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First to Fight

Page 37

by Roger Moorhouse


  44 TNA, CAB 23/100, Minutes of Cabinet Meeting, 2 September 1939, pp. 474, 478, 484.

  45 Sir Reginald Dorman-Smith, quoted in Watt, op. cit., p. 588.

  46 Quoted ibid., p. 588.

  47 Chamberlain, quoted in Overy, op. cit., p. 88.

  48 Quoted in Watt, op. cit., p. 579.

  49 Andrew Roberts, The Holy Fox: A Biography of Lord Halifax (London, 1991), pp. 164–8.

  50 Earl of Halifax, Fulness of Days (London, 1957), pp. 208, 211.

  51 Churchill, op. cit., p. 361.

  52 ‘British Determination Never Doubted’, The Times, 4 September 1939, p. 4.

  53 Schmidt, op. cit., p. 157.

  54 Ibid., p. 158.

  55 Alvar Lidell, quoted in Charman (ed.), op. cit., p. 157.

  56 Text at http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7957.shtml?page=txt (accessed 18 April 2019).

  57 Quoted in Juliet Gardiner, Wartime: Britain 1939–1945 (London, 2004), p. 5.

  58 Tilly Rice, quoted in Garfield (ed.), op. cit., p. 24.

  59 Churchill, op. cit., p. 363.

  60 Peter Coats, quoted in Charman (ed.), op. cit., p. 167.

  61 John Colville, The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries 1939–1955, Vol. 1: September 1939–September 1941 (London, 1985), p. 20.

  62 Domarus, op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 1336–8.

  63 Henderson, op. cit., p. 285.

  64 Quoted in Roger Moorhouse, Berlin at War: Life and Death in Hitler’s Capital 1939–45 (London, 2010), p. 19.

  65 Else Danielowski, Kindheit und Jugend im Nationalsozialistischen Deutschland, CD produced by the Zeitzeugenbörse, Berlin, 2006.

  66 Quoted in Moorhouse, op. cit., p. 20.

  67 Victor Klemperer, I Shall Bear Witness: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer 1933–1941 (London, 1998), pp. 295–6.

  68 Ruth Andreas-Friedrich, Der Schattenmann: Tagebuchaufzeichnungen 1938–1945 (Frankfurt am Main, 1984), pp. 64–5.

  69 Herbert Döhring, Hitlers Hausverwalter (Bochum, 2013), p. 80.

  70 Moorhouse, op. cit., p. 185.

  71 ‘Poles Cheer Declarations’, Daily Telegraph, 4 September 1939, p. 1.

  72 Diary of Barbara Różycka, quoted in Dermot Turing, X, Y & Z: The Real Story of How Enigma Was Broken (Stroud, 2018), p. 129.

  73 Anonymous diarist, quoted in Marta Markowska (ed.), The Ringelblum Archive: Annihilation – Day by Day (Warsaw, 2008), p. 8.

  74 Marta Korwin-Rhodes, The Mask of Warriors: The Siege of Warsaw, September 1939 (New York, 1964), p. 14.

  75 Stanisław Dmuchowski, Karta Archive, Warsaw, AW/I/0126.

  76 Maciej Nowak-Kreyer, ‘Zuchwały rajd’, Polska Zbrojna, September 2018.

  77 ‘Wyprawa bombardierska eskadry liniowej Nr. 24 w godzinach rannych Dn.3.IX.39r. na kolumnę pancerno-motorową nieprzyjaciela w rejonie Jabłonka’, Bellona, 7/1941.

  78 Alexander Polonius, I Saw the Siege of Warsaw (Glasgow, 1941), p. 32.

  79 Władysław Szpilman, The Pianist: The Extraordinary Story of One Man’s Survival in Warsaw 1939–45 (London, 1999), p. 28.

  80 Diary of Maria Komornicka, 3 September 1939, Karta Archive, Warsaw, AW/II/3611.

  81 ‘Poles Cheer Declarations’, op. cit.; Edward Roland Sword, The Diary and Despatches of a Military Attaché in Warsaw 1938–1939 (London, 2001), p. 53; Warszawski Dziennik Narodowy, 4 September 1939, p. 3; Charman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 186–7.

  82 Anita Prażmowska, Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front 1939 (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 152, 171.

  83 Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Ambassador in the United Kingdom to Secretary of State, 23 August 1939, Doc. 350, Telegram 760C.62/942.

  84 Memorandum of Lt-Gen. Stanisław Burhardt-Bukacki, Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum Archive, London, B.I.119E/2.

