57, 76, 77
transgendered people, 270–271
genealogy of monsters, 84–86
gene expression, 176–177, 225
generational cycles, 234
Generation of Animals (Aristotle), 48
Genesis, 72, 74
genetic engineering, 262, 271–273
genetics, 170, 225
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Etienne
on common body plans, 157–159, 164
and embryology, 153
and Hox genes, 178
popular reaction to, 165
and teratology, 156–159, 166
George, Saint, 102, 191
Germans, 238
Ghost in the Shell, 267
ghost-men of Africa, 38
ghosts, 131
giants
biblical giants (nephilim), 72–73, 74–75, 76
giant-eared races, 37
giant ground sloths, 32
giant monster film genre, 255–257
giant octopi, 35
giant squid, 2
Mandeville’s tales of, 91
symbolism of, 98
Giger, H. R., 192, 200
Global Attitudes Project, 249
God
and acts of maleficium, 113
creation of monsters, 75–76, 86
and deformities/disabilities, 143
enemies of, 98
and evolution, 165–166
and exorcisms, 119
and human vulnerability, 192
and Job, 64–65, 106
and medieval theology, 71, 163–164
monster accomplices of, 63–67
and races, 235
and saltations, 165–166
and St. Anthony, 104, 106
and suffering, 116
and witches, 119
Goddu, Teresa, 13
Godzilla, 201, 255–257, 256
Gog and Magog, 87, 90, 92
Going Postal (Ames), 246
Gold, Judith Taylor, 91, 216–217
Golding, William, 247
Goldschmidt, Richard, 170–171, 173, 175
Golem, 11–12, 12, 40
Goliath, 73
Gombe National Park in Tanzania, 239–240
Goodall, Jane, 239–240
Gorgons, 28, 40, 51, 190
gothic literature, 183
Gould, Stephen Jay, 173–175
Goya, Francisco, 151
grandiosity, 220
Grant, Barry, 280–281
Gray, Asa, 179
Gray, Nicola, 224
Great Papal Schism, 107
Greeks, ancient
in Book of Daniel, 69