The power broker : Robert Moses and the fall of New York

by Caro, Robert A

  Soundview Park, 619

  Soundview project, 1046, 1049, 1057-8

  Southern State Parkway, 8, 11, 162, 230, 234, 302, 308, 310, 312, 313, 340, 341, 343, 344, 485, 896, 899, 905, 943; bridges on, 237; construction of, 211, 212, 220-1, 237, 281-2; funds for, 212; landscaping, 237; RM's acquisition of land for, 182-3, 205, 237; tolls on, 824-5; traffic congestion on, 515, 953, 956

  Spar go, George, 484, 694, 696, 718, 719, 747, 752, 763, 766, 779, 802, 877, 908, 911, 1009, 1011, 1012, 1041, 1042, 1051, 1052, 1089, 1090, 1098, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1155

  Spellman, Francis Cardinal, 697, 738, 740, 741, 9ii, 1035, 1037

  Sprague, J. Russel, 405, 406, 738, 747, 1069

  Sprain Brook Parkway, 8, 896

  Spreckles, Claus, 149, 184-5

  Spuyten Duyvil, 534, 541, 542, 543, 546, 547; marred by RM's West Side plans, 542, 543, 547, 550, 551, 554, 562-3, 565

  Spuyten Duyvil Parkway, 538, 542

  Stark, Abe, 871

  Starnes, Joe, 471

  Starnes, Richard, 1008

  Staten Island, 331, 7975 borough president, 743; bridges, 342; developers, 481; parks, 336, 344, 363; roads, 341-2, 343

  Staten Island Expressway, 6

  Staten Island Rapid Transit Service,

  1135 Steadman, Marty, 1022, 1048-9 Steffens, Lincoln, 59 Steingut, Irwin, 466, 660, 668, 670, 719,

  744 Steingut, Stanley, 719, 727, 1056, 1124 Stephens, D. Mallory, 719-20, 721 Sterne, Laurence, 35 Steward, Mr. and Mrs. Luther C, 72 Stimson, Col. Henry L., 95, 108, 109,

  no, 131, 134, 149, 185, 278, 279,

  299, 300

  XXX

  Stokes, Harold Phelps, 44, 182, 457

  Stone, Edward Durrell, 1092

  Stone, Lester B., 432

  Straus, Jack, 741-2, 743, 1059

  Straus, Nathan, Jr., 132, 306, 353, 417 and n., 418, 548, 613, 782

  Strong, Selah B., 203, 213-14

  Strunsky, Simeon, 555

  Sturla, Charles, 977

  Stuyvesant Heights, 490, 510, 511

  Stuyvesant Town, 7, 805, 961, 968

  suburbs, see Long Island

  subways, see transportation

  Suffolk County, 145, 155, 157, 1152; developers in, 945; Ku Klux Klan in, 148; and L.I. State Park Commission, 174, 175, 190, 191, 210, 312, 502, 831-2; mass transit needs, 928, 958; Planning Board, 944, 946 n. population growth in, 898, 899, 942-3, 945; Republican Party in, 148, 217, 404; see also Long Island

  Sukarno, 1093, 1107

  Sullivan, Mark, 284

  Sullivan, Tim, 285, 444

  Sulzberger, Arthur Hays, 198, 305, 457, 461, 771, 1054, 1095

  Sulzberger, Mrs. Arthur H. (Iphigene Ochs), 198, 360, 457, 458-62, 494, 548, 567, 603, 604, 992, 1032, 1054,

  1095, 1097, 1115 Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs, 1095 Sulzberger, Mrs. Cyrus L., 198 Sunken Meadow State Park, 8, 163, 170,

  202, 205, 220, 238, 258, 311, 314, 485 Sunken Meadow State Parkway, 8, 311 Sunrise Highway, 310, 956 Sunset Park, 520-5, 898;

  neighborhood decay in, 522-5 Susquehanna Railroad, 898 Swarthe, Leonard, 874 swimming pools, 454, 456-7, 487, 512-13;

  mixing of whites and Negroes

  discouraged, 513-14 Swing, Raymond Gram, 985 Swope, Herbert Bayard, 137, 286, 322,

