Bitter Spring
Page 50
Foot, John, 323
Ford Foundation, 11
Foreign Affairs Ministry, Italian, 187
Formica, Riccardo, 362n
Forster, E. M., 220
“40 Questions for . . .” interview, 255–56
For Whom the Bell Tolls (Hemingway), 208
Fosse Ardeatine massacre (March 1944), 173–74, 298
Foucauld, Father Charles de, 164, 259, 265–66
“Fox, The” (Silone), 135, 190
Fox and the Camelias, The (Silone), 111, 135, 230–31; Daniele in, 4, 22, 230, 261; setting for, 22, 230, 261
France, 60, 104, 111, 239, 241, 242, 250; Algeria’s war with, 238, 246, 251, 260–61; borders sealed in, 157; Dreyfus affair in, 308; maqui in, 188; Silone denied entry into, 104; Silone expelled from, 79, 149; Silone’s declining of ambassadorship to, 195, 253; Socialist Party in, 196; Vichy regime in, 94, 185; see also Marseilles; Paris
Francis of Assisi, Saint, 17, 29, 65, 89, 255, 259, 262
Franco, Francisco, 166, 167
Frankfurter-Zeitung, 118
Frankfurt School, 129
Franzinelli, Mimmo, 300, 322, 323, 329
Fraschette displaced persons’ camp, 237, 371n
freedom, 84, 148, 151, 154, 159, 165, 202, 254–56, 290, 292, 332, 333, 341; cultural, 219; eroticism and, 175; in U.S., 212, 219
Freedom of Information Act, 249, 373n
Free Italy Committee, 184
French Communist Party, 77, 80, 95
Freud, Sigmund, 64, 129, 209, 365n
Frisch, Efraim, 130
Fucino lake, 26, 326
Fucino plain, 12, 22, 24, 28, 31, 37, 59, 341; land distribution in, 185
Futurists, 60, 71
Galicia, 216
Gallimard, 242
Galliussi, Anita, 223
Gandhi, Indira, 177, 179, 365n
Gandhi, Mahatma, 10, 179
García Márquez, Gabriel, 337
Garosci, Aldo, 210
Gaullism, 261
gender relations, Silone’s views on, 109
Geneva, 140, 287–91, 340
Genoa, 80, 86, 307
Gentile, Annibale, 263
Gentile, Emilio, 129
Gentile, Giovanni, 259
Germany, 60, 75, 236, 239, 250
Germany, Nazi, 167, 168, 172–74, 241, 318; Darina in, 166; I. G. Farben in, 172–73; intellectuals in flight from, 106, 126; Italy’s relations with, 144, 159; Silone’s works in, 116, 117, 118; surrender of, 157, 158, 187; Swiss relations with, 143
Gestapo, 168
Ghilda del Libro, 141
Giardini, Diocleziano, 30, 308, 320, 327–28
Gide, André, 39, 179, 199, 221, 281
Gigli, Beniamino, 177
Giolitti, Giovanni, 59, 70, 239
Giornale Ungherese d’Italia, 224
Giotto, 17
Giovenco River, 25, 40
Gioventù Socialista Italiana, Central Committee of, 67
Giovinezza, 157
Giustizia e Libertà (Justice and Liberty), 38–39, 102, 133, 240, 300
Gloeden, Wilhelm von, 318
Gnudi, 77
Gobetti, Piero, 133, 310
God, 7, 23, 46, 58, 122, 148, 149, 164, 250, 266; Orione’s views on, 50, 51; socialism as serving of, 5
God’s Bandit (Hyde), 53
God That Failed, The (Crossman, ed.), 12, 199, 201, 223–24
Gogol, Nikolai V., 139, 244
Goldene Keyt, Di (The Golden Chain), 280
Good Friday, 7, 337
Gordon, Robert, 10, 296, 325
Gorky, Maxim, 280
Gorni, Olindo “Giannini,” 362n
Gorresio, Vittorio, 199
Gramsci, Antonio, 29, 68, 80, 81, 93–94, 209, 229, 239, 310, 362n; arrest of, 73–74; factory councils of, 72, 94; at Livorno PSI meeting, 69, 70; on Silone’s literary talents, 73, 111; Silone’s relationship with, 74, 255
