The Resurrection of the Romanovs
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59. Gleb Botkin, affidavit of July 20, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 101–112.
60. Ibid.
61. See Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 260–267.
62. Gleb Botkin, affidavit of July 20, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 101–112.
63. Botkin, Real Romanovs, 287.
64. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 60.
65. Gleb Botkin, affidavit of July 20, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 101–112.
66. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 53–54; Rathlef-Keilmann, 183.
67. Rathlef-Keilmann, 183; Botkin, Real Romanovs, 286; Gleb Botkin, affidavit of July 20, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 101–112.
68. Botkin, Real Romanovs, 286; Gleb Botkin, affidavit of July 20, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 101–112.
69. Gleb Botkin, affidavit of July 20, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 101–112; Rathlef-Keilmann, 183.
70. Klier and Mingay, 152.
71. Private information to the authors.
13 “A Gruesome Impression”
1. See Kurth, 156.
2. See, for example, Rathlef-Keilmann, 112–114, and Kurth, 126 and 276.
3. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 147–149; Gleb Botkin, affidavit of July 20, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 101–112.
4. Prince Christopher of Greece, 219.
5. Xenia Georgievna, Mrs. Herman Jud, testimony of March 16–17, 1959, at the West German consulate in New York City, in Hamburg, VII, 1214–1230.
6. Diary of Faith Lavington, February 13, 1928, in Hamburg, XXXIV, 6402–6428.
7. Agnes Gallagher, affidavit of December 22, 1930, in Hamburg, XXIV, 4481–4493.
8. Kurth, 208–209; AA to Alexei Miliukov, April 17, 1965, in Miliukov tapes.
9. Kurth, 210.
10. AA, dictated replies to questions, May 8, 1929, p. 8, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
11. New York Herald Tribune, February 10, 1928.
12. Xenia Georgievna, Mrs. Herman Jud, testimony of March 16–17, 1959, in Hamburg, VII, 1214–1230.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Margharita Derfelden, affidavit of April 22, 1959, in Hamburg, VII, 1329–1337.
17. See Horan, 141.
18. Ibid.
19. Xenia Georgievna, Mrs. Herman Jud, testimony of March 16–17, 1959, in Hamburg, VII, 1214–1230.
20. Kurth, 217; Chavchavadze, 236.
21. Princess Nina Georgievna to Brien Horan, quoted in Horan, 144–145.
22. Xenia Georgievna, Mrs. Herman Jud, testimony of March 16–17, 1959, in Hamburg, VII, 1214–1230.
23. In Literary Digest 98 (July 7, 1928): 37.
24. Hall and Van Der Kiste, 233.
25. Prince Christopher of Greece, 223.
26. See Auclères, 184.
27. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 170.
28. Botkin, Real Romanovs, 275–276.
29. Andrei Vladimirovich to Serge Botkin, letter of December 25, 1927, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
30. See Kurth, 221–224.
31. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 239–244; Gleb Botkin, deposition of July 20, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 101–112; AA, affidavit of August 10, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 92–100.
32. Auclères, 184.
33. Kurth, 224.
34. Ibid., 227.
35. Walter Ruch, statement of May 2, 1961, in Hamburg, XV, 2698–2700.
36. Kurth, 226; private information to the authors.
37. See Clarke, 98–102, for discussion of imperial finances; Alexander Kerensky, in Sokolov, 34–35; Alexandra Feodorovna to Nicholas II, letter of August 27, 1915, in GARF, F. 601, Op. 1, D. 1149; Benckendorff, 89, 125; Vorres, 245.
38. AA, declaration of December 15, 1928, in Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 203; AA, affidavit of August 10, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 92–100; Gleb Botkin, deposition of July 20, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 101–112.
39. See, for example, Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 201 passim; and Lovell, 193 passim.
40. Vorres, 179.
41. See Berkman, 149.
42. See Kurth, 233–235.
43. Victoria, marchioness of Milford Haven, to Princess Xenia Georgievna, letter of July 23, 1930, in Hamburg, XXXII, 3276.