  605, 707, 1012

  Taconic State Park Commission: acquisition of land for, 288-9; funds for, 289-290; FDR and, 287, 288-91

  Taconic State Parkway, 896; FDR and, 288-9, 426

  Taft, Robert A., 707, 777

  Talese, Gay, 197, 461, 1053

  Tallamy, Bertram D., 11, 272, 706, 710, 809-10, 868, 869, 873

  Tammany Hall, 61, 62, 64, 92, 95, 113, 131, 138, 264, 305, 348, 350, 413, 7n; and beaches, restrictive regulations on, 331, 335, 363, 366;

  Catholics and, 127; civil service reform and, 4-5, 71-4 passim, 78-82, 84-5; courts and, 351, 712; Democratic Party and, 116, 118, 325, 350, 351, 711-12, 743; immigrants and, 71, 127; Jews and, 91; La Guardia and, 354, 383, 444, 7H-I2, 779, 1084; RM and, 4-5, 357, 362, 700-1, 719, 739-40, 778, 788, ion, 1017, 1055-6; N.Y.S. and, 97, 137; O'Dwyer and, 699, 700-1, 740, 768, 770, 787; parks and, 331-2, 334, 335, 989; FDR and, 283, 285, 304, 347, 7n; Seabury's dislike of, 350-2, 355-6; Shanahan and, 724; Smith and, 87, 94, 109, 112, 116—18, 120, 121-2, 124, 125, 126-8, 182, 186-7, 210, 257, 259, 283, 293-4, 322, 349, 351-2, 353, 380, 383, 711; social affairs of, 114, 259, 338-9; social welfare measures and, 127-8; tenant eviction and, 336; Triborough Authority and, 345-6, 362, 387, 390-i; Wagner and, 718, 719, 740, 1087-8 and n., 1055; Walker and, 321, 324, 712 n., 787; see also corruption and honest graft; Democratic Party; patronage Tanner, Frederick C, no, 126-7 Tappan, Hazel, 266-7, 268, 364, 446, 808 Tavern-on-the-Green, 374, 399, 614, 825,

  868, 984-5, 988, 993, 997-1003, 1029 Taylor, George C, 155, 162 Taylor, Harry, 752 Taylor Estate, 162, 170, 182, 184,

  186-205 passim, 210-11, 213-17, 570; court battles over, 188, 189, 192, 193-4, 203, 213-17, 244, 246, 288, 301, 317, 398, 403 n., 404; Finance Committee hearings, 191-2; illegal appropriation of, 186-7, 188-9, 190-205 passim, 214-15, 219, 243-5,

  304 Temple Emanu-El, 27, 30, 411 and n.,

  412 tenant eviction and relocation, see

  RELOCATION AND EVICTION PRACTICES

  Tenney, Charles, 1032

  Thacher State Park, 240, 244

  Thayer, Warren T., 193, 414, 415

  Theobald, Dr. John, 986, 987, 991

  Third Avenue El, 851, 897, 932

  Third Avenue Transit Company, 877-8

  Thomas Jefferson Park Pool, 454, 513-14

  Thorne, Landon, 813

  Thousand Islands Bridge Authority, 345

  Throgs Neck Bridge, 6, 752, 844, 885,

  896, 925, 1018, 1065, 1147; cost, 921;

  earnings, 715, 926; traffic congestion

  on, 950; Triborough funds for,

  926, 1055 Throgs Neck Expressway, 6, 841 and n.,

  925

  Tibbetts, Abbott, McCarthy, Stratton

  (engineering firm), 1090 Timber Point Club, 155, 163, 182, 184,

  188, 197 Time, 570, 1094 Time, Inc., 1090

  Tinker, Chauncey Brewster, 41, 443 Title I, see housing Tobay Beach, 311-12 Tobin, Austin, 721, 827, 922-3, 924,

