The power broker : Robert Moses and the fall of New York

by Caro, Robert A

  N.Y.S. Emergency Public Works Commission, 345

  N.Y.S. Factory Investigation Commission, 123-6

  N.Y.S. Highway Department, 128, 140; and public works on L.I., 213, 221, 233

  N.Y.S. Housing Division, 805

  N.Y.S. Land Board, 193, 195,197,200,211

  N.Y.S. Legislature, 96, 98, 105, 119, 120, 132, 140, 261, 300, 304, 528-9, 655, 1119, 1120, 1123-9, 1132; Assembly, 88, 118-27; and Battery Crossing fight, 659, 660, 668; RM and, 465-6, 623, 635-6, 685, 703, 707, 719-20, 743, 759, 761, 773, 777, 923, 1023, 1056, 1062-3; RM's contempt for, 242-3, 256, 259, 262; and patronage, 256, 305, 465-6; and public authorities, 617, 624-5, 628, 716, 751 n.; and public works, 156, 163-68, 171, 174-7, 186, 188, 189, 191, 193,

  N.Y.S. Legislature (cont.)

  194-202, 205, 210-11, 220, 225, 226, 246-7, 249, 277, 278, 289, 301, 310-11, 312, 313, 319, 340, 345, 360-1, 376, 413, 538, 844, 848, 1084; and reorganization of state government, 96-7, 103, 108-11, 137, 141, 260; Senate, 136-7, 139, 262-3; see also Democratic Party; Republican Party

  N.Y.S. Power Authority, 403, 580, 710; bonds of, 732; RM as chairman, 595, 1023, 1051, 1060, 1061-2, 1074-8, 1091, 1133

  N.Y.S. Public Service Commission, 316-17, 403-4

  N.Y.S. Public Works Department, 15, 212, 581, 708-10, 883; funds of, 312, 714-15, 747; RM's control of, 708-11, 714, 769, 775, 844; RM's veto power from, 15, 710, 924; and public works on L.I., 212

  N.Y.S. Retirement Board, 729, 1073

  N.Y.S. Secretary of State, 297-8;

  RM as, 262-5, 296, 297-8, 581, 584; RM as Smith's surrogate, 281

  N.Y.S. Temporary Emergency Relief Administration, 344, 346, 404

  New York State Thruway, 817

  New York Sun, 378, 409, 516, 556

  New York Times, The, 92, 214, 309, 379 n., 398, 435, 437, 448, 457-8, 500, 512, 517-18, 603, 654, 662, 694, 705, 716, 770, 777, 783, 787, 811, 845, 869, 877, 909, 991, 992, 994, 1014, 1021, 1035-6, 1047, 1065, 1078, 1079, 1097, 1099, 1116, 1128, 1138, 1157; and La Guardia, 354, 433, 614; RM criticized, 421, 1095-6, 1100, 1109; RM supported and praised, 238, 297, 305, 378, 407, 458, 460-2, 504, 512, 520, 555-6, 563, 681, 764-5, 902, 966, 982, 987, 992, 1009, 1015, 1049, 1053; public works, 190-1, 197-9, 201, 204, 372, 516; Title I, 977, 978, 982, 1009-10, 1039, 1048-9, 1051, 1053-4, 1058; transportation, 895, 903, 912, 914, 9I5-I6, 917, 932-3, 954

  New York World, 122, 238, 297, 351

  New York World-Telegram, 358, 407, 432, 457, 473, 869; RM criticized, 408-9; RM supported, 378, 379, 509

  New York World-Telegram and Sun, 991, 992, 1096; RM criticized, 994, 998, 999, 1032; RM supported and praised, 1005; Title I, 983, 1005-13, 1018-19, 1021-2, 1024-5, 1040-51 passim, 1054

  New York World's Fair (1939-40), in, 654, 1062, 1084, 1092, 1093

  New York World's Fair (1964-65), 728, 1086-94; admission fee, 1102, 1108, mi, 1112; amusements, 1100, 1106-7; attendance, 1102-3, 1104, mi, n 12;