Grass, Günter, 220, 325
“gray zone,” concept of, 328
Great Britain, 60, 104, 189–90; Italy’s relations with, 189; Labour Party of, 155, 173, 189, 190; Silone’s works in, 346n; SOE of, 168, 171; see also England; London
Greece, Italy’s defeat in, 144, 151
Greenberg, Clement, 11
Greene, Graham, 8, 10, 121–22
Greenway, Rev. Cornelius, 213
Gregorovius, Ferdinand, 25
Grieco, Ruggero, 93, 97, 186
Guardia, The, 322
“Habeas animam!” (Silone), 203–205
habeas corpus, 203, 205
Handful of Blackberries, A (Silone), 207–208, 242, 276; Jews in, 276–80; Rocco De Donatis in, 4, 93, 207, 278, 279–80
“Hanno avuto paura” (They Were Afraid) (Bo), 233–34
Harper & Brothers, 158
Harper & Row, 234, 290
Harrington, Michael, 235
Hemingway, Ernest, 141, 179, 208, 212
Henderson, Arthur, 87
Herling, Gustaw, 226, 240, 242–46, 369n; background of, 243; in exile, 26, 243; on Silone, 15, 208–12, 240, 243–44, 271–72, 340
Hexensabbat (Weissberg), 226
High Commission for Sanctions Against Fascism, 188
Hirshfeld, Magnus, 319
history, 7, 126, 195, 212, 228–29, 236, 249, 339; biographies and, xviii–xix; Chiaromonte’s views on, 241–42, 373n; medieval, 22, 28; RAI special on, 253
Hitchens, Christopher, 322–23
Hitler, Adolf, 101, 111, 116, 118, 167, 318
Hobsbawn, Eric, 62
Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, 6
Holmes, Deborah, 111
Holocaust, 263, 279; survivors of, 328–29
Holy Countenance, 264
Holy Family, 37–38, 336–37
Holy Land, 16, 22, 262–63, 332; Foucauld in, 265–66
homosexuality, 175, 220, 318–19
Hook, Sidney, 217, 248
Howe, Irving, 11, 129–30; on Silone, 7, 234–35, 270, 294; Silone compared with, 31
Humanité, L’, 77, 80
Humm, Rudolf Jakob, 109–10, 135–36, 139, 251
Hungary, 218, 224, 226–30, 238, 245–46
hunger strike, 237
Hunt, John Clifton, 247
Hyde, Douglas, 52–53
I. G. Farben, 172–73
Ignazio Silone (Paynter), 347n
illiteracy, 34, 114, 115
I Malavoglia (Verga), 240
Imprimerie SFIE, 118
India, 165, 215; Darina’s visits to, 170, 177, 291; independence of, 251, 260
industrialization, 282
Inferno (Dante), 267
information, 125, 126
informatore, L’ (Biocca and Canali), 320–23, 325–28
Ingram Merrill Foundation, 288
injustice, 23, 31, 83–84, 292, 294; earthquake and, 43–44
Institute of the Sacred Heart, 54
intellectuals: Jewish, 280; Silone’s views on, 236–39
Interior Ministry, Italian, 299, 309, 313, 317
International Congress of Writers, 280
International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union (ILGWU), 157
International News Service, 167
Invernizio, Carolina, 100
Ireland, 164–67, 177
Israel, 171, 183, 250, 251, 260, 280, 282
Istituto Pio X, 45, 48
Istituto San Filippo, 48, 54
Italian Americans, 157, 212, 214–17
Italian Association for Cultural Freedom, 205
Italian Chamber of Labor, 157
