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Sailing the Wine-Dark Sea

Page 26

by Thomas Cahill


  CREDITS

  The author has endeavored to credit all known persons holding copyright or reproduction rights for passages quoted and for illustrations reproduced in this book, especially:

  Harcourt, Inc., for the passage from “Ithaca” in Before Time Could Change Them by C. P. Cavafy, English translation copyright © 2001 by Theoharis C. Theoharis; and for passages from The Metamorphoses of Ovid: A New Verse Translation, English translation copyright © 1993 by Allen Mandelbaum.

  Harold Matson Co., Inc., for the passage from “The Hag of Beare” in The Book of Irish Verse, English translation copyright © 1974 by John Montague.

  Nick Hern Books for the passage from Frederic Raphael and Kenneth McLeish’s translation of Medea by Euripides, copyright © 1994 by Kenneth McLeish and Volatic Ltd.

  Oxford University Press for the passages from Plato: Republic, copyright © 1993 by Robin Waterfield, and Plato: Symposium, English translation copyright © 1994 by Robin Waterfield.

  Random House, Inc., for “The Wanderer” from Collected Poems by W. H. Auden, copyright © 1930 by W. H. Auden.

  Scribner, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group, for the passage from “Sailing to Byzantium” in The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats, Volume I: The Poems, Revised, edited by Richard J. Finneran; copyright © 1928 by The Macmillan Company; copyright renewed © 1956 by Georgie Yeats.

  University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, for the passages from Hesiod’s Theogony, English translation copyright © 1959 by Richmond Lattimore.

  Viking Penguin, a division of Penguin Group (USA) Inc., for the passages from The Iliad, by Homer English translation copyright © 1990 by Robert Fagles, and The Odyssey by Homer, English translation copyright © 1996 by Robert Fagles; for the passage from Agamemnon in Aeschylus: The Oresteia, English translation copyright © 1966, 1967, 1975 by Robert Fagles; and for the passages from Oedipus the King in Sophocles: The Three Theban Plays, English translation copyright © 1982 by Robert Fagles.

  PHOTO CREDITS

  Jacket © foto Pedicini / INDEX, Firenze

  1.1 Photo by Paul Lipke / Courtesy of the Trireme Trust, England

  1.2 Alinari / Art Resource, NY

  1.3 Bridgeman Art Library

  1.4 Alinari / Art Resource, NY

  1.5 Alison Frantz Collection, American School of Classical Studies at Athens

  1.6 Photograph courtesy of the Royal Ontario Museum © ROM

  1.7 INDEX, Firenze

  1.8 Craig Mauzy, Athens

  1.10 Nimatallah / Art Resource, NY

  1.11 The Art Archive / Luxor Museum, Egypt / Dagli Orti

  1.12 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fletcher Fund, 1932 (32.11.1)

  1.13 Drawing by Candace Smith; © Candace Smith and Andrew Stewart

  1.14 Foto Marburg / Art Resource, NY

  1.15 Alinari / Art Resource, NY

  1.16 Alinari / Art Resource, NY

  1.17 Alinari / Art Resource, NY

  1.18 Alinari / Art Resource, NY

  1.19 INDEX, Firenze

  1.20 Nimatallah / Art Resource, NY

  1.21 Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples / Bridgeman Art Library

  1.22 Foto Marburg / Art Resource, NY

  1.23 The Art Archive / Acropolis Museum, Athens / Dagli Orti

  1.24 Ashmolean Museum, Oxford

  1.25 Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin-Preußischer Kulturbesitz / Photo by Jürgen Liepe © bpk, Berlin

  1.26 Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY

  1.27 Scala / Art Resource, NY

  1.28 Acropolis Museum, Athens / Bridgeman Art Library

  1.29 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fletcher Fund, 1927. (27.45)