  XXI

  banks and, 1090, 1104-6, 1107, , 1112-13; con es, IO89

  1093, 1098, 1110; cost of, 10 financial problems of, 1102-13; foreign exhibition-,, 1092, 1093-4 and n., 1098; funds for, 1087, 1090 1 1113-14; honest graft and, 1087-9, 1090, 1098, 1108; industrial exhibitions, 927, 1094, 1098; insurance premiums, 1087-8; lavish spending on, 1088-9, 1108; layout, 1092-3; legal fees, 1090; maintenance, 1087, 1088-9, 1101, 1104, 1108; RM as president, 1059-63, 1078, 1082, 1086-14; RM's falsifying facts for, 1097, 1104; Pinkerton guards, 1089, 1104, 1108, 1111; power derived from, 1061, 1087-8, 1090; public relations, 1089, 1094-5, 1097-8, 1104; records of, 1097, 1108; rents, 1092, 1101; Science Museum, 1100, 1113; tax audit of, 1109; unions and, 736-7, 1088-9, 1090, 1101, 1104, 1108 New York Zoological Society, 678-82,

  686 Niagara Falls Power Company, 247-8,

  249, 250-2 Niagara Frontier Bridge Authority, 345 Niagara-Hudson Holding Company, 403 Niagara River, 403 Niagara State Park, 8, 9, 13, 195, 246-56, 710, 825, 828, 1023, 1065, 1080; dam, 1041, 1058, 1078; Falls in, 240, 247 Nichols, Mary Perot, 1022, 1104 Nixon, Richard, 735, 826, 1041, 1160 nonwhites, see Harlem; Jones Beach State Park; Moses, Robert; Negroes; Puerto Ricans; relocation and

  EVICTION PRACTICES

  Northern Boulevard (Route 25-A), 147, 153-4, 156, 339, 388, 896, 956

  Northern State Parkway, 8, 184-5, 277-80, 281-2, 302-3 and n., 311, 314, 339, 341, 343, 485, 666-7, 896, 941, 943, 950, 953; alternate route for, 300-3, 317, 405; compromise delaying construction of, 210-n, 212, 237; cost of, 301; Kahn deal over, 277-8, 279, 299-303, 405; LI- barons and, 205, 211, 277-8, 279, 299-303, 318, 405; RM's acquisition of land for, 185, 195, 205, 277, 279, 299; tenant eviction for, 279-80; traffic congestion on, 515, 956

  North Shore Almanack, 406

  Novick, Morris S., 612

  Nugent, Helen, 1046

  Oak Beach, 311, 875, 1146, 1150, H54, 1160

  xxii

  Oakes, John, 992, 1095 O'Brien, Ed, 1089, 1090, 1126 O'Brien, John P., 325, 327, 345, 346,

  347, 357, 359

  O'Casey, Sean, 1030

  Ocean Parkway, 222, 233, 234, 311-12, 313, 896

  Ochs, Adolph S., 198-9, 239, 458, 461, 654

  O'Connell, Dan and Ed, 414

  O'Connor, Basil, 307, 417

  O'Dwyer, Paul, 757, 765, 776

  O'Dwyer, William, 682, 709, 755-6 and n., 794, 813, 1089; campaigns for mayor, 699-700, 723, 756, 771, 775, 778-9, 786; corruption and, 786-7; as district attorney, 755-6; as mayor, 3, 9, 463, 706, 724, 734, 756-8, 761-71, 775-8, 779-87, 793, 795, 796, 848, 903, 921, 1045; RM and, 704-5, 706-7, 757, 76i-5, 771-9, 782, 783, 785, 801, 803, 806, 1015; and RM, confrontations with, 765-71; and public works, 685, 757, 768-71; resignation of, 787; Tammany and, 699, 700-1, 740, 768, 770, 787; and UN, 771-5

  Ogden, William, 987

  O'Keefe, Paul, 803, 1059

  Olmsted, Frederick Law, 333-4, 335, 374,921,984

  Olvany, George W., 293, 321

  O'Malley, Walter, 1018

  Openhym, Wilfred, 589, 591, 592, 601

  Opotowsky, Stan, 1098

  Orchard Beach, 363, 365-7, 487, 508, 573; Tammany's restrictive regulations, 331, 335, 363, 366