  85 Polonius, op. cit., p. 34.

  86 Paweł Starzeński, quoted in Zbigniew Gluza (ed.), Rok 1939: rozbiór polski (Warsaw 2009), p. 99.

  87 Janine Phillips, My Secret Diary (London, 1982), pp. 49–50.

  4 The Temerity to Resist

  1 Quoted in Johann Graf von Kielmansegg, Panzer zwischen Warschau und Atlantik (Berlin, 1941), p. 19.

  2 Władysław Anders, An Army in Exile: The Story of the Second Polish Corps (London, 1949), p. 3.

  3 Alex Buchner, Der Polenfeldzug 1939 (Leoni am Starnberger See, 1989), pp. 48–9.

  4 Piotr Matusak, ‘Ciechanów w czasie II wojny światowej (1939–1945): zarys problematyki badawczej’, Niepodległość i Pamięć, 23:1 (53) (2016), p. 154.

  5 Stanisław Sosabowski, Freely I Served (Barnsley, 2013), pp. 24–5.

  6 Anders, op. cit., p. 3.

  7 Testimony of Konstanty Peszyński, Karta Archive, Warsaw, AW/II/3448.

  8 Ibid.

  9 Ibid.

  10 Erich Mende, Das verdammte Gewissen: Zeuge der Zeit 1921–1945 (Munich, 1982), p. 79.

  11 Stanisław Maczek, Od podwody do czołga: wspomnienia wojenne 1918–1945 (Edinburgh, 1961), p. 59.

  12 Ibid., pp. 63–4.

  13 Krzysztof Komorowski (ed.), Boje polskie 1939–1945: przewodnik encyklopedyczny (Warsaw, 2009), p. 467.

  14 Jan Karski, Story of a Secret State: My Report to the World (London, [1944] 2011), pp. 10–11.

  15 Marian Porwit, Komentarze do historii polskich działań obronnych 1939 r. (Warsaw, 1983), vol. 1, p. 207.

  16 Quoted in Gerhard Lubs, Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 5 (Bochum, 1965), p. 179.

  17 Helmut Baier, quoted in Alan Bance (trans.), Blitzkrieg in Their Own Words: First-Hand Accounts from German Soldiers 1939–1940 (St Paul, MN, 2005), p. 32.

  18 Richard von Weizsäcker, Vier Zeiten: Erinnerungen (Berlin, 1997), p. 78.

  19 Heinz Guderian, Panzer Leader (London, 1952), p. 71.

  20 Indro Montanelli, ‘Con le truppe del Reich sul fronte orientale’, Corriere della Sera, 6 September 1939, p. 1.

  21 Quoted in Lubs, op. cit., p. 182.

  22 Testimony of Adam Zakrzewski, Paris, 20 January 1940, Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, London (hereafter ‘PISM’), B.I.28a, p. 42.

  23 Kriegstagebuch des Generalkommandos XIX AK (hereafter ‘KT XIX AK’), reports from the afternoon of 2 September. US National Archives, T-314, roll 611, pp. 32–3.

  24 Ibid., pp. 33, 42, 53.

  25 Major Józef Wojtaszewski, quoted in Zbigniew Gluza (ed.), Rok 1939: rozbiór polski (Warsaw, 2009), p. 102.

  26 Guderian, op. cit., p. 72.

  27 Testimony of Czesław Cichoński, Paris, 12 December 1939, PISM, B.I.26f, p. 4.

  28 Zakrzewski testimony, op. cit., p. 54; Porwit, op. cit., p. 217.

  29 Zakrzewski testimony, op. cit., pp. 48–9.

  30 Unteroffizier Pries, quoted in Bance (trans.), op. cit., p. 26.

  31 Wolfgang Reischock, quoted in Christoph Klessmann (ed.), September 1939: Krieg, Besatzung, Widerstand in Polen – acht Beiträge (Göttingen, 1989), p. 160.

  32 KT XIX AK, p. 56.

  33 Historical Commission of the Polish General Staff, Polskie Siły Zbrojne w Drugiej Wojnie Światowej, Tom 1, Część 2: kampania wrześniowa 1939 – przebieg działań od 1 do 8 września (London, 1954), p. 381.

  34 Diary of General Kazimierz Ładoś, 3 September 1939, PISM, B.1.4e/1.

  35 Nikolaus von Vormann, Der Feldzug 1939 in Polen: die Operationen des Heeres (Weissenburg, 1958), p. 77.

  36 Peter Hoffmann, Hitler’s Personal Security: Protecting the Führer 1921–1945 (New York, 2000), p. 134.

  37 Quoted in Richard Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed: The German Invasion of Poland 1939 (Barnsley, 2008), p. 136.

