M.K. Gandhi, Attorney at Law
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theft, 69, 285n4
Theosophical Society, 12–13, 278n37, 278n39
theosophy, 12–13, 278nn35–37, 278n39; in Johannesburg, 164, 298n7
Thoreau, Henry David, 208
Tilbury Station, 1, 276n1
The Times of London, 306n51
tobacco, 32
Tolstoy, Leo, 43, 216
Tolstoy Farm, 265, 310n47
touts, 25, 164–65, 280n28
town councils: and DLA, 106–7, 113–14, 116–125; in Durban, 114, 117–125, 134–35, 290n41, 290n50, 291n57; employment of licensing officers, 119–120; in Johannesburg, 181–82, 185; and law of procedure, 132; in Newcastle, 116–17, 126; recessing to discuss cases in private, 118–120; refusing requests for information, 118, 120–22, 290n41; and rickshaws, 134–35; and tramcars, 181–82, 185
tradesmen. See merchants, European; merchants, Indian
tramcars, 180–85, 187, 298n11, 298nn1–2, 298n5, 298nn13–14, 299n19; all Indians barred from but servants, 181–84; conductors on, 182–85; electrical, 181; and horse tram system, 180–81; and native Africans, 181; and sanitary conditions, 181–82; and segregation, 181–85, 187, 249, 298n11, 298nn13–14, 299n19
Transvaal, 36, 39–45, 59, 111, 146–255, 295n1; and Abdulla v. Mohamed, 41–45, 155; Administration of Justice Proclamation (1902), 162; Asiatic Act (Asiatic Law Amendment Ordinance), 186–248; Asiatic Department, xv, 160–61, 164–65, 175, 261; Asiatic Permit Office, 164–65, 175–76, 178, 249, 296n22; Asiatic Trading Commission, 167–170; Bazaar Notice (Government Notice 356), 160, 167; and Boer War, 129–133, 139, 147–48, 157, 160, 291n12; British annexation of (1877), 146; citizenship rights in, 148–49; deportation from, 190, 203, 207–11, 213–14, 301n22; and diamond production, 147; and Dundee Indians, 112–13; and Empire Theatre meeting, 186–190; Europeans in, 42–43, 81, 147, 149–151, 157, 166–67, 172–73, 182–85, 187, 191, 198, 204, 207–8, 218, 237; failure of judicial independence in, 239–240; Gandhi’s departure from (1914), 48; Gandhi’s law practice in, xi–xii, xv, 131, 146, 148, 158, 160–69, 173–79, 221, 296n18, 297n56; and gold mining, 147; governor of, 218; and Indian franchise, 198, 231; Indian population in, 149; and Indian refugees, 164–65; IRA (Immigration Restriction Act), 203, 206–7, 224, 232–33, 289n13; landdrost, 149; and Law 3 (1885), 148–158, 160, 166–173, 178, 293n22, 296n27; Legislative Council, 167, 169, 173; mineral resources in, 146–47; and native Africans, 147, 149, 151, 153–54, 160; president of, 43; public prosecutor, 128; railway system in, 40–41; Receiver of Revenue, 170; and registration of Indians, 186–248, 299n23; and responsible government model, 198, 300n1; and sidewalks/public transportation restrictions, 154; and Union of South Africa, 255; war for Afrikaner independence (1880), 146–48
Transvaal Leader, 181, 184, 189, 195, 203; and burning of registration certificates, 231–32; editor of, 217; interviews in, 211; and trading without licenses cases, 238–39
Transvaal Parliament, 218–19, 230–31
Transvaal Supreme Court, 249, 251; and Coovadia case, 183; and Gandhi’s application for admission, 161–63; and Law 3 (1885), 166–67, 171–73, 178; and Lucas’ Trustee v. Ismail and Amod, 166–67; and Motan v. Transvaal Government, 171–73, 178; and Polak’s application for admission, 221, 303n24; and prohibited immigrants, 254; and Rambhabai, 262; and registrar of Asiatics, 253–54; and return of application papers, 224–26, 229, 303nn35–36
“trustee,” 178–79
truth: and Adams case, 88, 93–94; and Arookian, 70; and Indian merchants, 42; and Law 3 (1885), 155; and practice of law, 45–47, 177–78; and Satyagraha, xxi; and theosophy, 12–13, 278n36; and vegetarianism, 15
Tunisia, xviii, xxvii
Tuohy (police constable), 72, 285nn9–11
turbans: of Abdulla, 75; of Balasundaram, 64; demands for removal of, 38, 58, 75, 283n33; of Gandhi, 38, 58, 100
Turnbull, John, 57
uitlanders, 147
Uncovenanted Indians Act, 105–6, 109, 113; as nuisance, 113; and pass system, 105–6; petitions against, 109
Union Jack, 189, 195, 231
Union of South Africa, 255, 261–62, 265; settlement with, 265; Supreme Court, 261
United States: civil rights movement, xvii–xviii, xxvi–xxviii, 154, 227; Freedom Riders, xviii, 227; Interstate Commerce Commission, xviii; Louisiana public library, xvii; race relations/racism in, xvii–xviii, 154; struggle for independence, 173; Supreme Court, xvii, 157; and woman’s suffrage, xvii