  Orient Beach State Park, 8, 170, 238

  Oriskany Battlefield, 239

  Orton, Lawrence M., 659, 688, 781, 808-9; and Master Plan, 765, 766, 780-1, 783, 785, 792-3, 828;and urban renewal, 962-3, 965 n., 966-9, 976-7, 978, 983, 1006

  O'Ryan, Gen. John F., 356, 416

  Osborn, William Church, in

  Ottinger, Albert, 192, 193, 196, 198, 292, 293

  Outerbridge Crossing Bridge, 342, 924, 926

  Owl's Head Park, 344, 373, 675

  Oxford University, 48-55, 64, 570

  Oyster Bay Township, 147 and n., 153, 204, 233, 237, 311

  Palisades Interstate Park, 144-5, 34 2 Palisades Interstate Parkway, 773, 1070 Palma, Joseph A., 681-2 Palmer, Arthur, 1121-3, 1130, 1134 Panuch, J. Anthony, 1062-3, 1091-2

  Papp, Joseph, 1026-39, 1041, 1049;

  RM and, 1026, 1028, 1031, 1037;

  politics of, 1026, 1029-32, 1035,

  1037-8-Park Association of N.Y.C., 198, 199,

  210, 305-6, 332, 333 "-, 340-4, 397,

  433, 458-61, 493-4, 540, 548,

  567, 568 Park Commissioner, see N.Y.C. Park

  Commissioner parking garages and fields: funds for,

  900; RM's authority funds for,

  771, 928; N.Y.C, 459, 508, 769, 830,

  896, 900, 917, 918, 919, 1014

  parks:

  general information: acquisition of land for, 182-220 passim, 234-7, 239, 289, 374-8, 1072, 1073, 1152; attendance,

  238, 314, 385; cost of, 164, 221, 226, 237, 239; fees in, 318; funds for, 164-5, 166, 168, 181, 186, 192, 195, 211-12, 221, 225, 244, 247, 248, 265, 289-90, 313, 1072, 1073; maintenance, 164-6, 312, 319, 482; new leisure time increases interest in, 143-4, 166; patronage in, 256, 305, 331-2, 334, 335-6, 465-6; press support of,

  168, 197-9, 213, 218, 240; public support of, 168, 193, 196, 201, 218, 257, 296-7, 310, 312-13, 424; public transportation banned
in, 492-3; recreational needs of city residents and, 10, 143-5, 147-8, 151, 153-6, 159, 161, 194-5, 238, 275, 288, 328, 341, 342-3, 378, 388, 481, 482, 834, 896, 1151; as source of power, 165, 255-6, 296, 360-2; state, 10, 156, 163-8, 239-40, 290, 297, 313, 3i8, 465, 478, 489, 619, 1072, 1073; see also New York City, public works in; N.Y.S. Council of Parks; public works; and individual parks

  background and development, 10, 163-9, 172-7, 200, 220, 243-5

  conservation approach, 159, 166, 239-40, 243, 246, 256, 317, 459, 481-2, 494-5, 545, 989

  philosophy and concept: RM's, 159, 166-7, 171, 206, 237-40, 245-6, 287-8, 545, 546, 834-5, 952; parkways, 8, 11, 161-2, 163, 166-7, 171, 175, 239-40, 275, 287, 343, 483, 515, 1022; patriots and philanthropists, 163-8, 199-200,

  239, 243-56, 317, 1152; reformers, 143, 145, 156-7, 159, 200, 331, 336-8, 340-4, 397, 399-400, 490-3, 540-9, 552, 560

  recreation: active, see individual parks; philosophy, 7, 67, 159, 163, 167, 169, 220, 223, 237-8, 240, 243, 246, 385, 459, 481-2, 494-5, 545, 989

  parkways, see parks: philosophy and concept; roads and highways

  Parkway Village, 774

  Parsons, Brinkerhoff Engineering firm, 1090

  Pater, Walter, 39, 40-1

  patronage: RM and, 18, 53, 243, 305, 349, 427, 465, 695, 714, 740, ion; in N.Y.C., 71, 74, 83, 122, 125, 128, 325, 326-7, 328, 331-2, 335-6, 360, 695, 700, 701, 711, 714, 740, 770; in N.Y.S., 98, 105, 242-3, 256, 262, 305, 465; and parks, 256, 305, 331-2, 334, 335-6, 465-6; in U.S., 53

