Drug War Capitalism
Page 36
Index
“Passim” (literally “scattered”) indicates intermittent discussion of a topic over a cluster of pages.
A
Abarca, Mariano, 158
Abt Associates, 92, 244n43
Acapulco, Mexico, 125, 163
ACC. See Autodefensas Campesinas del Casanare (ACC)
Achi people, 170, 171
aerial spraying (drug interdiction). See crop eradication (drug interdiction)
aerospace industry, 94, 106
Afghanistan, 38, 63, 92, 98, 128, 186
African Americans, 41
African palm tree, 65, 66, 175, 220
Afro-Colombians, 62, 66–71 passim
agriculture. See farmers and farming
Agua Azul, Colombia, 54
Ahuas, Honduras, 185, 212, 213
AirScan, Inc., 12–13
alcohol, 43–45 passim, 144. See also Prohibition (1920–33)
Alexander, Michelle, 41
Alliance for Progress, 196
Almendarez, Juan, 198, 204
Alvarado, Leobardo, 122–23
Álvarez, Oscar, 211–12
Álvarez, Rudel Mauricio, 182–83
amphetamines, 46. See also methamphetamines
Amnesty International, 133
Andres, Peter, 45
Anglo American, 65, 67
Anglo Gold Ashanti, 68, 69
anticommunism, 170–71
anti-Semitism, 203
Aportela Rodríguez, Fernando, 97
Arabs in Honduras, 203
Arauca, Colombia, 11–14, 58, 78, 221
Árbenz Guzmán, Jacobo, 169, 186
Árevalo, Juan José, 169, 170
Argentina, 103, 258n17
Ariza Aguilar, Jhon Carlos, 221
arraigo, 105
Asociación Hondureño Maquiladores. See Honduran Association of Manufacturers (AHM)
Asociación Nacional de Industriales de Honduras. See National Industrial Association (ANDI) (Honduras)
assassinations and assassination attempts: Colombia, 54, 58–68 passim; Guatemala, 170; Honduras, 209, 216; Mexico, 113, 114, 122, 143, 145, 153–58 passim. See also “false positive” assassinations,
Atala, Camilo, 202
Atala family, 203
atrocities, 65–66, 70, 165
Australia, 24, 40, 67, 90
Autodefensas Campesinas del Casanare (ACC), 54
Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC), 55, 61, 65–67 passim, 70, 79
automobile industry, 23, 94, 103
avocadoes, 164–65, 166
B
“Bacrim” (label), 55, 78–79, 168
Baja California, Mexico, 26, 147
Bámaca, Efraín, 173, 259n30
Banacol, 67
banana industry, 65, 67, 169, 181, 195
banks and banking, 95, 96, 106–7, 183, 196, 199. See also World Bank
Barnes, Earnest, 188
Barrera, Abel, 135–36
Barry, Tom: Zapata’s Revenge, 22
Bartholow, Lydia Anne, 39–40
Barzón movement, 155
Ba Tiul, Kajkok Maximo, 173–74, 190, 191–92
Bayer, 45–46
Belize, 37, 129
Beltran Leyva, Arturo, 139, 253n1
Benito Júarez, Mexico, 155–58
Berdal, Mats, 16
Berganza, Byron, 189
berry industry, 164
Beyond the Horizon (military exercises), 188
BHP Billiton, 65, 67, 68
Binns, Jack R., 198
black Americans. See African Americans
blackberries, 164
black Colombians. See Afro-Colombians
Blackfire, 158
Black Fraternal Organization of Honduras (OFRANEH), 213
blockades (direct action), 133–34, 159, 166, 177, 214
Boggs Act, 39
Bolivia, 21, 27, 28
bombings, 11–15 passim, 21, 165
Bonilla Valladares, Juan Carlos, 205
border control, 18, 32, 40, 128–29. See also US Customs and Border Protection; US Department of Homeland Security
Border Patrol Nation (Miller), 127
borders, Mexican. See Guatemala-Mexico border; US-Mexico border
Bowden, Charles, 114
BP, 54, 62–63, 64, 65
Britain. See Great Britain
Brownfield, William, 32, 87–88, 189
Buenaventura, Colombia, 69–71