  1129 Torrey, Raymond H., 316-18, 501 Tracy, William J., 741, 1130 traffic congestion, see transportation Training School for Public Service, see

  Bureau of Municipal Research Trans-Manhattan Expressway, 924, 925

  TRANSPORTATION:

  general information, 1132; funds for, 1132-9; Joint Program of Port and Triborough authorities, 924-6, 927 and n., 930, 932, 933, 934, 939, 940; Lindsay's plan, 118-29; RM's control of, 19, 805, 897, 918-19, 923-4, 927-8; and RM's isolation from reality, 836, 908-10, 953; planning for balanced system, 614, 897-908 passim, 913-18, 919, 944, 946-9, 958, 1072, 1132, 1134-5; real estate development and, 898, 940-2, 945, 958; Rockefeller's plan, 1072, 1132-41; socal implications in RM's policies, 901, 902, 908, 915; see also public authorities; public works; roads and

  HIGHWAYS

  automobiles, 838; barring from Manhattan, proposed, 902, 916; increased traffic, 19, 834, 895, 912-14, 943, 956-8; and leisure time, 144; pleasure driving, 171, 483, 543, 545, 546, 555, 834, 908, 952; see also transportation: commuting; traffic congestion

  buses, 546-7, 791, 947, 958; on expressways, 944-5, 949, 951; funds for, 900-1; parkway bridges too low for, 318, 546-7, 951-4

  commuting: acceptance of bad transportation, 912-13, 939; by car, 301-2, 546-7, 563, 834, 898, 909, 910, 914, 917, 940, 943-6 and n., 947-50, 953, 956-8; increase in, 916, 943; and lack of jobs in suburbs, 899; by railroad, 898/916-17, 933-40, 946, 9575 by rapid transit, 928, 931-3, 939-40, 946-7, 958; rush hours, 563-4, 905, 910, 931, 943, 947, 949, 953

  Long Island Rail Road, 151, 155-6, 157, 215, 316, 318, 834-5, 843, 907, 928-9, 941, 946-7, 1135, 1136; competition with roads, 898, 934; deterioration, 934-9, 943, 1149; fares,

  XXXI

  934; financial problems, 934, 113 industry, 899, 941-2; mode, 955, 9571 proposed East Side ten 928


  mass transportation: banned in pi 492-493; blocked by low bridges, 318, 546-7, 951-4; combined with roads, 903-8, 919, 928, 941-2, 944-9, 951, 954-5; competition with roads, 897-8, 909, 912, 934; cost of, 903, 907, 928-30, 946, 947-8, 954-5, 1132; decline of, 898, 916, 930, 933, 940; fares, 758-63, 791, 900, 902; funds for, city, 904, 907, 909, 918, 1132; funds for, federal, 955, 1132; funds for, state, 904, 1132-9; and high-density development, 898, 941-2, 945-6, 958; labor costs and, 934; modal split, 957-8; need of poor for, 245, 318, 546-7, 687, 901, 908; opposed by RM, 19, 519, 546-7, 897-8, 900-1, 908-9, 918-19, 934, 945, 946, 951-4, 1086 n., 1095; opposition to RM on, 19, 622, 900, 902-8, 915-18, 948; press and public support of, 915; public authority aid proposed for, 918-19, 920, 924; reformers and, 515, 519, 900; traffic congestion relieved by, 515, 614, 897, 901-3, 1072; and urban planners, 897-908 passim, 913-18, 919, 944; see also transportation: commuting

  railroads, 933; competition with roads, 898, 912, 934; deterioration, 917, 934-40, 1149; fares, 934; financial problems, 19, 934, 939", and labor costs, 934; Port Authority aid for proposed, 924; see also transportation: Long Island Rail Road; and other individual railroads

  rapid transit, 841 and n., 851, 899; cost, 946, 947-8; needed to relieve traffic congestion, 897, 901; proposed on bridges and expressways, 519, 903-8, 919, 928, 941-2, 944-9; right-of-ways for, 903-4, 907, 946, 948; see also transportation: mass transportation; and individual lines