44. Gilliard and Savitch, 10; Kurth, 229.
45. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 238.
46. Gleb Botkin to Xenia Alexandrovna, letter of October 18, 1928, in Hamburg, VII, 1211–1213.
47. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 284–285.
48. Botkin, Anastasia, 201–203.
49. Kurth, 231–232.
50. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 7.
51. Botkin, Real Romanovs, 255, 265; Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 44, 223–226.
52. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 286.
53. Kurth, 232.
54. Ibid., 245–246.
55. Ibid., 250–251.
56. Ibid., 251.
57. Krug von Nidda, 250; Kurth, 252.
14 A Tale of Two Books
1. In Koenigsberg, Allgemeine Zeitung, 110, March 7, 1927.
2. See Pierre Gilliard in Journal de Geneve, June 15, 1927; in L’Illustration, June 25, 1927; and in Illustrated London News, July 16, 1927; Rathlef-Keilmann in Tägliche Rundschau, October 1927, articles in Hamburg, XVII, 3165–3188.
3. Rathlef-Keilmann, 14.
4. Ibid., 258.
5. Gilliard and Savitch, xi, 70.
6. Ibid., 210.
7. Ibid., xii.
8. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 91.
9. Kurth, 128; Auclères, 153.
10. Rathlef-Keilmann, 28.
11. Gilliard and Savitch, 123.
12. Rathlef-Keilmann to Gilliard, letter of January 1, 1926, in Gilliard and Savitch, 123; Rathlef-Keilmann notes, June 30, 1925, in Hamburg, Bln III, loose.
13. Rathlef-Keilmann to Gilliard, letter of January 25, 1926, in Gilliard and Savitch, 116, reproduced on p. 117; Rathlef-Keilmann notes, December 8, 1925, in Hamburg, Bln III, loose.
14. See the diary of Nicholas II, June 5/18, 1915; Timms, p. 122, item 164.
15. Rathlef-Keilmann, 109.
16. Vassili Koliubakin to Peter Kondzerovski, letter of August 21, 1928, in Gilliard and Savitch, 118–119.
17. Rathlef-Keilmann, 85–86.
18. In “Application to the Amstgericht Court, Berlin, in the Matter of the Estate of Anastasia Nikolaievna Romanov, Case No. 461.VE.733/738,” pleading submitted by Paul Leverkuehn and Kurt Vermehren on behalf of AA, October 31, 1938, and lodged in Hamburg under Bln, 42.
19. Auclères, 154–156.
20. Diary of Vera von Klemenz, August 16, 1927, in Rathlef-Keilmann, 168.
21. Gilliard and Savitch, 120.
22. Auclères, 15.
23. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 108–109.
