Nordhoff, Charles, 30, 32
Obama, Barack, 274
O’Donnell, Thomas, 187–189
Olancha Land and Irrigation Company, 68
O’Malley (section foreman), 196
Orton, Daisy, 244–245
Orton, Luce, 245
Otis, Harrison Gray, 46, 61, 86, 88–89, 112, 168–171, 172–173, 179, 212, 263–264
Outland, Charles, 252
Out West, 129, 130–131
Owens Valley: aqueduct vandalism, 229–234, 261–262, 269–271; Chinatown plot and, 260; early surveys of, 64–73; earthquake (1917), 216; Eaton’s land purchases, 76–83, 85–86, 88, 98, 181, 182, 218–223; federal right-of-way issues, 94–98; land title bond issue, 84–90; opening of aqueduct in, 199–203; Owens Valley Defense Association, 219; “Owens Valley Water Primer” (Chamber of Commerce), 105–107; property ownership (1945 to present), 268–269; rainfall in, 20; residents’ reparations claims, 224–234; topography, 12, 16–17, 19, 23–24; Watterson bank failure and, 233–234, 235–236
Paiute-Shoshone tribe, 22, 23
Panama Canal, 3, 31, 154, 165, 208, 213, 216
Parker, O. K., 65
Perry, William, 37–38, 41–44, 48, 50
Petit, Charles, 246
Pinchot, Gifford, 95–98
Porter, George K., 61, 89
power generation: bond issues and influence of power companies, 177, 212; cost projection of power plants, 106; Cottonwood Power Plant, 119, 125, 145, 157, 163–164; Owens Valley water rights issue and, 221–223; Power Plant #1, 1–8, 249; Power Plant #2, 216, 242; Public Service Commission (Los Angeles), 167
Progressive Party, 182, 198
Public Service Commission (Los Angeles), 167, 225, 231, 232
railroads: early development of, 29, 45–46, 101; Southern Pacific Railroad, 16, 45–46, 67, 110, 111, 127, 155–159; State Railroad Commission (California), 164
Ratich (lost man), 195–196
Raymond, Freeman, 119
Read, George, 115–116
Reclamation Service, 76–83
Richardson, Friend William, 229–230
Rickey, Thomas B., 80–81, 220
Rivera, Luis, 244
Rogers, J. David, 252–254
Roman aqueduct system, 105, 208
Roosevelt, Theodore, 4, 61, 83, 95–98
Rose, Henry, 201–202, 205
Rowland, Billy, 156–157
St. Francis Dam: collapse of, 1–8, 242–247, 252–254; construction of, 240–242; investigation, 248–250, 251; location and design of, 13–15, 223, 237–240; Mulholland’s reaction to collapse of, 1–8, 241–242, 247–250, 252
Sand Canyon siphon, failure of, 202–203, 204
San Fernando Valley: land ownership and, 61–62; reservoir completion, 199–203; San Fernando Land Syndicate, 169, 174; watershed, 65 (see also Los Angeles River)
San Francisco Call, 223, 224
San Francisquito Canyon, concrete innovation and, 215. see also St. Francis Dam
Saugus Division, collapse in, 190
Scattergood, Ezra, 108, 144–145, 167, 215–216
Schuyler, James, 51–52
Scott, Ian S., 265–266
Scott, Joseph, 268
Shaw, C. A., 208
Sherman, Moses, 264
Sierra Madra (mountains), 21–22
siphons: defined, 92; design of, 139; Jawbone accident, 195–197 (see also Jawbone Division); Sand Canyon failure, 202–203, 204
Smith, J. Waldo, 146–147, 148, 154
Smith, Sylvester, 95–96
Snyder, Meredith, 51
Socialist Party, 167–171, 172–184
Southern California Association of Architects and Engineers, 208
Southern California Edison, 7
Southern Pacific Railroad, 16, 45–46, 67, 110, 111, 127, 155–159
Speyer, James, 177–178
Spilman, W. T., 179
Spriggs, Elizabeth, 27–28, 276–277
State Railroad Commission (California), 164
Steffens, Lincoln, 170, 172–173
Stoble, Norman, 187–189
Story of Inyo, The (Chalfont), 19–20
Taylor, Charley, 87
Taylor, Raymond J. “Doc,” 114–121, 122, 146, 162, 197–198
Tilden, Samuel J., 27