  subways, 642, 644, 778; accidents, 933; deficit, 19, 757, 762, 920, 932, 1134, 1136; deterioration, 932-3, 940; fares, 758-63 passim, 791, 900, 920, ii34', funds for, 900-1; and high-density development, 898; maintenance, 759, 796, 932-3; need for, 757, 760, 795, 906, 929-33, 1022, 1086 n. plans for, 900-1; rush hour, 931; Triborough aid for, proposed, 918-19, 920, 1118, 1119; see also transportation: mass transportation; and individual lines

  traffic congestion, 926, 940; and accident rates, 914; aggravated by more construction, 515-18, 897-8, 9iiI2 > 930; increased, 5^5, 516-20, 715, 836,

  XXXll

  TRANSPORTATION (cotlt.)

  885, 895, 900, 956-8; Long Island, 515, 516-17, 519, 545, 943-4, 949-51, 955-8; RM's solutions, 515-18, 525, 556, 669, 895-7, 900, 902, 905, 911-12, 918, 949, 950; and need for mass transportation, 515, 614, 897, 901-3, 1072; N.Y.C., 20, 328-31, 34i, 515, 516-19, 525, 545, 547, 563-4, 610, 614, 639, 742, 765, 769, 786, 895, 900, 902-6 passim, 910-17, 942; public and, 914; public resignation about, 912-13, 914, 917-18; see also individual roads

  Transportation Workers Union, 757, 759

  Travia, Anthony, 1124-8

  Triangle Shirtwaist Company, 122-3

  Triborough Bridge, 6, 340-4 passim, 360, 386-95, 396-7, 454, 493, 508, 517, 619, 628, 633, 659, 898, 923, 925, 1129, 1147; approaches to, 386, 390, 391, 392-3, 448, 476-7, 626, 838; CWA employees for, 392, 394; cost, 391-2, 626; earnings, 617-18, 698; funds for, 387-95 passim, 428, 435-6, 439; opening of, 441-3, 516; tenant eviction for, 386; traffic congestion on, 516, 517-18, 715, 897, 912, 913

  Triborough Bridge and Tunnel

  Authority: amendments to, 625-31; audit of, 716-17 and n.; autonomy, 13-16, 17-18, 640, 657, 716, 1140; banks and, 18, 725, 733-5, 927, 934, 1048; Battery Crossing fight, 645-7, 653, 657-75, 676; bonds, 345, 625, 730-4, 750-1, 762, 920; bonds, covenants of, 1119, 1120, 1122, 1128, 1134, 1137-8, 1139-41; bonds, interest rates on, 732; bonds, underwriting of, 18, 733, 734; cooperation with Port of N.Y. Authority, 921-6; expanded powers, 626-30, 635; funds for public works, 534-9, 617-23 passim, 640-1, 663, 676, 689, 715-18, 727, 732, 737, 747, 749-50, 769, 771, 779, 784, 795, 885, 920-1, 926, 927, 930, 948, 955, 1055, mi, 1113-14, 1129, 1130-1; headquarters, 12-14, 634; honest graft in, 18, 716-17, 718-21, 725, 733-5, 742, 762, 927, 934, 1048, 1056; insurance, 18, 718-20 and n., 725, 927, 934; Joint Program, 924-6, 927 and ax., 930, 932, 933, 934, 939, 940; land use, 750, 891-2; legal services for, 18, 720-1, 927, 934; mass transit aid proposed, 918-19, 920, 924, 1118, 1119; merger with MTA, U35-44, 1146; Mid-Manhattan Expressway, 783-5; RM as consultant, 1142, 1146-54, 1158; RM as liaison with state and federal agencies, 1063, 1065, 1078, n 17,