Italian Communist Party (PCI), 27, 38, 53, 69, 147, 196, 224, 238, 246, 253, 299; birth of, 66, 68, 308; in election of 1948, 197–98; internal disputes of, 81, 92–93, 211; membership as “conversion” in, 66; peace with Silone as strategy of, 186; PSI fusion attempt with, 147, 151, 153, 160, 173, 183, 185–86, 189, 190, 192, 197–98; resignations from, 206–207; Romolo and, 87–89, 102, 257; Silone recalled to Italy by, 80; Silone’s aliases for, xv, 75, 345n; Silone’s alleged spying on, 13, 3
07, 320, 321, 324, 328; see also Silone, Ignazio, Fascist spying allegations against; Silone’s clandestine career in, 71, 73, 75–77, 79–81, 92, 352n; Silone’s expulsion from, 12, 15–16, 47, 72, 81, 92, 95–105, 117, 133, 134, 143, 149, 161, 199, 206, 207, 293, 295, 311, 321, 324, 325, 329, 340, 356n; Silone’s writing and, 117, 124, 125, 138, 199, 207–208, 231–32; Tempo Presente and, 245; Tresso’s expulsion from, 81–82
“Italian Journal” (Kazin), 235
Italian Social Democratic Party (PSDI), 187
Italian Socialist Party (PSI), 39, 67, 68, 126, 196, 209, 311; birth of, 60; Centro Interno of, 155; in election of 1948, 197–98; Lenin’s criticism of, 72; Livorno meeting of (Jan. 1921), 69–70, 71; Mussolini expelled from, 60; national congress of (1945), 195; Nenni’s leadership of, 185, 195; PCI fusion attempt with, 147, 151, 153, 160, 173, 183, 185–86, 189, 190, 192, 197–98; Pertini’s resignation from, 190; postwar, 173; publications of, see Avanguardia, L’; Avanti!; splits in, 59–60, 70, 72, 160, 195, 209; war and, 59–60, 61; Zurich Foreign Office (Centro Estero) of, 143–48, 155, 156, 170, 247
Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity (PSIUP), 160, 190–92, 195
Italy: anti-fascism in, 11, 143–46, 157–60, 184, 188–89, 205, 224, 231, 256; British relations with, 189; clandestine circulation of Silone’s works in, 120, 123, 151; coalition government in, 196; colonialism of, 59, 60, 141, 144; Constituent Assembly in, 178, 186, 191, 195; constitution for, 178, 191, 195, 196, 231; Darina in, 166, 167–68, 172–81, 184, 193–94; Darina’s relationship with, 165; democracy in, 11, 141, 145, 151, 153, 154, 159, 160, 173, 182, 211, 261, 290; economic miracle in, 34, 261–62, 265; election of 1946 in, 186, 191; election of 1948 in, 158, 187, 197–98; election of 1953 in, 210; Ethiopia defeated by, 102; fascist coalition in, 150–51; full dictatorship imposed in (1926), 80; German relations with, 144, 159; German surrender in, 157; government-in-exile suggested for, 157; liberation of, 187; military service in, 52, 56; monarchy rejected in, 191; neutrality of, 60, 70; Ottoman war with, 59–60; problems of postfascism in, see postfascism, problems of; as republic, 186, 191, 196; Resistance in, 187, 188, 192, 197; Silone neglected in, 9, 10, 12, 232–35, 249, 295; Silone’s call for civil disobedience in, 143–47, 156, 179; Silone’s post-exile return to, 12, 46, 105, 119, 162, 172–74, 184–85, 313; Silone’s recommendations to OSS for, 158–69; Swiss relations with, 143; tourist-image industry of, 36; unification of, 34, 59, 60, 63, 152, 194–95, 317; unraveling of fascist coalition in, 151; in World War I, 42, 46, 60–64, 70