  38 Heinrich Hoffmann, Hitler Was My Friend (Barnsley, [1955] 2011), p. 117.

  39 Ibid., p. 117; Guderian, op. cit., p. 73.

  40 Quoted in Bance (trans.), op. cit., p. 27.

  41 Quoted ibid., p. 27.

  42 Karl Krause, Herbert Döhring and Anna Plaim, Living with Hitler (Barnsley, 2018), p. 72.

  43 Montanelli, op. cit.

  44 See Markus Krzoska, ‘Der “Bromberger Blutsonntag” 1939’, Viertelj
ahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 60 (2012), p. 241.

  45 Polish Ministry of Information, The German Fifth Column in Poland (London, 1941), Appendix 1, pp. 149–52.

  46 Peszyński testimony, op. cit.

  47 Testimony of Czesław Cichoński, PISM, B.I.26f., p. 5.

  48 Testimony of Maciej Nowacki, Karta Archive, Warsaw, AW/II/2263/P.

  49 Deposition No. 30, cited in Polish Ministry of Information, op. cit., pp. 66–7.

  50 Tomasz Chinciński, ‘Zeznania świadków złożone przed: Okręgową Komisją Badania Zbrodni Niemieckich w Bydgoszczy w latach 1945–1948 oraz Okręgową Komisją Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Bydgoszczy w latach 1967–1973’, in Tomasz Chinciński and Paweł Machcewicz (eds.), Bydgoszcz 3–4 września 1939 (Warsaw, 2008), p. 589.

  51 Polish Ministry of Information, op. cit., pp. 59, 66.

  52 Paweł Kosiński, ‘Ofiary pierwszych dni września 1939 roku w Bydgoszczy’, in Tomasz Chinciński and Paweł Machcewicz (eds), Bydgoszcz 3–4 września 1939 (Warsaw, 2008), pp. 266–8; Krzoska, op. cit., p. 248.

  53 Karski, op. cit., p. 10.

  54 Jochen Böhler, Der Überfall: Deutschlands Krieg gegen Polen (Frankfurt am Main, 2009), pp. 121–2.

  55 Grzegorz Bębnik, Wrzesień 1939 r. w Katowicach (Katowice, 2012), p. 85.

  56 Clare Hollingworth, The Three Weeks’ War in Poland (London, 1940), pp. 19–20.

  57 Testimony of Rafał K., cited in Alexander Rossino, Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity (Lawrence, KS, 2003), pp 78–9.

  58 Böhler, op. cit., pp. 123–8.

  59 Testimony of Stanisław Szarski, Karta Archive, Warsaw, AW/II/2925.

  60 Hollingworth, op. cit., pp. 26–7.

  61 Quoted in Bogusław Sonik, ‘Krakowski Starzyński’, Dziennik Polski, 30 August 2006, http://www.dziennikpolski24.pl/ar/1664746 (accessed 23 April 2019).

  62 Testimony of Wincenty Bogdanowski, deputy mayor of Kraków, Jagiellonian University Manuscript Collection, 6/68=111 9869.

  63 Zofia Piotrowiczowa, quoted in Zbigniew Gluza, September 1939: The Partition of Poland (Warsaw, 2009), p. 15.

  64 Quoted in Hargreaves, op. cit., p. 130.

  65 Piotr Derdej, Westerplatte-Oksywie-Hel 1939 (Warsaw, 2014), p. 93.

  66 Mariusz Borowiak, Westerplatte: w obronie prawdy (Gdańsk, 2001), p. 92.

  67 Andrzej Drzycimski, Westerplatte: Special Mission (Gdańsk, 2015), p. 72.

  68 Ibid., p. 77.

  69 Quoted in Hargreaves, op. cit., p. 142.

  70 Drzycimski, op. cit., pp. 79–87.

  71 Ibid., p. 89.

  72 Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński, ‘Pieśń o żołnierzach z Westerplatte’, translated for the author by Bartek Pietrzyk.

  73 Drzycimski, op. cit., pp. 93, 96.

  74 Quoted in Nicolaus von Below, At Hitler’s Side (London, 2004), p. 36.

  75 Willi Reibig, Schwarze Husaren: Panzer in Polen (Berlin, 1941), p. 24.

  76 Ibid, p. 24.

  77 Guderian, quoted in Bance (trans), op. cit., p. 30.

  78 Ibid., pp. 30–31.

  79 Kielmansegg, op. cit., p. 23–4.

  80 Hollingworth, op. cit., p. 60.

  81 Porwit, op. cit., p. 279.

  82 Ibid., pp. 245–7.

  83 Krappe’s diary, p. 6, Ian Sayer Archive.

  84 Adam Kurus, ‘Częstochowa 1939: Zapomniana bitwa’, Do broni, 17 May 2012, https://dobroni.pl/n/czestochowa-1939/10283 (accessed 23 April 2019).