  Patterson, A. Holly, 1152

  Patterson, Alicia, 1095

  Pauchogue Corporation, 186, 189, 191,

  193, 197, 215

  Peck, Louis, 881

  Pecora, Ferdinand, 788

  Pedrick, Rose, 250, 267

  Pegler, Westbrook, 569, 778

  Pelham Bay Park, 363, 476

  penal system, N.Y.S., 139-40, 142, 261, 265, 274

  Penn Central Railroad, 934, 1133, 1135

  people: and building of public works, 478-83, 523-4, 869-70, 876, 892, 969, 1153; and civil service, 76, 78-81; human vs. property rights, 403, 542, 803, 870; RM's contempt for, 11, 19, 49, 51, 52-5, 76, 242, 258, 275, 278-80, 318, 410, 419-21, 423-5, 484, 567, 573, 577, 578-9, 598, 753, 758-9, 817, 876, 996, 1020-1, 1023, 1038, 1127, 1153; poor, RM's prejudice against, 242, 318-19, 489-90, 512, 513-14, 533, 557-6o, 578, 579, 610, 687, 736, 758-60, 767, 777, 834, 909, 968, 1086 n., 1101; and public works, 18, 464-5, 657, 664, 677, 707, 744, 752-4, 785-6, 833-4, 847-9, 927; see also public, the

  Perkins, Frances, 66-7, 103-4, 167, 221, 222, 285, 291, 292-3, 295-6, 318, 364, 380, 525, 532, 673, 1150; as N.Y.S. Industrial Commissioner, 276; as reformer, 91, 128, 132; as Secretary of Labor, 735

  Pershing, Gen. John, 652

  Peter Cooper Village, 7, 774, 805, 968

  Philadelphia, 571, 772

  Phillips, Wayne, 1039, 1049, 1053, 1054

  Phipps, Henry, 149, 163, 184-5, 299

  Phipps, Henry Carnegie, 184-5

  Pittsburgh, 572

  Planning Commission, see N.Y.C. Planning Commission

  playgrounds: lack of, for poor, 20, 143, 335, 337, 509-12, 559, 852; in N.Y.C, 7, 20, 157, 332, 335, 372, 374, 377-8, 451-2, 455-6, 460, 480, 487, 488, 508-9, 566, 570, 571, 783,

  793-4, 830, 846, 889, 984, 986, 989, 1002, 1129; supervisors, 337, , 5ii Plunkitt, George Washington, 703, 7]

  727, 885 PM, 60c, 767, 902 Poirier and McLane Company, 738 Pokrass, Louis I., 1044 5, 1047 Poletti, Charles, 1090, 1092, 1093, 1094,

  1125, 1127 Pope, Bayard F., 922 Port of London Authority, 615 Port of New York Authority, 329 n., 345, 615-16, 803, 912, 918, 921, 1093; airports, 759, 760, 766-7, 921, 930, 955; board, 922-3, 924; bonds, 617, 732; condemnations, 691-2, 695; cooperation with Triborough Authority, 921-6; funds for public works, 923, 925-6, 1055, 1129; Joint Program, 924-6, 927 and n. t 930, 932, 933, 934, 939, 940; land use, 750; mass transit aid proposed, 924; multipurpose, 616-17, 922, 924; revenues of, 737, 922-3, 926, 928-30, 1133; see also individual projects Post, Langdon W., 430, 434, 438-9, 440,

  449 Post, Wiley, 652 Potter, Gen. William, 1111 power: and bill-drafting of RM, 140, 141, 174-6, 213, 246, 307, 308, 360, 361, 399-400, 529, 624-30, 704-5, 710; brokers, 754, 1020-1, 1023, 1118, 1125-9, 1130; economic, 17-19, 220, 610, 618, 621, 623, 631, 695, 722, 749, 751, 753-4, 768, 771-5, 783, 794, 920, 1056, 1061, 1078 Praeger, Capt. Emil F., 536, 538, 539,

