Mulholland, Catherine. “William Mulholland and the St. Francis Dam.” In The St. Francis Dam Disaster Revisited, edited by Doyce B. Nunis Jr. Los Angeles: Historical Society of Southern California, 1995.
Newell, W. H. “The Reclamation Service and the Owens Valley.” Out West 23 (October, 1905): 454–461.
“New York City Watershed Retrospective,” CatskillArchive.com.
“Nine Miles of Siphons” The Literary Digest, March 1, 1913, 452.
Osborne, Henry Z. “The Completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct.” Scientific American 109, no. 19 (November 8, 1913): 364–367, 371–372.
Prosser, Richard. “The Maker of Los Angeles.” Western Construction News, April 25, 1926, 43–44.
Rogers, J. David. “A Man, a Dam, and a Disaster: Mulholland and the St. Francis Dam.” In The St. Francis Dam Disaster Revisited, edited Doyce B. Nunis Jr. Los Angeles: Historical Society of Southern California, 1995.
Scott, Ian S. “Either You Bring the Water to L.A. or You Bring L.A. to the Water: Politics, Perceptions and the Pursuit of History in Roman Polanski’s Chinatown.” European Journal of American Studies 2, no. 2 (Autumn 2007): Document 1.
Shannon, John. “Fresh Meat for Bill Mulholland: Or How I Learned to Love the Owens Valley Water Wars.” Heritage, Winter 1991–92, 5–7, Spring 1992, 5–10.
Shrader, E. Roscoe. “A Ditch in the Desert,” Scribner’s, May 1912, 538–550.
Sklar, Anna. “The Man Who Built Los Angeles: Engineer, Mayor, Visionary and Forgotten Man.” Los Angeles City Historical Society Newsletter, November 2013, 4–7.
Smythe, William B. “The Social Significance of the Owens River Project.” Out West 23 (October 1905): 443–453.
Tzeng, Timothy. “Eastern Promises: The Role of Eastern Capital in the Development of Los Angeles, 1900–1920.” California History 88, no. 2 (2011): 32–63.
Ulin, David L. “There It Is. Take It.” Boom 3, no. 3 (Fall 2013).
Van Bueren, Thad M. “Struggling with Class Relations at a Los Angeles Aqueduct Construction Camp.” Historical Archaeology 36, no. 3, Communities Defined by Work: Life in Western Work Camps (2002), 28–43.
Vorster, Peter. “The Development and Decline of Agriculture in the Owens Valley.” In The History of Water, eds. Clarence A. Hall, Victoria Doyle-Jones, and Barbara Widawski. White Mountain Research Station Symposium 4. Los Angeles: White Mountain Research Station, (1992): 268–284.
W. S. B. “Record of the Owens River Project.” Out West 30, no. 10 (April 1909): 258–277.
Widney, Erwin W. “We Build a Railroad.” Touring Topics 23, no. 3 (March 1931): 36–41, 52–53.
THESES, UNPUBLISHED PAPERS, AND MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS
Catherine Mulholland Collection, Delmar Oviatt Library, California State University at Northridge.
Layne, J. Gregg. “Water and Power for a Great City.” Typescript, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, 1957.
Los Angeles Aqueduct/Department of Water and Power Papers, Eastern California Museum, Independence, California.
Mulholland, Catherine. “William Mulholland and the Making of Los Angeles”. Archives and Special Collections, Oviatt Library, California State University, Northridge.
Mulholland, William. “Autobiographical Sketch.” February 8, 1930. Courtesy Los Angeles Department of Water and Power.
. “Suggestions for the Discussion of the Subject of the Disposal of the Water Supply from the Los Angeles Aqueduct.” Office Files 1902–1914, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power.
Ray, Don. Without Warning: Diary of a Disaster—Firsthand Accounts of the St. Francis Dam Disaster, forthcoming.
Spriggs, Elizabeth M. “The History of the Domestic Water Supply of Los Angeles.” Master’s thesis, University of Southern California, 1931.
NEWSPAPERS
Goldfield News
Inyo Independent
Inyo Register
Los Angeles Evening Express
Los Angeles Examiner
Los Angeles Herald
Los Angeles Record
Los Angeles Times
New York Times
Riverside Daily Press
San Francisco Call
San Francisco Chronicle
INTERVIEWS
Fred Barker, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, March 18 and May 29, 2014.
Harold “Hal” Eaton, Los Angeles, April 5 and May 28, 2014.
Christine Mulholland, San Luis Obispo, California, May 25–26, 2014.
Don Ray, Burbank, California, September 24, 2014.
Robert Towne, Los Angeles, July 15, 2013.