  85 Testimony of Maria Komornicka, Karta Archive, Warsaw, AW/II/3611.

  86 Vormann, op. cit., p. 75.

  87 Jan Pietrzykowski, Cień swastyki nad Jasną Górą: Częstochowa w okresie hitlerowskiej okupacji 1939–1945 (Katowice, 1985), p. 18.

  88 Jochen Böhler, Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu w Polsce: wrzesień 1939 – wojna totalna (Kraków, 2009), pp. 106–16.

  89 Jochen Böhler, ‘Grösste Härte …’: Verbrechen der Wehrmacht in Polen, September/Oktober 1939 (Osnabrück, 2005), p. 106.

  90 Quoted in David G. Williamson, Poland Betrayed: The Nazi–Soviet Invasions of 1939 (Barnsley, 2009), p. 93.

  91 Kielmansegg, op. cit., p. 26.

  92 Jerzy B. Cynk, The Polish Air Force at War: The Official History, Vol. 1: 1939–43 (Atglen, PA, 1998), p. 77.

  93 Jackiewicz quoted in Williamson, op. cit., p. 93.

  94 Kielmansegg, op. cit., pp. 26–7.

  95 David Higgins, Panzer II vs. 7TP: Poland 1939 (Oxford, 2015), pp. 16–17, 20–21.

  96 Testimony of Philipp Mamat, at LeMo, part of the website of the German Historical Museum, www.dhm.de

  97 Kurt Mehner (ed.), Die Geheimen Tagesberichte der Deutschen Wehrmachtführung im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939–1945, Band 1: 1. September 1939–30. April 1940, Teil 1 (Osnabrück, 1995), p. 14.

  98 Quoted in Williamson, op. cit., p. 94.

  99 Kielmansegg, op. cit., pp. 33–4.

  100 Steven Zaloga and Victor Madej, The Polish Campaign 1939 (New York, 1985), pp, 123, 125.

  101 Extract from the diary of Kazimiera Musiałowicz, an unpublished manuscript in the collection of Katarzyna Myszkowska, Sulejów.

  102 Tadeusz Kutrzeba, Bitwa nad Bzurą (9–22 września 1939): przyczynek do historii kampanii polsko-niemieckiej w obszarze Poznań–Warszawa we wrześniu 1939 (Warsaw, 1957), p. 32.

  103 Wacław Stachiewicz, Wierności dochować żołnierskiej: przygotowania wojenne w Polsce 1935–1939 oraz kampania 1939 w relacjach i rozważaniach szefa Sztabu Głównego i szefa Sztabu Naczelnego Wodza (Warsaw, 1998), p. 484.

  104 Porwit, op. cit., p. 281.

  105 August Schmidt, Die Geschichte der 10. Infanterie-Division (Eggolsheim, n.d.), p. 28.

  106 Fela Wiernikówna, quoted in Gluza, September 1939, p. 15.

  107 Account of Samuel Goldberg, Imperial War Museum Archive, London, 06/521, pp. 109–10.

  108 Quoted in Piotr Stawecki, Oficerowie dyplomowani wojska Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej (Wrocław, 1997), p. 192.

  109 Deposition of Lt-Gen. Stanisław Kopański to the Historical Commission, London, 1947, PISM, B.I.7a, p. 25.

  110 Andrzej Suchcitz, ‘Poland’s Defence Preparations in 1939’, in Peter Stachura (ed.), Poland between the Wars 1918–1939 (Basingstoke, 1998), p. 117.

  111 Frederick Weinstein (Fryderyk Winnykamień) (ed.), Aufzeichnungen aus dem Versteck: Erlebnisse eines polnischen Juden 1939–1946 (Berlin, 2006), pp. 54–5.

  112 Kielmansegg, op. cit., p. 23.

  113 Goldberg account, op. cit., p. 112.

  114 Quoted in Böhler, ‘Grösste Härte …’, p. 131.

  115 The ‘Munich Letter’, quoted in Jochen Böhler, Auftakt zum Vernichtungskrieg: Die Wehrmacht in Polen 1939 (Frankfurt am Main, 2006), p. 172.

  116 Helmut Krausnick, Hitlers Einsatzgruppen: Die Truppen des Weltanschauungskrieges 1938–1942 (Frankfurt am Main, 1998), p. 40.