  1.30 Nimatallah / Art Resource, NY

  1.31 Araldo De Luca, Rome

  1.32 Alinari / Art Resource, NY

  1.33 Giraudon / Art Resource, NY

  1.34 Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin-Preußischer Kulturbesitz / Photo by Johannes Laurentis © bpk, Berlin

  1.35 Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin-Preußischer Kulturbesitz / Photo by Ingrid Geske © bpk, Berlin

  1.36 © The British Museum, London

  1.37 Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY

  1.38 Staatliche Museen zu Berlin-Preußischer Kulturbesitz © bpk, Berlin

  1.39 Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin-Preußischer Kulturbesitz / Photo by Johannes Laurentis © bpk, Berlin

  1.40 Douris, Kylix (wine cup) with erotic scene, ceramic red-figure. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Gift of Landon T. Clay (1970.233). Photograph © 2003 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

  1.41 Mirror cover with Eros and Symplegma, bronze. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Gift of Edward Perry Warren (RES.08.32c.2). Photograph © 2003 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

  1.42 Apulian Red-Figure Bell Krater by the Name Vase of the Choregos Painter. Courtesy of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu (96.AE.29)

  1.43 British Museum, London / Bridgeman Art Library

  1.44 Vatican Museum, Rome © Bildarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin

  1.45 Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen

  1.46 Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen

  1.47 Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY

  1.48 Hirmer Fotoarchiv, Munich

  1.49 foto Pedicini / INDEX, Firenze

  1.50 Scala / Art Resource, NY

  1.51 Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin-Preußischer Kulturbesitz / Photo by Ingrid Geske © bpk, Berlin

  1.52 Giraudon / Bridgeman Art Library

  1.53 Lauros / Giraudon / Bridgeman Art Library

  1.54 Alinari / Art Resource, NY

  1.55 Alinari / Art Resource, NY

  1.56 Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY

  1.57 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, 1909 (09.39)

  1.58 © The British Museum, London

  1.59 The Art Archive / National Glyptothek, Munich / Dagli Orti

  1.60 Tosi / INDEX, Firenze

  1.61 Photo by Yves Siza © Musée d’art et d’histoire, Ville de Genève (19026)

  1.62 AKG London

  1.63 © Scala / Art Resource, NY

  1.64 Private Collection / Bridgeman Art Library

  1.65 Studio Kontos, Greece

  1.66 Albertinum, Dresden

  1.67 The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore

  1.68 Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg

  1.69 NASA

  INDEX

  Academos

  Academy

  accounting, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2

  Acharnians (Aristophanes), 3.1

  Achilles, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 3.1, 3.2

  Acropolis, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1

  Adam and Eve

  Aegean Sea

  Aegisthus, itr.1, 4.1

  Aeneas

  Aeneid (Virgil), 3.1, 7.1

  Aeolian mode

  Aeschylus, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.1, 7.1

  Agamemnon, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2

  Agamemnon (Aeschylus), 4.1

  agapē, 5.1, 7.1

  Agathon, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 6.1

  Agavē

  agnosticism

  agora, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1

  Ajax, 1.1, 2.1

  Alaric

  Alcaeus

  Alcibiades, 5.1, 5.2

  Alcman

  Alexander the Great, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2

  alphabet, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 7.1

  American democracy, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, 7.2

  Anabasis (Xenophon), 1.1

  Anacreon

  Anaktoria, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  anarchy

  anatomy, human, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

  Anaxagoras, 5.1, 7.1

  Anaximander

  Anaximenes

  Andromache, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1, 7.1

  andron, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1

  Angela’s Ashes (McCourt), 4.1

  antiheroes

  Antilochus

&nb
sp; Aphrodite, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  Apollo, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2

  Apollo (“the Belvedere”)