INDEX
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Abbey, Edward, 18
A. B. Leach & Company, 123, 151, 152, 158–159, 175, 177–178
Advisory Committee, 103–104
Alabama Gates, forced opening of, 229–231
Alexander, George, 152, 155, 157–159, 167–171, 172–176, 177–178
American Federation of Labor, 155, 168
Antelope Valley, 16, 62, 65, 101, 117, 127–128, 213, 216
Apache tribe, 34
Aqueduct Investigation Board (AIB), 176–184, 213–214
Aston, W. C., 146
Austin, S. W., 82–83
automobiles, early, 115–116, 161
Bejar, George, 251–252
Benjamin Holt Company, 129–130
Berry, Mark, 261–262, 269–271
“Big Bull” (dredge), 125, 127
Big Pine, 21, 23, 80, 222
Bishop, 16–17, 21, 227–228, 230
Board of Public Works (Los Angeles), 103, 112, 158, 167, 176. see also Public Service Commission (Los Angeles)
Board of Water and Power Commissioners, 232, 247, 250
bond issues: financing, 57, 109–111, 123, 150–154, 158–159, 175, 177–178, 182, 208; voting on, 55, 56–57, 175, 179, 193, 198, 201, 216
Boulder Dam. see Colorado River Project
Brooks, Thomas, 40–42, 59
Buena Vista Reservoir, 37, 40, 62
California History, 253–254
California (Nordhoff), 30–31
California (state): California Department of Water Resources, 20–21; financial support of aqueduct by, 111
Campbell, J. H., 68
Carnegie, Andrew, 151, 271
“caterpillar” traction engine, 129–130, 145, 183, 190
Catskill Aqueduct, 94, 146–147, 208
cement plant: planned sale of, 209; site of, 103, 111; tufa mining and, 163, 178, 183, 197–198, 205
Chaffee, Adna R., 112–114, 117, 123, 132–133, 151, 179, 207
Chalfant, W. A., 19–21, 69, 71, 79, 87
Chamber of Commerce (Los Angeles), 104–107
Chandler, Harry, 112, 168–171, 263
Charley’s Butte, 87
Chinatown (film), 62–63, 175, 258–264, 265
Cinco, 118, 136. see also Jawbone Division
City Council (Los Angeles), funds appropriated to aqueduct by, 163. see also bond issues
City Men’s Club, 175
City of Los Angeles v. Pomeroy, 55
City Women’s Club, 173
Civil Service Commission, 132–133, 153
Clausen, Jacob, 71–72, 78, 80–81, 88, 94, 96
Cobb, Edward, 181
Collins, C. C., 226, 229, 230
Colorado River Project, 217–218, 223, 238, 255–256
construction equipment: “Big Bull” (dredge), 125, 127; “caterpillar” traction engine, 129–130, 145, 183, 190; Mulholland’s designs for, 165–166; work animals used in lieu of, 162, 183, 189–190, 209
Coolidge, Calvin, 246
Cottonwood Power Plant, 119, 125, 145, 157, 163–164
Coyote Hills, 119
Cross, Frederick, 134–137, 139, 161
Crystal Geyser Natural Alpine Water, 22
Crystal Springs Land and Wa
ter Company, creation of, 49–53
Cudahy Sewer, 62, 175
Curtis, Danny, 242–243
Curtis, Lyman, 242–243
Darrow, Clarence, 169–171, 172
Darrow, Lillian, 248
Deakers, Catherine, 31
Deakers, Ella, 27, 33
Deakers, Ellen, 28
Deakers, Richard, 30–31
Deakers, “Uncle Hobson,” 31
Debs, Eugene, 169, 172–173
Del Valle, R. P., 232–233, 255
Desmond, Joe, 114–115, 135, 160–162, 178–179
Dillon & Hubbard, 77
Dockweiler, Henry, 49
Doheny, E. L., 100
Dominguez, Manuel, 33
Drinkwater Tunnel, explosion in, 187–190
Dunham, Stanley, 199
Duryea, Edwin, 103
Earl, E. T., 183
Eastern California Museum, 23
Eaton, Benjamin, 68
Eaton, Burdick “Bud,” 267
Eaton, Fred: aqueduct design and, 17, 25, 156, 207, 208, 263; biographical information, 54, 68; land purchased by, 76–83, 85–86, 88, 98, 181, 182, 218–223; mayoral election of, 54; Mulholland’s early career and, 41; Mulholland’s final meeting with, 267–268; on Owens Valley agriculture, 274; Owens Valley surveys by, 65–69, 70–73, 75; water company purchase and, 54–56
Eaton, Hal, 267
Eaton, Helen Louise, 75
Edison Electric, 2, 97, 108
Elizabeth Tunnel, 93, 94, 112, 125, 143, 145, 163, 164, 166, 205
Elliott, J. M., 85
Errachow, Kimmy, 243–244
Fairmont Reservoir, 100, 128, 205