Iwaszkiewicz, Jaroslaw, 224
Izvestia, 125
Jaspers, Karl, 202, 273
Jerusalem, 16, 263, 282, 340
Jesus Christ, 23, 54, 134, 153, 260, 268, 292–93, 336–37, 358n; divinity of, 170; as Foucauld’s model, 266; Rouault’s depiction of, 264; in Silone’s work, 4, 306; suffering of, 4, 7, 113
Jews, 37, 38–39, 75, 166, 171, 276–82, 363n; in Holocaust, 263, 279; in Silone’s fiction, 276–80
Joachim of Fiore, 22, 29, 235, 241, 255, 267, 292
Johansson, Solveig, 218–19
John Paul I, Pope, 52
John Paul II, Pope, 48
John XXIII, Pope (Angelo Roncalli), 217, 274–75
Jonathan Cape, 119, 123
Jonna, Guglielmo, 81, 321
Joseph, Saint, 29, 336
Josselson, Diana, 202
Josselson, Michael, 202, 205, 246
journalists, Fascist, purge of, 188
Joyce, James, 107, 166
judges, 83–84, 172, 198
Jung, Carl, 106, 129, 180, 324, 365n
justice, 84, 249, 260, 283, 290, 332, 333, 341
Justice and Liberty, see Giustizia e Libertà
Kabakchiev, Hristos, 70
Kafka, Franz, 299
Károlyi, Michael, 99
Katyn forest massacre, 206
Katzenstein, Eric, 117
Kazin, Alfred, 11, 129, 139, 235
Khrushchev, Nikita, 223; secret speech of, 224, 225, 227, 228, 239
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 10
Kissinger, Henry, 127, 223–24
Kochetkova, Lydia Petrovna, 99, 100
Koestler, Arthur, 10, 132–33, 199, 235, 327, 358n; in CCF, 201–202, 203
Kolarov, Vasil, 92
Kollek, Teddy, 263
Kollontai, Alexandra, 253–54
Kristallnacht, 167
Kropotkin, Peter, 8
Kulbak, Moshe, 280, 376n
Kun, Béla, 135
Kurella, Alfred, 117
Labat, Edgar, 218–19
Labedz, Leo, 241
labor camps, Soviet, 203–204, 220, 222, 229, 243, 256, 280
labor unions, 72, 94; Swiss, 155; in U.S., 157, 247
Labour Party, British, 155, 173, 189, 190
Labriola, Antonio, 64
Lamennais, Félicité, 264
land distribution, 33, 59, 185
Laracy, Cecily, 365n
Laracy, Darina, see Silone, Darina Laracy
Laracy, Eithne, 365n
Laracy, Moira, 365n
Laracy, Mr., 163, 166, 170, 171
Laracy, Mrs., 165, 170, 171
La Rochelle, Drieu, 273
La Santé prison, 135
Lateran Accords, 120, 196, 231
latifundists, 23, 160
Lausanne, University of, 120
Lavoratore, Il, 75, 76–77
Leake, Elizabeth, 13–14, 111, 324, 347n; on Silone’s sexuality, 318–19, 383n
Leggeri, Antonietta, 247
Lenin, V. I., 68, 70, 115, 168, 254; death of, 102; Orione compared with, 53; Silone’s encounter with, 71–72; tomb of, 254
Lenin Peace Prize, 239
Leonardo da Vinci, 234, 318
Leonetti, Alfonso, 92–93, 96
Lepore, Jill, xix
Lessing, Theodor, 282
“Lesson of Budapest, The” (Silone), 228–30
“Letizia” (Silone), 272–73
Leto, Guido, 308, 309, 310
Levi, Carlo, 23, 38–39, 129, 225, 237, 282, 333
Levi, Primo, 3, 328–29
Lewis, R.W.B., 5, 133, 175–76, 339, 346n
Libera, Vittorio, 239
liberalism, liberals, 183, 196, 199–200, 203, 204, 205, 239, 240
Liberare e Federare, 183
Libera Stampa (Ticino), 183
Libera Stampa, La (New York), 215
libertarianism, 8, 10, 240, 241
Libertini, Lucio, 313
Libreria Internazionale, 100
Libya, 59, 60
Liebknecht, Karl, 70
Lipper, Elinor, 226, 242
littérature de la Révolution Mondiale, La, 101
Little Brothers, 266