  Apology (Plato), 5.1

  Apuleius

  Arcadius, Roman Emperor of the East

  archaeology

  archaic sculpture, 6.1, 6.2

  Archilochus, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 6.1

  architecture

  architraves

  archon eponymos, 4.1, 4.2

  archons, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4

  Ares, 2.1, 7.1

  aretē, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1

  Argonauts

  Ariadne

  Ariadne auf Naxos (Strauss), 6.1

  aristocracy, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.1

  Aristophanes, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  Aristotle, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1

  art, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1

  Artemis, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2

  Arthur, King

  Aspasia

  Assembly, Athenian, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1

  Assembly Women (Aristophanes), 5.1, 5.2

  Astyanax, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1

  atheism, 7.1, 7.2

  Athena, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 4.1, 7.1, 7.2

  Athēnē Promachos, 4.1, 7.1

  Athens, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1

  athletics, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  Atlantis

  atoms

  Atreus, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4

  Auden, W. H.

  Augustine, of Hippo

  Augustus, Emperor of Rome

  auloi, 3.1, 3.2

  aurea mediocritas, 6.1

  Autumn of War, An (Hanson), 1.1

  Aztecs

  bacchae, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2

  Bacchae (Euripedes)

  barbarians, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1

  basileus, 4.1

  beauty, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  Bentley, Richard

  Beyond Good and Evil (Nietzsche), 5.1

  Bible, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 7.1

  Birth of Tragedy, The (Nietzsche), 4.1, 5.1

  Boardman, John

  boundary lines, 6.1, 6.2

  boustrophedon style

  Bronze Age, itr.1, 1.1, 4.1

  Buddha

  Burkert, Walter

  Burns, Robert

  Bush, George W., 1.1, 7.1

  buskins, 4.1

  Byzantium

  Caesar, Julius

  Calchas

  Calliope

  Calypso, 2.1, 2.2

  Carson, Anne

  Cassandra

  catharsis, 4.1, 4.2

  Catherine of Siena

  Caucasians

  causation

  Cavafy, Constantine, 2.1, 2.2

  cella

  Celts, itr.1, 6.1

  change, constant, 5.1, 6.1

  chanting

  Chaos

  chariots

  Chartres cathedral

  Charybdis

  Cheney, Dick

  children, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1

  choral performances, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5

  Christianity, itr.1, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6

  Chryses, 1.1, 1.2

  Chrysippus

  Churchill, Winston S.

  Cicero, itr.1, 5.1

  Circe, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  City of Peace, 2.1, 3.1

  Clio

  Clytemnestra, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

  Cnossos

  colonnades

  comedy, 5.1, 6.1

  competition, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1

  concentration camps

  conquistadors

  consonants, 2.1, 2.2

  Constantine I, Emperor of Rome, 7.1, 7.2

  Corinth, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

  cornices

  courtesans, 3.1, 5.1, 7.1

  Courtly Love

  Cox, Harvey

  Crete, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2

  crime

  Cronus, 1.1, 3.1

  crucifixion

  culture

  alien, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2

  of leisure, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  warrior, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1

  cuneiform

  Cupid

  cyclopes, itr.1, 2.1

  Cynics

  Daedalus

  daimonia, 5.1, 6.1

  Dalai Lama

  dance, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1

  David (Michelangelo), 6.1

  death, 1.1, 1.2, 5.1

  debtors, 4.1, 4.2

  Delphi, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1

  Demeter, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 1.1, 3.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  democracy, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  Democritus

  Demodocus, 2.1, 2.2

  Demosthenes, 1.1, 6.1

  Desire of the Everlasting Hills (Cahill), 6.1, 7.1

  Desire under the Elms (O’Neill), 6.1

  deus ex machina, 4.1

  Diamond, Jared

  dicastēria, 4.1

  Dinner with Persephone (Storace), 7.1

  Diomedes

  Dionysia, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1

  Dionysus, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1

  dios, 1.1

  Diotima, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5

  dithyrambs

  Donen, Stanley

  Dorian mode

  Draco

  drama, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2

  dreams

  drinking, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2

  drinking cups, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2

  Eagleton, Terry

  Earth, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1

  eclipses, solar

  Ecumene

  Egypt, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5

  Einstein, Albert

  Ekklēsia, 4.1, 7.1

  Ekklēsiazousai (Aristophanes), 5.1

  Electra, 4.1, 4.2

  elements

  Eleusinian Mysteries, 7.1, 7.2

  Elgin marbles

  Eliot, T. S.