  1120-1, 1130-1; RM's control of, 13, 360, 362, 391, 427, 500, 608-9, 616, 623, 628, 629, 636, 715, 717, 763-4, 784, 807, 813, 969, 1056, 1061, 1078, 1091, 1110, 1114, 1117, 1119-28, 1129-31, 1133-44; RM's falsifying facts for, 643-4, 657-8, 665, 667-8, 689; RM's plans supported by industry, labor, politicians, 926-7, 934; parks of, 395-6; police force, 629, 634; and politics, 18, 716, 719, 927, 934; private records, 17, 715-16, 1097; proposed merger with Transit Authority, n 18-29; public relations, 18, 657-8, 696-7, 927 n., 1050, 1129; PWA funds for, 345-6, 390, 392, 394, 428, 570; razed East River ferry, 448-51; revenues, 13-14, 17-18, 640-1, 659, 663, 698, 715, 717, 731-2, 746-7, 918-19, 920, 921, 922, 926, 928-30, 939, 1061, 1103, 1120, 1133-4, 1136; revenues, capitalization of, 715, 920, 1133; FDR's plan to force RM out of, 17, 427-43, 635, 656, 661, 662, 674, 1015, 1034, 1119; secrecy in, 715-16, 718, 720 n., 742, 1114; self-liquidating, 617, 919; Tammany and, 345-6, 362, 387, 390-1; Tunnel Authority merged with, 693-4, 705, 762; and World War II, 690-1 Truex, James E., 708-9, 710 Trujillo, Rafael Leonidas, 832 Truman, Harry S., 685, 699, 720, 721,

  767, 787 Tugwell, Rexford G., 15, 445-6, 471,

  599, 785, 1032 Tully, Grace, 440

  Tully and Di Napoli, Inc., 738, 1090 Turner Construction Company, 738 Tuttle, Charles H., 203, 204, 214, 216,

  398-9, 946 Tweed, William M., 127, 713 Twin Islands, 366, 508 Twomey, Jeremiah F., 242-3, 256

  U

  Udall, Stewart, 1156

  Ungar, Sidney J., 1024, 1048, 1049

  Union League Club, 411

  unions, see labor

  United Nations headquarters, 7, 19, 771-5, 817, 830, 1070, 1085; competition for, 771, 772; cost, 771-2, 774; housing for, 772, 774; RM's use of power for, 771-5; public relations, 771; tenant eviction for, 19-20

  United Neighborhood Houses, 490, 655

  United Parents Association, 512

  United States: civil service in, 54-5, 59; funds for public works, 9, 12, 345-6, 359-60, 426, 428-43 passim, 453, 463-5, 467, 468, 474, 475, 476, 487,

  United States (cont.)

  568, 581, 607, 608-10, 611, 616, 622, 687, 703-7, 7U, 714-15, 717, 737, 747, 750, 752, 769, 783-5, 795-7, 865, 867-8, 871, 886, 897, 921, 922, 925, 930, 955, 1056, 1085, 1087, 1114, 1120, 1131, 1132; Progressivism in, 59-60, 78, 87, 104; see also housing; New Deal; and individual federal agencies

  U.S. Congress, 686, 934; and the Depression, 345, 538; House Un-American Activities Committee, 471, 1026, 1029, 1031-2; Senate hearings on Title I, 979-82, 1006

  U.S. War Department, 662, 663, 671, 672-4, 675

  Upper Manhattan Expressway, proposed, 769, 896, 923, 925, 1152

  Urban, Josef, 338

  urban decay and public works, see housing: general information

  urban planning, 781, 792, 1156; for balanced transportation system, 897-908 passim, 913-18, 919, 944, 946-9, 958; and federal funds, 616; Paul Moses and, 578; RM consulted on, 571-2; RM opposed to, 915-16; unifying concept in, 578, 654, 669, 793

  urban renewal, see housing: Title I

  U.S. News & World Report, 918

  utilities: Lehman and, 403-4, 412, 414-15; Paul Moses and, 578; 586-7; Power Trust and, 403, 404, 407, 412; Public Service Commission and, 403-4; rates, 409, 414; Republican Party and, 402-3, 404, 406, 407