Towne, Robert, 258–264, 265–266
tufa, mining of, 163, 178, 183, 197–198, 205
“uplift,” 240, 253
US Bureau of Reclamation, 70–73, 246
US Geological Survey, 59, 61, 70, 95
US Public Health Service, 100
Van Norman, Bessie, 120, 200
Van Norman, Harvey, 5, 15, 119–120, 140, 146, 200, 207, 230, 241–242, 256
Van Nuys, I. N., 100
Vernon Irrigation v. the City of Los Angeles, 50
Walcott, Charles, 95–98
Warner, Charles, 178, 181–182
Warren, George, 222, 226–227
water meters, introduction of, 58–63
Watterson, Mark, 218, 219, 221, 228, 231, 233–234, 235–236, 267
Watterson, Wilfred, 218, 219, 221, 228, 231, 233–234, 235–236, 267
Western Federation of Mines, 165–166
White Mountains, 21–22
Widney, Erwin, 136, 137–139, 160–161
Wiggins, Frank, 64–65
Willard, Charles, 198
Woodin, “Doc,” 120–121
work camps: Camp 30-A, 138, 160–161; families living in, 124; meals, 135, 157–158, 160–162, 178–179; Medical Department, 113–121, 122, 162–163, 197–198; sanitation at, 162–163
work force: compensation, 134, 136, 141, 143, 158, 160–162, 166; description of work, 134–147; hiring of, 110–121, 124; layoffs, 150–152; lifestyle of (see work camps); Mulholland’s knowledge of individual workers, 130–131; safety issues, 133–134, 166, 187–190, 195–198, 202–203, 204 (see also St. Francis Dam); “stakemen,” 135–136; strikes by, 159, 161, 165–166; total number of workers, 209
Workman, William, 57
Yannotta, Jim, 271
Young, Clement C., 233, 246
Zanja Madre (“mother ditch”), 11, 36–40
PHOTO SECTION
{courtesy of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power}
Los Angeles’ second waterwheel, lifting the city’s supply from the Los Angeles River to the old Sainsevain Reservoir during the Civil War era.
{courtesy of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power}
Downtown Los Angeles (at the northwest corner of Second Street and Broadway) in 1890, the year of William Mulholland’s marriage to Lillie Ferguson.
{courtesy of the County of Inyo, Eastern California Museum}
The headwaters of the Owens River as Mulholland would have discovered it, carrying 26 million gallons of water or more each day.
{courtesy of the County of Inyo, Eastern California Museum}
Cottonwood Creek work camp in the Owens Valley with snowcaps in the background.
{courtesy of the County of Inyo, Eastern California Museum}
Lining a section of the aqueduct in the Owens Valley.
{courtesy of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power}
Mulholland’s favorites: “Hayburners” in the harness hauling one of the massive sections of the siphon pipe.
{courtesy of the County of Inyo, Eastern California Museum}
An early “Caterpillar” on the job.
{courtesy of the County of Inyo, Eastern California Museum}
Keeping to the grade: A tunnel crew atop their muck cars.
{courtesy of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power}
A portion of the lined aqueduct below the aqueduct intake in the Owens Valley.
{courtesy of the County of Inyo, Eastern California Museum}
Power shovel love.
{courtesy of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power}
The jaw-dropping Jawbone Siphon in 1913.
{courtesy of the Los An
geles Department of Water and Power}
Workmen at the ever-dangerous job of coating the interior of aqueduct pipe.
{courtesy of the County of Inyo, Eastern California Museum}
Maybe Maude.
{courtesy of the County of Inyo, Eastern California Museum}
Out of the future: The interior of Power Plant #1, San Francisquito Canyon.