  117 Böhler, ‘Grösste Härte …’, p. 115.

  118 Quoted in Hargreaves, op. cit., p. 229.

  119 Quoted in Böhler, Auftakt zum Vernichtungskrieg, pp. 113–14.

  120 Maria Wardzyńska, Był rok 1939: operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce ‘Intelligenzaktion’ (Warsaw, 2009), p. 96.

  121 Ben H. Shepherd, Hitler’s Soldiers: The German Army in the Third Reich (London, 2016), p. 53. See also Polish command report of operations of the 10th Cavalry Brigade by Maj. Franciszek Skibiński, PISM, B.I.58a, p. 10.

  122 Testimony of Helena Szpilman, quoted in Böhler, ‘Grösste Härte …’, p. 109.

  123 Wardzyńska, op. cit., pp. 94–6.

  124 Quoted in Andreas Ulrich, ‘Hitler’s Drugged Soldiers’, Der Spiegel, May 2005.

  125 Norman Ohler, Blitzed: Drugs in Nazi Germany (London, 2016), p. 78.

  126 Quoted in Shepherd, op. cit., pp. 51–2.

  127 Rossino, op. cit., p. 205.

  128 Quoted in Böhler, ‘Grösste Härte …’, p. 42

  129 Rossino, op. cit., p. 161.

  130 Szymon Datner, 55 dni Wehrmachtu w Polsce: zbrodnie dokonane na polskiej ludności cywilnej
w okresie 1 IX–25 X 1939 r. (Warsaw, 1967), pp. 114–17, 241.

  131 Quoted in Böhler, Auftakt zum Vernichtungskrieg, p. 138.

  132 Nowacki testimony, op. cit.

  133 Rossino, op. cit., p. 64.

  134 Franciszek Derezinski, quoted ibid., pp. 64–5.

  135 Datner, op. cit., p. 233.

  136 Polish Ministry of Information, op. cit., Deposition No. 512, p. 60.

  137 Völkischer Beobachter, 9 September 1939, p. 2.

  138 Andrzej Kunert and Zygmunt Walkowski, Kronika kampanii wrześniowej 1939 (Warsaw, 2005), p. 35.

  139 Quoted in Gluza, September 1939, p. 14.

  140 Sir Adrian Carton de Wiart, Happy Odyssey (Barnsley, [1950] 2007), p. 157.

  141 Alexander Polonius, I Saw the Siege of Warsaw (Glasgow, 1941), p. 54.

  142 Zofia Chomętowska, Na wozie i pod wozem: wspomnienia z lat 1939–1940 (Warsaw, 2008), p. 34.

  143 Account held at Imperial War Museum Archive, London, PP/MCR/378.

  144 Quoted in Gluza (ed.), Rok 1939, p. 108.

  145 Wiktor Thommée, ‘Ze wspomnień dowódcy obrony Modlina’, Wojskowy Przegłąd Historyczny, 4:3 (1959), p. 184.

  146 Marian Porwit, Obrona Warszawy – wrzesień 1939: wspomnienia i fakty (Warsaw, 1979), p. 61.

  147 Julien Bryan, Warsaw (New York, 1959), p. 18.

  148 Wacław Lipiński, quoted in Gluza, September 1939, p. 18.

  149 Porwit, Obrona Warszawy, p. 59.

  150 Marta Korwin-Rhodes, The Mask of Warriors: The Siege of Warsaw, September 1939 (New York, 1964), p. 41.

  151 Polonius, op. cit., p. 50.

  152 Korwin-Rhodes, op. cit., pp. 34, 37.

  153 Ibid., p. 46.

  154 Quoted in Herbert Drescher, Warschau und Modlin im Polenfeldzug 1939: Berichte und Dokumente (Pforzheim, 1991), p. 316.

  155 Komornicka testimony, op. cit.

  5 Poland Is Not Yet Lost

  1 Robotnik, 9 September 1939.

  2 Georg Meyer (ed.), Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb: Tagebuchaufzeichnungen und Lagebeurteilungen aus zwei Weltkriegen (Stuttgart, 1976), p. 174.

  3 Alistair Horne, To Lose a Battle: France 1940 (London, 1969), p. 141.

  4 See Kevin Austra, ‘Operation Saar: A Lost Opportunity’, World War II Magazine, September 1999.

  5 Meyer (ed.), op. cit., p. 173.

  6 Quoted in Ronald Atkin, Pillar of Fire: Dunkirk 1940 (London, 1990), p. 28.

 

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