24. Kurth, 76.
25. Rathlef-Keilmann, 193.
26. Rathlef-Keilmann notes, June 23, 1925, in Hamburg, Bln III, loose.
27. Zahle to Gilliard, letter of November 4, 1925, in Gilliard and Savitch, 125.
28. Gilliard and Savitch, 126.
29. Rathlef-Keilmann notes, June 21, 1925, in Hamburg, Bln III, loose.
30. Rathlef-Keilmann, 76.
31. Rathlef-Keilmann notes, June 20, 1925, and June 21, 1925, in Hamburg, Bln III, loose.
32. Rathlef-Keilmann notes, June 30, 1925, in Hamburg, Bln III, loose.
33. Affidavit of Agnes Gallagher, December 22, 1930, in Hamburg, XXIV, 4481–4493.
34. Kurth, 242.
35. AA, dictated answers to questions, May 8, 1929, 2–8, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
36. Hans Willige, “Opinion Concerning Frau Anna Tchaikovsky,” November 5, 1938, in Hamburg, XII, 1985–1994.
37. Information from Robert K. Massie to the authors; Kurth, 275.
38. Information from Robert K. Massie to the authors.
39. AA to Alexei Miliukov, August 18, 1965, in Miliukov tapes.
40. Kurth, 285; Horan, 153.
41. Kurth, 267; Paganuzzi, 16.
42. Kurth, 265.
43. Horan, 155; information from Ian Lilburn to the authors.
44. Cited in Horan, 154–155.
45. King, “Romanovs in Film,” 42; Kurth, 241.
46. King, “Romanovs in Film,” 43.
47. Maurette, 120.
48. Kurth, 425, Note 29; King, “Romanovs in Film,” 44.
49. Cited in Phenix, 216.
50. Lovell, 246.
51. AA to Alexei Miliukov, August 14, 1965, in Miliukov tapes.
52. AA, letter to unknown recipient, November 22, 1954, in authors’ collection.
15 Émigrés at War
1. Quoted in Horan, 51.
2. See diary of Faith Lavington, entry of February 7, 1928, in Hamburg, XXXIV/6402–6428.
3. Andrei Vladimirovich to Serge Botkin, letter of February 16, 1928, quoted in Auclères, 178.
4. Andrei Vladimirovich to Olga Alexandrovna, letter of February 4, 1928, in Hamburg, XVII, 3119.
5. Botkin, Anastasia, 82.
6. Andrei Vladimirovich to Paul von Kuegelgen, letter of August 1, 1928, quoted in Rathlef-Keilmann, 11–12.
7. Graf, 152.
8. Andrei Vladimirovich to Olga Alexandrovna, letter of February 10, 1955, in Hamburg, XIV, 2549. In 1974, on the death of his son Prince Vladimir Romanov, the dossier compiled by Andrei Vladimirovich on the claimant was taken by Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich, only son of Andrei’s brother Kirill Vladimirovich. It remains the private property of Vladimir’s daughter Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna and unavailable to historians. See Horan, 53.
9. Prince Vladimir Andreievich, in L’Aurore, Paris, February 23, 1960.
10. Horan, 52–53.
11. Princess Kira Kirillovna, testimony of September 20, 1965, in Hamburg, XXVI, 5003.
12. Ibid.
13. Crown Princess Cecilie of Prussia, affidavit of October 2, 1953, in Hamburg, XXIII, 4411–4412.
14. Princess Kira Kirillovna, testimony of September 20, 1965, in Hamburg, XXVI, 5003.
15. See Le Figaro, June 30, 1959, cited in Kurth, 59; Kurth, 257.
16. Ivan Arapov, affidavit of October 1, 1938, cited in Kurth, 275.
17. Paganuzzi, 16.
18. Private information to the authors.
19. Prince Sigismund of Prussia, affidavit of July 5, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 133; Prince Friedrich of Saxe-Altenburg, affidavit of August 1, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 132.
20. See Kurth, 272–273.
21. Prince Sigismund of Prussia, affidavit of July 5, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 133.
22. From the collection of Brien Horan. Horan, a lawyer and a historian of the Anderson case, explained to the present authors: “In 1974 my friend Prince Friedrich of Saxe-Altenburg allowed me to copy the list of Prince Sigismund’s questions. The last time I saw him, in summer 1984, a few months before his death, we discussed the questions again, because he and his sister, the widow of Prince Sigismund, had then come to stay with me in Paris. Although in 1984 he was still of the view that releasing the questions would be unhelpful to Anna Anderson’s case, the fact that he allowed me to have a copy of them ‘for history’ is, in my opinion, an implicit recognition that he envisaged the possibility that future circumstances might make their publication appropriate. I think the time now has certainly come to make them available ‘for history,’ and I have now decided to do so.” Brien Horan to the authors.
23. Anna Vyrubova’s memoirs were published as Glanz und Untergang der Romanows in Berlin in 1927 by Amalthea Verlag. See also the diary of Faith Lavington, entry of September 19, 1927, in Hamburg, XXXIV, 6402–6428; Agnes Wasserschleben, affidavit of July 28, 1929, in Hamburg, VI, 1017–1024. In Vyrubova could also be found the answers to questions 1, 2, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, and 17, while Spiridovich also dealt with questions 1, 2, 6, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18. See Vyrubova, 90–95; Spiridovich, vol. 2, chap. 12, translation provided to the authors by Rob Moshein.