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF). See US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)
Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, 48, 125
Burgess, Luke, 75
Burgos Basin, Mexico, 152–53
Burma, 38
Bush, George H. W., 41
Bush, George W., 30, 57
businesses, multinational and transnational. See multinational and transnational corporations
businesses, small. See small business
Buxton, Julia: The Political Economy of Narcotics, 40
C
Caballeros Templarios. See Knights Templar (Mexican gang)
Cáceres, Berta, 194, 212, 214
CACM. See Central American Common Market (CACM)
caffeine, 43–44
Calderón, Felipe, 3, 25, 31, 37, 90, 106, 114, 129; Chihuahua violence and, 110–11; detention policy, 105; energy reform, 99; labor legislation, 93; security policy, 118; Sicilia view, 139–40; US relations, 30
Cali, Colombia, 60, 71
Callejas, Rafael, 199, 200
Campbell, Howard, 34–35
Canada, 71, 78, 90, 116, 185, 204, 233n72; mining industry, 101, 135, 154–58 passim, 175; oil industry, 77, 181, 183
Canada-Colombia Free Trade Agreement, 59, 74, 79–80
Canada-US-Mexico Free Trade Agreement. See North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Canadian Energy Research Institute, 78
Canahuati, Jorge, 202
Canahuati family, 203
Canizales, Leopoldo, 162
cannabis. See marijuana
Carbocol, 67
Cardenas, Lazaro, 99
Cardenas Guillen, Osiel, 144–45
Cardona, Julián, 123–24, 141
Carías Andino, Tiburcio, 196
Caribbean area, 50
Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA), 199
Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), 199
Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (CBSI), 37, 87, 234n75
Carrasco, Claudio, 137
CARSI. See Central America Regional Security Initiative (CARSI)
“cartel” (word), 17
Casals & Associates, 92
Casanare, Colombia, 53–55 passim
Castañeda, Palacio, 61
Castaño, Carlos, 55, 66
Castillo Armas, Carlos, 186, 257n2
Castrejón Rivas, Oscar, 103
Castro, Xiomara, 206, 207
Catholic Church, 203, 257n2
CBERA. See Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA)
CBI. See Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI)
CBSI. See Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (CBSI)
Central American Common Market (CACM), 196
Central America Regional Security Initiative (CARSI), 4, 6, 15, 30, 37, 87; Guatemala 187–89 passim; Honduras, 194, 217
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 57, 117, 119, 120, 169–70, 187, 188
Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo, A.C. (CIDAC), 91
Cerro Matoso, 68
CFE. See Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE) (Mexico)
Chapo. See Guzman, Joaquin “El Chapo”
Chávez, Hugo, 100, 101, 201, 213
Chavira Martínez, Francisco, 17, 83–84, 222
Chéran, Mexico, 166
Chesapeake Gold Corporation, 135
Chiapas, Mexico, 94, 147, 148–49, 158
Chihuahua (state), Mexico, 101, 103, 109–14 passim, 143, 147, 153–58; homicides, 1
22; mining, 132–34, 154–58; oil deposits, 153. See also Ciudad Juárez
Chihuahua City, 111, 143
children, 11, 13–14, 63, 159, 171, 172, 178, 222
Chile, 71, 90, 95, 103, 185, 205
China, 40, 45, 95, 98, 160, 162
Chiquita Brands, 65, 66–67
Chollett, Donna, 164
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
CIDAC. See Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo, A.C.