Little Sisters of Jesus, 265, 266
Little Sisters of Sacré-Coeur, 265, 266
Livorno, PSI meeting in (Jan. 1921), 69–70, 71
Lombardo, Dante, 311
Lombroso, Cesare, 140
Lombroso, Gina, 140
London, 119, 160; Luftwaffe raid on, 143; Silone in, 189–90
Longo, Luigi, 88, 232
“looking-glass” theory of self, 6
“Lorenzo’s Return” (Levi), 3
Louisiana, race in, 218–19
Louis XIV, King of France, 28
love, 131, 139, 216, 237, 255, 360n; precariousness of, 337
Love in the Time of Cholera (García Márquez), 337
Loyola, Ignatius, 3
Luce, Clare Boothe, 11
Lussu, Emilio, 38
Luxemburg, Rosa, 70, 170
Macdonald, Dwight, 241
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 9, 127, 129, 234
Madonna, 336–37
Madonna/puttana complex, 175
Madrid, 77, 78
Magnani, Franca, 110–11
Magnani, Valdo, 206
Maiella mountains, 266, 267–68
Mailer, Norman, 220
Maja, 267
malaria, 24, 33–34
Malcolm, Janet, xix
Malraux, André, 10, 132–33, 195, 235, 241, 242
Manifesto for Civil Disobedience (Silone), 10
“Mani Pulite” (clean hands) corruption investigation, 306
Mann, Klaus, 273
Mann, Thomas, 8, 94, 106, 111, 125, 139, 179; PEN and, 250
Man’s Hope (Malraux), 241
Man Without Qualities, The (Musil), 130
Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso, 250
Maritain, Jacques, 164, 202
Markish, Peretz, 280, 376n
Marseilles, 68, 76, 79, 132, 223
Marsica region, 12, 22, 24, 34, 44, 210
Marx, Karl, 64, 69, 94, 168, 209
Marxism, 29, 38, 52, 94, 147, 183, 209; Fascismus and, 123–26; Gramsci’s effect on, 74; Silone’s views on, 7–8, 78, 98, 152, 227, 324
Marzotto Prize, 12, 234
Masani, Minoo, 219
materialism, 52, 262, 289
Matteotti, Giacomo, 146, 165, 253, 310, 312
Matthiessen, F. O., 273
Maurras, Charles, 195
Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 273
Mazarin, Cardinal Jules (Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino), 28, 40
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 46, 140
McCaffrey, John, 168, 171
McCarthy, Joseph, 217
McCarthy, Mary, 11, 177, 220, 241; Darina’s correspondence with, 287, 288, 289, 291
McDonald, Michael P., 12, 39, 285, 325–28
Meffert, Carl (Clément Moreau), 118–19
Memoir from a Swiss Prison (Silone), vii, 147–56
Mercuri, Lamberto, 156
Meridiani series, 11
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 224–25
Mezzogiorno, 212, 215, 257, 333; Christianity in, 37–40; contradictions of, 22–23; earthquake of 1908 in, 48, 259; economic deterioration of, 34, 63; Levi’s views on, 23; mourning in, 33–34; see also Abruzzo region; Pescina
Michelangelo, 162, 170
miei prigioni, Le (My Prisons) (Pellico), 362n
Milan, 44, 70, 80, 82–87, 168, 246; birth of fascism in, 127; blackshirts in, 157; bomb explosion in, 84–88, 256–57, 305; Darina in, 167; Silone’s speech in, 197; train station in, 53; tribunal transferred to, 87, 257
Milano, Paolo, 220
Miller, Arthur, 220, 260
Milosz, Czeslaw, 237
minding one’s own business, 84
“Miracle of the Spring” (Giotto), 17
Modigliani, Giuseppe Emanuele, 69, 72, 184–85, 186, 247