  Elysian Fields

  Émile (Rousseau), 1.1

  emotional expression, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2

  Empedocles, 5.1, 5.2

  Enlightenment, 4.1, 5.1

  ephors, 4.1

  epic poetry, 2.1, 2.2

  Epicureans, 7.1, 7.2

  epithalamia, 3.1

  Erato

  Eris

  Eros, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1

  eros, 3.1, 5.1

  Eryximachus, 5.1, 5.2

  essence, 5.1, 5.2

  Eubulus

  eudaimonia, 5.1, 7.1

  Eumenides, 4.1, 4.2

  Eumenides (Aeschylus), 4.1

  eunomia, 4.1

  Euripides, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5

  Euterpe

  Evander

  Evans, Arthur

  Exekias

  exposure of infants

  facades, temple

  Fagles, Robert, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1

  “Fall of the House of Atreus, The”, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

  family, 1.1, 3.1, 5.1

  fate, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 7.1

  festivals, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.1

  Forms (Platonic), 5.1, 6.1, 6.2

  Freud, Sigmund

  friendship, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1

  friezes, sculptural, 6.1, 6.2

  Funeral Oration of Pericles

  Furies, 4.1, 4.2

  Galileo

  Gedankenexperiment, 5.1

  Genesis, Book of

  geometric pottery

  geometry, 5.1, 6.1

  gerousia, 4.1, 4.2

  Gettysburg Address

  Gifts of the Jews, The (Cahill), 7.1

  glossary, Greek

  gnosticism

  God, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

&nbs
p; Golden Ass, The (Apuleius), 7.1

  Golden Fleece

  Good Friday

  goodness, 5.1, 5.2

  Gospels of Luke and John

  Graduate, The (Broadway version), 6.1

  grand unified theory, Einstein’s attempts at

  Great Mother, itr.1, itr.2

  Greece

  agricultural traditions in, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 1.1, 4.1

  chronology of

  city-states of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2

  colonies of, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1

  cultural revolution in, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1

  democracy in, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1

  landscape of

  language of, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  population of, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1

  prehistoric, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 7.1

  trade in, itr.1, itr.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

  warrior culture of, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1

  Greek Orthodox Church, 6.1, 7.1

  Greeks

  as citizens, 4.1, 4.2

  classes of, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1

  cultural superiority felt by, 4.1, 6.1

  Hebrews compared with, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1

  male-centered ideal of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  Gregorian chant

  guilt

  Gulf War, First

  Gulf War, Second

  Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 1.1

  Guns, Germs, and Steel (Diamond), 1.1

  gymnasium, 5.1, 6.1

  Hades, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 7.1, 7.2

  “Hag of Beare, The” (early Irish lyric), 7.1, 7.2

  hamartia, 4.1, 5.1

  Hanson, Victor Davis, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5

  Harvey, Paul

  Hebrew language, 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1

  Hebrews, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1

  Hector, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1

  Hecuba, 1.1, 4.1

  Hedges, Chris

  Hegelochus

  Heisenberg, Werner

  Helen of Troy, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1

  Hellenic period, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  Hellenistic art

  helots, 4.1

  Henry V (Shakespeare), 6.1

  Hephaestus, 2.1, 7.1

  Hera, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 7.1

  Heracles (Hercules), 1.1, 6.1

  Heracles (Euripides), 3.1

  Heraclitus, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4

  hermaphrodites

  Hermes

  herms

  Herodotus, 2.1, 5.1, 7.1

  heroes, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1

  Hesiod, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1

 

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