  Valentine, Lewis J., 450, 451, 516 Valley Stream, 158, 159, 182, 183, 316 Valley Stream State Park, 8, 220, 238,

  258, 3H,3I3, 314 Van Arsdale, Harry, 735-8, 1056, 1059,

  1078, 1124, 1135, 1138, 1148, 1160 Van Cortlandt Park, 325, 481, 534, 538,

  543; marred by RM's West Side plan,

  544, 554, 1000; marsh in, 544,

  545, 565, 566, 846, 989 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 148, 149, 163 Vanderbilt, Mrs. William K., II, 185 Vanderbilt, Willie, 149, 187

  Van Schaick, Benjamin, 86, 181 Van Wyck, Robert C, 325 Van Wyck Expressway, 6, 843, 896, 918, 950; cost of, 905, 907; rapid transit proposed for, 904-8, 948, 954-5; right-of way for, 846, 848; traffic
congestion on, 905, 910-11, 954-5 Vaux, Calvert, 333, 397 Vermaelen, Joseph A., 810, 1143 Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, 6, 689, 695, 736, 752, 843-4, 896, 925, 942,

  1065; approaches to, 750-1

  1071; bonds, 732. 733, IO53

  of, 921; earr. 715, 926;

  opening of, 825; Port Authority

  for, 925; second deck, 951, 1130 1143

  1156 Village Voice, The, 1022 Vollmer, Arnold, 603, 811,11:5 11 45

  1152 Vollmer, Mrs. Arnold, 603, 604, 1115

  1145

  W

  Wadsworth, James J., 121, 210, 403 n.

  Wagner, Robert F., Sr., 121, 122, 127, 261, 403 n., 610, 799

  Wagner, Robert F., Jr., 721, 739, 923, 924, 976; campaigns, 798, 799, 1024; on City Planning Commission, 766; and Cross-Bronx Expressway route, 870-5, 880; as Manhattan borough president, 597, 780, 784, 799; as mayor, 2-3, 9, 463, 706, 707, 729, 742, 802-6, 922, 977, 986, 995, 999-1002, 1029, 1032, 1034-8, 1052, 1055-9, 1064, 1065 and n., 1109-10; and RM, 799, 802-3, 831, 835, 871, ion, 1015, 1034-9, 1055-9, 1062-3, 1108, 1124, 1125 1127, 1149; and RM, distrust of, 14-15, 705, 727-8, 1088 and n. opposition to RM, 3, 4, 5, 18, 725-6, 794, 799-801 and n., 804-6; and planning, 799; and Tammany, 718, 719, 740, 1055, 1087-8 and n., and Title I, 1009-12 and n., 1014-15, 1049, 1050; and unions, 735

  Wainwright, Stuyvesant, 820

  Wald, Lillian, 348, 349

  Wald, Mr. and Mrs. Richard C, 986

  Walker, James J.: corruption under, 321, 324-8, 347, 713; as mayor, 20, 210, 321, 324-8, 332, 333 "., 336, 338-9, 340, 344, 353, 357, 375, 446, 465, 615, 779; in N.Y.S. Senate, 136-7, 139, 141, 201, 320; playboy habits of, 320-1, 338-9, 397, 605, 799, 996; and Smith, 320-1, 380, 398, 401; and Tammany, 321, 324, 712 n., 787

  Wantagh Causeway, 234, 236, 281-2,

  308,310,502,909 Wantagh State Parkway, 8, 237, 517,

  896, 951 Ward, Barbara, 912 Ward, William, 200, 404 Ward's Island, 331, 386-7, 389, 395-6,

  508, 779 Warn, Baron, 407, 422 Warner, Albert L., 199 Warner, John A., 137 Warner, Mrs. John A., see Smith, Emily Washburn Wire Works, 393-4 Washington, George, 648-9, 652 Washington Bridge, 842, 885

  XXXIV

  Washington Square Southeast project,

  979, 1045

  Watkins Glen, 227, 239