{courtesy of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power}
The completed aqueduct just above a still-full Owens Lake.
{courtesy of the County of Inyo, Eastern California Museum}
A river tamed: Opening the gates at the diversion point 12 miles north of Independence, California.
{courtesy of the County of Inyo, Eastern California Museum}
“There it is. Take it”: Opening the gates at the Cascade below the Newhall Pass, November 5, 1913.
{courtesy of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power}
Mulholland (in the foreground) with water commissioner Reginaldo del Valle in a section of 80-inch pipe during the construction of Power Plant #1 in San Francisquito Canyon, circa 1916.
{Los Angeles Public Library—Los Angeles Herald Collection}
Sabotaged aqueduct pipe disgorging water into its former course, at No Name Canyon, May 27, 1927.
{H. T. Stearns, USGS}
Grandeur: The St. Francis Dam as it appeared shortly before its collapse in 1928.
{H. T. Stearns, USGS}
And then dismay: The remains of the St. Francis Dam shortly after its collapse, March 13, 1928.
{Ventura County Library}
Dazed Santa Clarita Valley residents comb the wreckage downstream from the St. Francis Dam collapse.
{courtesy of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power}
Power Plant #2 as it appeared in 1928, shortly before the collapse of the St. Francis Dam.
{courtesy of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power}
The remains of Power Plant #2 following the St. Francis Dam collapse.
{George R. Watson, Watson Family Photo Archive}
Mulholland (left) with George Bejar at the site of the St. Francis Dam shortly after its collapse, March 12, 1928.
{courtesy of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power}
Lonely at the top: Mulholland in 1923, at sixty-eight, backpacks into the wilderness to survey the route of the Colorado Aqueduct from Boulder Dam.
{WikiCommons}
What has come: The Los Angeles River today.
{WikiCommons}
Not Des Moines: The iconic night view of the San Fernando Valley from Mulholland Drive.
{courtesy of Clinton Steeds}
Legacy: Mulholland Dam and the Hollywood Reservoir as viewed today from the nearby Hollywood Hills.
{Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Jet Lowe}
The penstocks of Los Angeles Aqueducts 1 and 2 at Newhall Pass.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Photo by Garry Kravit
LES STANDIFORD is the national bestselling author of twenty books and novels, including the John Deal mystery series, and the works of narrative history The Man Who Invented Christmas, a New York Times Editor’s Choice, and Last Train to Paradise, the “One Book” Choice of more than a dozen public library systems. He is the founding director of the creative writing program at Florida International University in Miami, where he lives with his wife, Kimberly, a psychotherapist and artist. Visit his website at www.les-standiford.com.
Discover great authors, exclusive offers, and more at hc.com.
ALSO BY LES STANDIFORD
Desperate Sons
Bringing Adam Home
The Man Who Invented Christmas
Washington Burning
Meet You in Hell
Last Train to Paradise
THE JOHN DEAL SERIES
Done Deal
Raw Deal
Deal to Die For
Book Deal
Deal with the Dead
Presidential Deal
Bone Key
Havana Run
OTHER NOVELS
Spill
Black Mountain
CREDITS
COVER DESIGN BY KIMBERLY GLYDER DESIGN
COVER PHOTOGRAPHS: WILLIAM MULHOLLAND CIRCA 1920 © BY
GRANGER, NYC; OPENING OF THE LOS ANGELES AQUEDUCT,
NOVEMBER 5, 1913 © BY S.A. SMYTH/CORBIS; LOS ANGELES
SKYLINE © BY KENNY HUNG PHOTOGRAPHY/GETTY IMAGES
MAP OF THE LOS ANGELES AQUEDUCT FROM THE REPORT FROM THE CITY OF LOS ANGELES, 1971
COPYRIGHT
WATER TO THE ANGELS. Copyright © 2015 by Les Standiford. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
FIRST EDITION
ISBN 978-0-06-225142-8
EPub Edition March 2015 ISBN 9780062251442
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Water to the Angels: William Mulholland, His Monumental Aqueduct, and the Rise of Los Angeles Page 31