Fay, John, 85
Ferguson, Frances “Frank,” 43
Ferguson, James, 44
Ferguson, Lillie. see Mulholland, Lillie Ferguson (wife)
Fischer, Fred, 115
Flagler, Henry, 100–101, 257–258
Flanigan, Tom, 146
Flint, Frank, 94–98
Freeman Division, 128
Freeman, John, 133, 154, 253
Garcetti, Eric, 272
Garside, Edward, 187–189
General Contractors Association of Los Angeles, 246
Goethals, George Washington, 213
Gompers, Samuel, 155
Graham, S. C., 192–194, 205
Grant, Ulysses S., 29
Grapevine Division, 127–128, 142, 164, 233
Graves, J. A., 231
gravity dams, design of, 239–240
Gray, John, 150, 189
Gray, Lewis, 187–189
Griffith, D. W., 216–217
Haiwee Pass (Reservoir, Dam), 17, 18–19, 83, 100, 163–164, 200–203
Hall, Lester, 225–227
Hallen, Mrs. Russell, 243
Hansen, A. C., 149
Harnischfeger, Coder, 5, 6, 241
Harnischfeger, Tony, 2, 4–6, 238, 241
Harper, Arthur, 113
Harriman, E. H., 61
Harriman, Job, 168–171, 173, 175, 180–181, 201
Harris, N. W., 123
Harvey House, 117, 134
Hearst, William Randolph, 67, 88–90, 91
Heinly, Burt, 154
Hellman, I. W., 56
“high line,” 192–194
“History of the Domestic Water Supply of Los Angeles, The” (Spriggs), 27–28, 276–277
Hitchcock, Ethan, 96
Holzcloth, Ann, 243
Hoover Dam. see Colorado River Project
Hopewell, Ace, 1–2, 4–6
Howard, Perry, 128
Howe, Robert, 269–270
Hundley, Norris, Jr., 253–254
Hunick, C. H., 6
Huntington, Henry, 61
Independence, 21, 33, 67–68
Industrial Workers of the World, 169
Inyo County, 19–25, 94–98. see also Owens Valley
Ironworkers Union, 155
Jackson, Donald C., 253–254
Jawbone Division: accident, 195–197; construction of, 123–125, 126, 128–129, 133, 134, 136–143, 164; location of, 17–18
Johnson, Edward, 181
Johnson, Leona, 5–6
Jordan, David, 213
Kahrl, William, 221
Keely, Clark, 248–249
Kelly, Allen, 144–146
Keyes, Asa, 246
Kountze Brothers, 123, 151, 152, 158–159, 175, 177–178
Kunze, Court, 223
labor movement: Los Angeles Times bombing and, 154–155, 158, 168–171, 172–173; strikes by aqueduct work crews, 159, 161, 165–166
Lake Elizabeth, 15–16, 62, 93. see also Elizabeth Tunnel
land rights, bond issue, 86–90, 104. see also Eaton, Fred; Owens Valley
LeConte, Joseph, 38–39
Lee, E. H., 99
Libecap, Gary, 271–272
Lippincott, Joseph “J. B.”: on Advisory Committee, 104; AIB and, 181–182; on aqueduct financing, 111; aqueduct opening and, 200–201, 206–208; consulting income of, 79, 88; Eaton and, 70–72; as Mulholland’s chief assistant, 132–133, 146; Owens Valley land title and, 87–88; St. Francis Dam collapse and, 253; Van Norman and, 120; on water rights, 55, 65, 78–79, 82; on work progress, 190–191
Locke (camp watchman), 244
Lone Pine, 20, 21, 22, 67, 119–120
Long Valley Reservoir/Dam, 71–72, 77–83, 94, 218–223. see also Owens Valley
Los Angeles Aqueduct. see also bond issues; Eaton, Fred; Mulholland, William; Owens Valley; St. Francis Dam; work camps; individual location names. centennial celebration, 272; cost projection/management, 124, 126–127, 143, 154, 164, 166, 209; downhill design of, 16, 75, 107, 205; first water delivery to customers, 212; opening ceremonies, 205–211; rate of flow planned for, 85, 206; second aqueduct completed in 1970, 268; topography, map of, 215; topography followed by, 9–25, 87–94; vandalism, 229–234, 261–262, 269–271; water treatment practices (early 1900s), 99–100
Los Angeles (city). see also individual names of agencies. annexation of communities into, 173–174, 191–194, 215, 217; debt of, during aqueduct project, 177–178; economic growth of, 153–154, 216–217; population growth of, 10–11, 45, 54, 60, 64, 95–96, 125–126, 168, 174, 217, 238; property valuation (1906), 96; purchase of water company by, 45–53, 54–56; water consumption statistics, 64, 69, 153, 167, 173; water meters introduced, 58–63