“Cinco de Mayo” mining project, 156–58 passim
Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, 111–14 passim, 121–27 passim, 130, 141, 146, 154, 222
Ciudad Mier, Mexico, 152
Claspell, Bill, 125
Clinton, Hillary, 30–31, 85, 194
clothing industry. See garment industry
Coahuila, Mexico, 147, 153, 160
coal, 65, 67–68, 160
coca, 28, 38, 44–48 passim, 53, 54, 57, 62, 68
cocaine, 27–29 passim, 38, 42, 50, 62, 76; Colombia, 53–57 passim, 61, 62, 67, 70, 183; crack, 42; distribution of profits, 88, 106; early history, 45, 46; Florida, 50; Guatemala, 179, 183; marijuana ranked with, 39; Mexico, 144; systems of protection, 29
coffee, 44, 171, 181
COHEP. See Honduran National Business Council (COHEP)
Collier, Paul, 88
Colom, Álvaro, 177, 179, 182, 191
Colombia, 11–15, 19–21 passim, 28, 50, 51, 189, 191, 221; army, 53, 56–66 passim, 70, 73, 75; coca, 28, 38, 47–48; Congress, 59; food crisis, 58; foreign debt, 73; guerrillas, 54, 55, 57, 147; Honduran arms in, 210; marijuana, 47; military bases, 27; mirrored in Guatemala, 173; mirrored in Mexico, 3, 140, 147, 153, 168; money laundering and, 107; oil industry, 8, 12, 48, 54–57 passim, 61–64 passim, 73–78 passim, 99; Posse Comitatus Act and, 43; rich people, 73; training of Guatemalans and Hondurans, 185, 189, 205, 215; training of Mexican police, 116, 118; US aid to, 15, 56–57, 58, 62, 76, 87, 89, 140. See also Constitution of Colombia; Plan Colombia
Colombia-US Action Plan on Regional Security Cooperation. See US-Colombia Action Plan on Regional Security Cooperation
Colombia-US free trade agreement. See US-Colombia free trade agreement
colonialism, 44, 169, 220
Colorado, training of Mexico prison guards in, 125–26
Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE) (Mexico), 22, 101, 160
community policing, 137
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act, 39
compulsory military service. See military service, mandatory
El Concord (gangster), 145
Conjunto Chihuahua. See Operation Conjunto Chihuahua
Constitution of Colombia, 60, 78
Constitution of Honduras, 200–203 passim, 206
Constitution of Mexico, 8, 22, 94, 97–100 passim, 104, 105, 134, 185
construction projects, resistance to. See resistance to construction projects
contamination of land, 153–54
Coordinadora Regional de Autoridades Comunitarias. See Regional Coordinator of Community Authorities (CRAC) (Guerrero, Mexico)
COPINH. See Council of Indigenous and Popular Organizations of Honduras (COPINH)
corn, 48–49, 183
corporations, multinational and transnational. See multinational and transnational corporations
Correa, Rafael, 115
Correa Cabrera, Guadalupe, 142–45 passim
corruption, 28–29, 100–101, 106–7, 116–24 passim, 248n106
Cortes Moreno, Guillermo, 150
Costa, Antonio Maria, 107
Costa Rica, 37, 202
cotton, 24, 155, 171
Council of Indigenous and Popular Organizations of Honduras (COPINH), 194
counterinsurgency, 85, 104, 115, 127, 147, 197
coups, 169–70, 194, 198, 201–4 passim, 213, 214; forecast, 101
Courtwright, David: Forces of Habit, 43–44
coyote system, 148
CRAC. See Regional Coordinator of Community Authorities (CRAC) (Guerrero, Mexico)
CREOMPAZ, 171, 172
“criminal bands” (label). See “Bacrim” (label)
criminal justice reform, Mexican, 102–5
crop eradication (drug interdiction), 41, 42, 47, 56–58 passim, 70, 76, 77
Cruz Hernández, Isabel, 96–97
Cuatro Balam mega-project, 179, 183
Cuba, 119, 187
Cuc Choc, Maria Magdalena, 175–76
Customs and Border Protection, US. See US Customs and Border Protection
D
dams, 136, 171, 183, 214. See also hydroelectric projects
DEA. See US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
death penalty for marijuana, 39
death squads, 60, 140, 187, 198, 205, 209, 215
death threats, 63, 156
debt, foreign. See foreign debt
decriminalization of marijuana and narcotics, 42
Defense Department, US. See US Department of Defense
Delano, Warren, II, 45
De Jesús Pop Ac, Amilcar. See Pop Ac, Amilcar de Jesús
De la Rosa, Gustavo, 114
Del Bosque, Melissa, 162
Delgado Ramos, Gian Carlo, 38, 141–42
Del Monte, 65
Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) (Mexico), 83–84, 131, 245n50
demonstrations. See protests
Denny, Charlie, 12
deportation, 127, 210
detention, “arraigo.” See arraigo
dictators and dictatorship, 41, 172, 186, 187, 196