24. Prince Sigismund of Prussia, affidavit of July 5, 1938, Hamburg, Bln I, 133; see also Hamburg, Summary of Evidence in Frau Anna Anderson in Unterlengenhardt v. Barbara, Herzogin Christian Ludwig zu Mecklenburg, Ludwig, Prinz von Hesse und bei Rhein, May 18, 1967, 101–102.
25. Prince Friedrich of Saxe-Altenburg, affidavit of August 1, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 132.
26. Hamburg, Summary of Evidence in Frau Anna Anderson in Unterlengenhardt v. Barbara, Herzogin Christian Ludwig zu Mecklenburg, Ludwig, Prinz von Hesse und bei Rhein, May 18, 1967, 101.
27. Lord Mountbatten to Prince Ludwig of Hesse, letter of November 12, 1957, in Staatsarchiv, Darmstadt.
28. Summers and Mangold, 192.
29. Thornton, 39.
30. Prince Friedrich of Saxe-Altenburg, affidavit of August 1, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 132.
31. Charles Sidney Gibbes to Alexandra Gilliard, letter of September 17, 1926, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
32 Charles Sidney Gibbes to Alexander Mikhailovich, letter of December 1, 1928, in Hamburg, XXIII, 4403–4404.
33. Charles Sidney Gibbes, affidavit of April 17, 1958, in Hamburg, III, 495–497.
34. Ibid.
35. Rathlef-Keilmann, 70.
36. Welch, 220; AA to Alexei Miliukov, August 14, 1965, in Miliukov tapes.
37. Trewin, 134.
38. Hamburg, Summary of Evidence in Frau Anna Anderson in Unterlengenhardt v. Barbara, Herzogin Christian Ludwig zu Mecklenburg, Ludwig, Prinz von Hesse und bei Rhein, May 18, 1967, 102, 122.
39. Lili Dehn, affidavit of November 5, 1957, in Hamburg, I, 28–35.
40. Hamburg, Summary of Evidence in Frau Anna Anderson in Unterlengenhardt v. Barbara, Herzogin Christian Ludwig zu Mecklenburg, Ludwig, Prinz von Hesse und bei Rhein, May 18, 1967, 125.
41. Ibid., 125–126; Lili Dehn, affidavit of November 5, 1957, in Hamburg, I, 28–35.
42. Cited in Kurth, 288.
43. Dehn, 152 passim.
44. Lili Dehn, affidavit of November 5, 1957, in Hamburg, I, 28–35; see Dehn, 77–78, and Vyrubova, 62–63, on Tiutcheva, and Rathlef-Keilmann, 167–168, on AA’s previous discussion of this fact.
45. Lili Dehn, affidavit of November 5, 1957, in Hamburg, I, 28–35.
46. Ibid.
47. Hamburg, Summary of Evidence in Frau Anna Anderson in Unterlengenhardt v. Barbara, Herzogin Christian Ludwig zu Mecklenburg, Ludwig, Prinz von Hesse und bei Rhein, May 18, 1967, 122.
48. Michael Fulda, grandson of Lili Dehn, to Greg King.
49. Lord Mountbatten to Prince Ludwig of Hesse, letter of November 12, 1957, in Staatsarchiv, Darmstadt.
50. Tatiana Botkin to Brien Horan, quoted in Horan, appendix, n.p.
51. Information culled from several letters among Lord Mountbatten; Prince Ludwig of Hesse; and Ludwig’s wife, Princess Margaret of Hesse, in Staatsarchiv, Darmstadt.
16 The Trials
1. Copy of Certificate of Inheritance, September 8, 1933, issued by the Central District Court (Amtsgericht) in Berlin, in Hamburg, I, 1–10.