  887, 1092 Pratt, Charles, 149, 151, 403 Pratt, Ruth Baker, 403, 605, 1013 Pratt Institute Housing, 1008-9, 1040 Prendergast, William A., 63, 80-2, 1087 press, 16, 140, 271, 361, 372, 422, 530, 761, 767, 774, 777, 966, 988-9, 1076-8, 1096, 1112; attacked by RM, 409, 412, 425, 1052-5, 1096-1102, 1106, 1109, 1 in; failure to investigate RM, 512, 5M, 517, 5*9, 520, 525, 549, 556-7, 569, 690, 705, 797, 869, 876-7, 962, 966, 978-9, 982-3, 989, 998, 1020; information sources of, 1007-9, 1016-17, 1020, 1 045-50 passim; Jones Beach praised, 308-9; Master Plan, 782-3; MTA, 1136, 1137; RM criticized, 134, 408, 414, 416, 419, 425, 670, 681, 996, 999-1004, 1023, 1034, 1039, 1052-5, 1064, 1095, 1099, 1106, 1107-9, nil, 1114, 1131; RM supported and praised, 16-17, 198, 218, 238-9, 258, 263-4, 297, 309, 312, 378-9, 385,

  XXIV

  press (cont.)

  399, 406-7, 432, 439, 440, 452, 462, 504, 506, 507, 509, 512, 515, 555-7, 568-71, 573, 575, 612, 681, 716-17, 902, 919, 979, 982-3, 987, 989, 996, 1014-16, 1023, 1039, 1042, 1055, 1063; RM's use of, 184, 190, 218, 424, 425, 431-2, 435-40, 457-8, 469-70, 473, 474, 475, 476, 499, 708, 726, 728, 782, 801, 845, 925, 977; national, 569-71; pictures in, 994-5; and politics, 73-4, 138, 358, 404, 701; and public works, 168, 189-91, 197-9, 213, 218, 240, 489, 748, 768-9, 770, 795; and reformers, 492, 493, 646, 672; role in Battle of Central Park, 990-1004; FDR and, 283, 314, 318, 574; Shakespeare Festival fight, 1031, 1034-9; Title I, 977, 978-9, 980, 981-3, 1006-13, 1016-25, 1039-59; transportation, 895, 902, 912, 915-16, 917; see also individual newspapers

  Preusse, Charles J., 721, 727, 1090, 1098, 1099, 1120

  Price, Joseph M., 200, 348, 350, 352, 356, 435, 436-7, 438, 567

  Procaccino, Mario, 1156, 1160

  Progressivism, 59-60, 78, 84, 87, 104, 106, 127

  Proskauer, Joseph, 91, 128, 129, 137, 259, 285-6, 294, 295, 322, 408, 413, 417, 603, 782

  Prospect Expressway, 6, 918, 921, 925

  Prospect Park, 481, 741; renovation of, 371, 499; Zoo, 373

  public, the, 404, 1079-80; and mass transit, 917-18; RM criticized, 424, 426, 429, 431, 440, 778, 782, 902-3, 987, 995, 999, 1033-4, 1039, 1162; RM supported and praised, 16-17, J 88, 193, 296-7, 310, 312-13, 319, 349, 359, 379, 385, 406, 426, 427, 432-5 passim, 440-1, 451-2, 457, 462, 464, 468, 517, 566-8, 571-3, 575, 581, 611, 631, 636, 657, 674, 681, 748, 767, 778, 1003; and public authorities, 633; and public works, 168, 193, 196, 201, 218, 257, 296-7, 310, 312-13, 316, 424, 489, 509, 622, 679-80, 748, 768-9, 770, 795, 902; and reformers, 646, 657, 662-3, 666; resignation about traffic congestion, 912-13, 914, 917; see also people

  public authorities:

  general information, 15-19, 360, 362, 614-36 passim; banks and, 535-6, 619, 639-40, 730-5, 760-1; civil service and, 472, 621; condemnations and, 623, 629; RM's identification with, 632-3, 716; N.Y. metropolitan area and, 632; politics and, 18, 716,