Dirección Federal de Seguridad. See Federal Security Directorate (DFS) (Mexico)
disappeared people: Colombia, 54, 58, 63; Guatemala, 171, 172, 187; Honduras, 198, 204; Mexico, 26, 34, 36, 109–14 passim, 161
displaced people. See internally displaced people (IDPs)
Dole, 65
Dominican Republic, 172, 189, 234n75
Doyle, Kate, 40
drug addiction, myth of, 42
drug decriminalization. See decriminalization of marijuana and narcotics
Drug Enforcement Administration. See US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Drug Lord (Poppa), 119
drug prohibition. See prohibition of drugs
drug sales statistics, 88–89
drug use statistics, 41–42
“drug war” (term), 29–30, 39, 43
Drug War Mexico (Watt and Zepeda), 47
Drummond Company, 64, 65
Duarte, Javier, 150
Dudley, Steven, 124
Dulles, Allen, 257n2
Dulles, John Foster, 257n2
Dunagan, Sean, 49
Durango (state), Mexico, 101, 134–35
Durón Raudales, Ángel Francisco, 206
DynCorp, 92
E
Ecopetrol, 8, 57, 73–77 passim
Ecuador, 27, 78, 115
education reform, Mexican, 94, 95
Eisenhower, Dwight, 257n2
Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN) (Colombia), 54
ejidos, 96, 97, 133, 155–59 passim, 223
Elbit Systems Ltd., 127
election fraud, 3, 22, 25, 204, 207
electricity, 22, 101, 160, 208. See also hydroelectric projects
El Paso, Texas, 127, 128
El Salvador, 4, 88, 116, 172, 188–89, 198, 200; CARSI, 37; emigrants, 149; gang membership in, 210; Sarah England on, 211; “soccer war,” 196; US aid, 197; Zeta relations, 20
Empie, Beriah, 39–40
Encinas, Alejandro, 223
England, Sarah, 211
entrepreneurship. See small business
eradication of crops (drug interdiction). See crop eradication (drug interdiction)
Escalante, German Alfaro, 216
Escobar, Pablo, 28, 59–60, 61
Espinal, Edwin, 212
Estrada, Joel Armando, 13–14
Euraque, Dario, 201
Evensen Dodge International, 92
evictions, 17
7–82 passim
Ewing, John, 195
extortion, 50, 84; Colombia, 70; Honduras, 208–9; international, 40–41; Mexico, 17, 34, 84, 122, 129, 143–51 passim, 159, 161–67 passim
extractive industries, 8, 16; Colombia, 48, 54, 56, 59, 74, 76, 162, 220; Guatemala, 8, 174, 176, 190; Honduras, 212; Mexico, 151–61. See also oil industry; mining industry; resistance to extractive industries
extradition, 145, 189, 199
Exxon, 67
F
Facebook, 233n66
Facussé, Adolfo, 201
Facussé, Miguel, 216
Facussé family, 202, 203
“false positive” assassinations, 54, 58–59
La Familia Michoacana, 145, 147, 165, 166
FARC. See Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC)
farmers and farming: Colombia, 57, 58, 72; Guatemala, 169, 173, 177, 183; Honduras, 21, 214; Mexico, 48–49, 96, 97, 154, 155, 163–68 passim. See also banana industry; sugar and sugarcane
Fazio, Carlos, 25, 220
FDI. See foreign direct investment (FDI)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 116, 128, 144
Federal Electricity Commission (Mexico). See Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE) (Mexico)
Federal Security Directorate (DFS) (Mexico), 120
Feeley, John D., 85
Fernández Chanel, José, 191
Fernández Ligorría, José, 232n49
Ferrari, Bruno, 129
FICENSA. See Honduran Financing Bank (FICENSA)
Figueroa, Ruben, 150
Figueroa, Yolanda, 29
films, 63
financial reform, Mexican, 95–97
fishing, 213
Fong, Carlos Yeffim, 121–22
food crisis, Colombian, 58
food exports, Mexican, 106, 164
Forces of Habit (Courtwright), 43–44
Ford, Don Henry, 46
Ford, Jess T., 72
foreign debt, 73, 196, 201
foreign direct investment (FDI): Colombia, 8, 57, 59, 61, 64, 72–73, 74; Honduras, 199, 204–5; Mexico, 8, 94, 106
forensic anthropology, 171–72
forests: Colombia, 48; Guatemala, 177–79 passim; Honduras, 212, 214, 217; Mexico, 135, 166
forestry, 7, 135
Fortuna Silver, 158
Fox, Vicente, 2, 22
fracking, 153, 220
France, 116, 118, 144, 181
Freedom and Refoundation Party, Honduras. See Libertad y Refundación (LIBRE) (Honduras)
freedom of association, 211
freedom of movement, 18, 35
free trade agreements, 48; Colombia, 59, 74, 79–80. See also North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Friedman, Milton, 8
Friedman, Thomas, 98
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), 54, 55, 57, 62, 66, 70
Fukuyama, Francis, 2
fumigation of crops (drug interdiction). See crop eradication (drug interdiction)