2. Johann Meyer, testimony of December 13, 1956, in Hamburg, XIV, 2349–2354.
3. Decision of the High Court (Landesgericht), Berlin, February 2, 1957; Time, February 11, 1957; see also Summers and Mangold, 228–230; Kurth, 294.
4. Kurth, 295.
5. Private information to the authors.
6. Lord Mountbatten to Prince Ludwig of Hesse, letter of November 12, 1957, in Staatsarchiv, Darmstadt.
7. Summers and Mangold, 213.
8. Ian Lilburn to Gleb Botkin, letter of May 1, 1965, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
9. Thornton, 38.
10. Godl.
11. Verdict of the Hanseatic High Court (Landesgericht), Hamburg, issued May 16, 1961, and appended to Hamburg, XXIV loose.
12. Kurth, 319–320, 323.
13. Cited in Horan, 5.
14. Summers and Mangold, 256.
15. Gertrude Lamedin, quoted in “Eine Rettung, die Mutterchen Russlands gelang?” by Gerhard Mauz, in Der Spiegel, March 6, 1967.
16. Ian Lilburn to Gleb Botkin, letter of May 1, 1965, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
17. Kurth, 322.
18. Information from Ian Lilburn to the authors.
19. Receipt for nine exercise books, Hanseatic Court of Appeals (Oberlandesgericht), received into evidence April 22, 1964, in Hamburg, XX, 3834; Kurth, 340; Information from Ian Lilburn to the authors.
20. See Auclères, 240; Ian Lilburn to Alexander Nikitich, letter of October 10, 1965, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
21. Opinion of Georg Dulckheit, in Hamburg, XIII, 2068–2069.
22. See Item 7, “Book for Instruction in the Russian Language, Anastasia Nikolaievna, 1913,” with corrections by tutor Peter Petrov, entered into evidence April 22, 1964, in Hamburg XX, 3834.
23. Agnes Gallagher, affidavit of December 22, 1930, in Hamburg, XXIV, 4481–4493.
24. Auclères, 249.
25. Vorres, 174.
26. Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden, statement of March 12, 1922, in Gilliard and Savitch, 34–36.
27. Buxhoeveden, Life and Tragedy, 156.
28. Telberg and Wilton, 57; Gibbes, statement of July 1, 1919, in Sokolov archive, vol. 5, doc, 31.
29. Charles Sidney Gibbes, statement of April 17, 1958, in Hamburg, III, 495–497.
30. Gilliard, Thirteen Years, 70.
31. Gilliard and Savitch, 18, 70–71.
32. Gilliard, in The Illustrated London News, July 16, 1927, 102–103; Castelot, 416.
33. Item 8, exercise book “A. Romanova, February 16, 1916, Tsarskoye Selo,” receipt dated April 22, 1964, in Hamburg, XX, 3834.
34. Timetables for lessons, 1917–1918, from Pierre Gilliard papers, in Hamburg, XXI, 3966.
35. Gleb Botkin to AA, letter of November 10, 1963, in authors’ collection.
36. Gleb Botkin to AA, letter of September 3, 1964, in authors’ collection.
37. Rathlef-Keilmann, 41.
38. Ibid.
39. Rathlef-Keilmann, 103; report of Dr. Serge Rudnev, March 1926, in Hamburg, XIV, 2485–2488; Dr. Serge Rudnev, affidavit of July 18, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 134–138.
40. Cohen, in New York Times, March 28, 1926; Rathlef-Keilmann, 103.
41. Rathlef-Keilmann, 104.
42. AA to Rathlef-Keilmann, June 29, 1925, in Rathlef-Keilmann notes in Hamburg, Bln III, loose.
43. Rathlef-Keilmann, 78; Cohen, in New York Times, March 28, 1926.
44. See, for example, Rathlef-Keilmann, 210; Karl Wagner, statement of October 3, 1957, in Hamburg, XXXIV, 6382.
45. Olga Alexandrovna to Princess Irene of Hesse, Princess Heinrich of Prussia, letter of December 22, 1925, in Hamburg, Bln III, 181–182.