  719, 727; power and, 614, 618, 623-31 passim, 677, 682, 751, 920, 925, 1005-6, 1055, 1071, 1118-19; public relations and, 633; revenues of, 617-18, 620, 621-3 passim, 628, 634, 695; secrecy in, 695, 705; wealth of, 17, 18, 727; see also Bethpage State Park Authority; Henry Hudson Parkway Authority; housing; Jones Beach State Park Authority; Marine Parkway Authority; Nassau County Bridge Authority; New York City, public works in; N.Y.C. Housing Authority; N.Y.C. Transit Authority; N.Y.C. Tunnel Authority; N.Y.S. Bridge Authority; N.Y.S. Power Authority; Niagara Frontier Bridge Authority; Port of London Authority; Port of New York Authority; public works;

  ROADS AND HIGHWAYS; TRANSPORTATION;

  Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority

  history and development, 615-36;

  confidentiality of records, 16-18, 632, 1005-6, 1041; created in
England, 615; economic potential, 618-19, 621-3, 625-6, 628; established for one public improvement, 616; as fourth branch of government, 624; indefinite existence, 624, 626; independence, 624, 628, 632, 716, 746-51; RM's bill-drafting for, 618, 624-30, 635; multipurpose, 616; powers, 623-30, 632, 635-6, 750; as self-liquidating organization, 616, 617-18, 625-6

  revenue bonds, 16, 535, 758;

  capitalization, 618-19, 625-6, 629, 631, 695; as contracts, 624, 629-30, 731, 750; open bidding on, 733-4; tax-exempt status, 17, 731, 732, 934

  public works: appropriation of property for, 174, 177, 193; civil service and, 620-1; condemnations for, 156, 174, 193, 207; cost, 9, 733; cost, underestimating, 219, 220, 314, 345, 476-7, 549, 885; democracy and, 11, 18-19, 20, 316, 664, 753-4, 847-9, 9°9, 1153; Depression and,

  344, 345-6, 372, 386, 616; driving-stakes technique, 218-19, 220, 225, 281, 313, 392, 475, 495, 535, 548-9, 569, 779, 797, 948, 986, 987, 990, 993; RM as consultant to cities and countries, 571-2, 787, 812, 927, 1070, 1159; RM's accomplishments in, 9, 237-40, 273-4, 307, 315-16, 328,

  345, 359, 452, 463, 570-1, 619, 828-9, 940, 1091, 1153; RM's authority over city and state, 360-2, 466-7, 500, 548, 607, 714-15, 1133; RM's control of, 19, 464-5, 622, 694-5, 700-11 passim, 717-22 passim, 727, 746-54, 784, 795,

  public works (cont.)

  797, 9 2 7, 953. IQ 65; RM's dreams for, 172, 218, 245, 258, 619, 1152-3; RM's need to build, 452, 551, 631, 676, 807, 909, 940, 1153; neighborhood needs and disruption, 478-80, 481, 483, 488, 542, 847; openings, 824-6; people and, 18, 464-5, 478-83, 523-4, 657, 664, 677, 707, 744, 752-4, 785-6, 833-4, 847-9, 927, 969, 1153; politics and, 17-19, 187, 207-9, 257, 265, 308, 315-16, 345, 463, 549, 552, 608, 636, 681-2, 714, 748, 768, 770-1, 775, 778-9, 885, 927, 934, 1055-6; public support of, 168, 193, 196, 201, 218, 257,296-7, 310, 312-13, 3i6, 424, 489, 509, 622, 679-80, 748, 768-9, 770, 795, 902; purchasing property for, 156, 207; tenant eviction and relocation for, 11, 12, 19, 21, 847-9; tolls and admissions, 824-5, 909, 921, 924, 1132; tours of RM's accomplishments, 820-1, 823; unappropriated state land, 376; see also corruption and honest graft; Long Island State Park Commission; New Deal; New York City, public works in;