Los Angeles City Water Company: early rate of flow problems, 46–47; Mulholland’s early career with, 36–44; sale of, to city of Los Angeles, 45–53, 54–56
Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP): archives of, 27–28, 67; inception of, 45–53, 54–63; modern-day operations, 272–274; Owens Valley property owned by, 268–269; Van Norman as head of, 256
Los Angeles Evening Express, 183
Los Angeles Examiner, 88–90, 91, 105
Los Angeles Gas and Electric Company, 108
Los Angeles Herald, 104, 105
Los Angeles (Mayo), 3–4
Los Angeles River: early aqueduct planning and, 33, 47, 49, 50, 55, 56, 59; modern-day, 273; Zanja Madre (“mother ditch”), 11, 36–40
Los Angeles Times: on aqueduct construction (1909), 144–146; on aqueduct construction (1911), 163–164; bombing of (1910), 154–155, 158, 168–171, 172–173; on land rights bond issue, 86–90; ownership, 46 (see also Chandler, Harry; Otis, Harrison Gray)
Los Angeles Water Supply Bill, 94–98
Man-Made Disaster (Outland), 252
Marion Steam Shovel Company, 165
Mathews, William B.: on Advisory Committee, 104; bond issue financing and, 57, 109–110, 123, 150–154, 177–178, 182, 208; on land sales, 78–79, 81, 85–86; Owens Valley reparations claims and, 233; Owens Valley survey and, 70
Maude (mule), 189–190
Mayo, Morrow, 3–4
McAleer, Owen, 85
McClure, W. F., 230
McGregor (worker), 211
McKinley, William, 61
McNally Ditch, 221–222
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McNamara, James, 169–170, 172, 201
McNamara, John, 169–170, 172, 201
Mead, Elwood, 246, 248–250, 251, 254
Means, Thomas, 55
Mendenhall, W. C., 59, 61, 84
Merchants and Manufacturers Association (Los Angeles), 105
“miner’s inch,” 69
Mix, Tom, 236–237
Mojave, 16, 67
Morgan, J. P., 109–110
Mount Whitney, 19–20
Muir, John, 39
Mulholland, Catherine (granddaughter), 27–28, 33, 43–44, 185–186, 198–199, 242, 244, 248, 251, 256–257, 263, 271
Mulholland, Hugh (father), 27–28
Mulholland, Hugh Patrick (brother), 28, 30–32, 33, 34
Mulholland, Jane (step-mother), 28
Mulholland, Lillie Ferguson (wife), 42–44, 186, 206, 210, 214
Mulholland, Lucile (daughter), 206, 210, 268
Mulholland, Rose (daughter), 27, 29–30, 43, 206, 214, 241–242, 257, 267–268
Mulholland, Ruth (daughter), 268
Mulholland, Thomas (brother), 28
Mulholland, Thomas “Tom” (son), 43, 242, 268
Mulholland, William. see also St. Francis Dam. aqueduct construction roles of, 103–104; aqueduct cost projection/management by, 124, 126–127, 143, 154, 164, 166; biographical information, 26–33, 34–36; bonus system implemented by, 134, 136, 141, 143, 158, 166; characterization of, 50–53, 73, 145–146, 149–150, 164, 185–186, 198–199, 209–211, 256–257; death of, 257, 268; early career of, 36–44, 57–63, 156–157; engineering innovations by, 140, 142, 163–164, 165–166, 213, 215; health of, 29, 186, 252; legacy of, 13, 213, 229, 236–238, 255, 257–258, 265, 271–277; Lippincott and, 132–133; marriage of, 42–43 (see also individual names of family members); Otis and, 264; personal knowledge of workers by, 130–131, 136, 211; popularity of, 99, 106, 191; resignation of, 254–255; salary of, 57–58, 148; work progress reports by, 103–104, 108, 126, 148–149, 167, 172–176, 218, 239
Mulholland, William Bodine (nephew), 251–252
Mulholland, William Perry “Perry” (son), 43, 256, 268
Mulholland Dam, 237–238
Mulholland Highway, 229, 236–237
Mulholland Memorial Fountain, 13, 271, 276
Mulvaney (worker), 211
Municipal League (Los Angeles), 89, 99, 105
Nadeau, Remi, 267
National Geographic, 153
Nelson, W. M., 104
Newell, Haynes, 70–71, 78, 82, 88
Newhall, George, 3
Newhall Pass, 93, 116, 206–208
New York City, Catskill Aqueduct, 94, 146–147
Water to the Angels: William Mulholland, His Monumental Aqueduct, and the Rise of Los Angeles Page 30