University of London matriculation examination, 9–10
“untouchables,” 154
Vaal River, 146
vagrancy case, 81–83, 85, 100
vakils, 18, 23, 27–29; in Bombay, 142; Lakshmidas as, 23, 27–28; in Rajkot, 142; in South Africa, 29. See also native practitioners
Valee, Joosub Hajee, 168–69
Validation Act, 230–31
Vanda v. Newcastle, 116, 120, 126, 290n40
Vankaner, 2
The Vegetarian (journal), 15
vegetarianism, 12–16, 21, 278n33; books on, 15; conference about, 15, 21; farewell vegetarian dinner, 21; Gandhi’s articles /speeches on, 15–16, 21; in India, 15, 19; in Transvaal, 174, 297nn53–54; vegetarian restaurants, 14–15, 174, 297nn53–54
Vegetarian Messenger (Manchester publication), 15
Ventnor, 21
Vernon, George, 204, 206, 210, 212, 214, 235, 243
Verulam, 79–80
Victoria, Queen, 133
Victoria Hotel, 14
Village-Communities in the East and West (Maine), 258
village life, ideal of, xxiii–xxiv; and Hind Swaraj, 258–59; and Salt Campaign, xxiii–xxiv
violin lessons, 12, 133
V. M. Bagas and Others, Rex v., 306n33
Volksrust, 203, 233, 241, 246–47, 249–250
Voortrekkers, 58
voting rights. See franchise, Indian
Wacha, Dinshaw Edulji, 96
Waller, John Parker, 81–82, 86–92, 287n17; question of, 88, 94
Walton, Charles, 165, 176, 178
Ward, Charles, 224–25, 304n31
war veterans, Indian, 188–89, 210, 214
wealthy commercial clients: and DLA, 117–18; in Natal, xvi, 34, 36, 47, 51, 117–18, 131; and tramcars, 182; in Transvaal, 182
Weber, Thomas, xxv, 276n11, 276n13, 307n52
Weenen County, 75–76
Welch, John, 183–84
Wesleyan Church, 44, 65
Wessels (Justice), 162
Western civilization, 256–58, 308n20, 309n24
wholesalers, European, 106, 110, 252–53, 308n10
wills: and Indian law, 18, 70; and Natal, 70
wine, 4, 11–12
witnesses: and Adams case, 86–90, 92; and Asiatic Department, 165; and border-crossing resistance, 243–44, 307n55; and Camroodeen case, 76; Christian Indians as, 81–82; and DLA, 123, 125, 128; European, 72; Indian, 37, 60, 72, 76–78, 165, 193, 285n23; Indians viewed as untruthful, 37, 60, 72, 285n23; in Natal, 37, 60, 62, 69, 72, 76–78, 82, 86–90, 285n23; and Ramsundar case, 191, 193; and Sorabji case, 234; and trading without licenses cases, 240, 306n33; in Transvaal, 41, 165, 191, 193, 234, 240, 243, 306n33; witness intimidation, 77–78
Witwatersrand, 147
workers, Chinese, 147
workers, Indian: and collective actions, 73–75; as “coolies,” 148–49, 156; in Natal, 73–75, 299n18, 304n2; and resistance to registration, 203; and strikes, 74, 299n18, 304n2; in Transvaal, 149, 152, 203. See also indentured Indians in Natal
workers, native: in Natal, 32, 147, 280n5; in Transvaal, 147
working class, European, 97–98. See also anti-Indian mob
World War II, xviii; failure of civil disobedience during, xxvi; and “Quit India” movement, xxii
Wragg, Walter: and Abdulla case, 76; and Adams case, 86; and anti-Indian legislation, 116, 120; and Gandhi’s admission to bar, 57; and Islamic law, 70–71, 285n7; as vindictive, 285n7
Zulus, 153; Zulu Rebellion, 180, 197
FIGURE 1. Gan
dhi as a law student in London. Courtesy of the Gandhi Sabarmati Ashram and Archive.
FIGURE 2. The Durban Magistrate Court. Courtesy of National Gandhi Museum.
FIGURE 3. Gandhi with his staff, Johannesburg, 1905. Gandhi, center, is flanked by his secretary, Sonja Schlesin, seated on his left, and his associate, Henry S. L. Polak, seated on his right. Courtesy of the Gandhi Sabarmati Ashram and Archive.
FIGURE 4. Gandhi in Johannesburg, 1906. Courtesy of National Gandhi Museum.
FIGURE 5. Jan Christian Smuts. Courtesy of National Gandhi Museum.
FIGURE 6. Albert Cartwright. Courtesy of National Gandhi Museum.
FIGURE 7. Ramsundar Pundit. Courtesy of National Gandhi Museum.
FIGURE 8. Sorabji Shapurji. Courtesy of National Gandhi Museum.
FIGURE 9. Gandhi, pictured here with his codefendants and clients, moments before being jailed, January 1908. Gandhi is third from left . Courtesy of the Durban Local History Museum.
FIGURE 10. Gandhi and Indian resisters burn registration papers, Johannesburg, August 16, 1908. Courtesy of National Gandhi Museum.
FIGURE 11. Gandhi in London, 1909. Courtesy of National Gandhi Museum.