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Human Universe

Page 24

by Professor Brian Cox

Inflation, Theory of 4, 55–6, 202–7

  International Space Station 120, 160, 164, 221; Expedition 38 156–9, 165–6

  Ionian Enchantment 159

  Iota Ursa Major 133

  Isua Supracrustal Belt, Western Greenland 102

  ITER 236–7

  J

  Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 219

  Johanson, Donald 130

  Joy Division 2, 172, 205

  Jupiter 3, 14, 15, 38, 59, 75, 76, 86, 87, 89, 96, 100, 123–4

  K

  K-type dwarf stars 20, 100

  Kamanin, Nikolai 122

  Kazak Steppe, Kazakhstan 156–9, 165–6

  Kennedy Space Centre 76

  Kennedy, Bobby 16

  Kennedy, John F. 16, 18, 19, 70, 114, 119, 149

  Kepler Space Telescope 90–1

  Kepler-62 system 84, 85

  Kepler, Johannes 9, 12, 23, 38, 39, 84, 90–1, 98, 100, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 196

  Kepler Conjecture, The 188–92

  Khrushchev, Nikita 70, 114

  Kipling, Rudyard 193, 194

  Kochab 134

  Königsberg Observatory 22

  Konopinski, Emil 61

  Kotov, Commander Oleg 158, 166

  Kranz, Gene 231

  Kuiper Belt 117

  L

  landscapes, nature and shaping of 79

  Large Hadron Collider, CERN, Geneva 170, 177, 178, 180, 202

  Late Heavy Bombardment 102, 103

  Lawrence Livermore Laboratory 234

  Leavitt, Henrietta 24, 25, 27, 29, 33, 34

  Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 169, 170, 171, 204, 207

  LEM (Lunar Excursion Module) 18

  Lemaître, Georges 50, 53–4, 55, 56

  leopard, spots of 193–6

  Lilly, John C. 68, 69

  Linde, Andre 202, 206

  The Local Group 34

  longitude 44, 45

  Lorenz, Edward 225, 227

  Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 61

  Lovell, Jim 16, 17, 54, 132–3, 146, 147, 149

  Low, George 18

  LUCA (the Last Universal Common Ancestor) 104–5, 106, 107, 172

  Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis skeleton) 126, 130–1, 138

  Luna 3 25

  Lunar Lander 18

  Lunar Module (LM) 145, 146–8, 229, 232

  Lunar Rover 229

  Luther King Jr, Martin 16

  Lyra, constellation of 84, 91

  M

  Magellan, Ferdinand 132

  Magellanic Clouds 27

  Mahler, Gustave 242

  Main Sequence 96, 97, 98, 99, 100

  mammals, emergence of 105, 106, 107

  Manchester 2, 25, 120, 160, 171

  Manhattan Project 61, 70, 72, 113

  Marconi, Guglielmo 63

  Maria de Novara, Domenica 7

  Mars: close encounters with Earth 224; likelihood of habitation on 63, 86, 93, 95, 100, 103; position of in solar system 3, 14, 15; travel to 16, 42, 59

  Mayor, Michel 89

  Mercury 3, 15, 67, 85, 86, 89, 95, 224, 227

  Mesopotamia 153, 160, 161

  Milankovitch theory 136

  Milky Way Galaxy 2, 3, 4, 20, 22, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 46, 49, 51, 59, 62, 69, 70, 72, 82, 83, 90, 91, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118

  MIT 53, 132

  Mitochondria 109–10, 111, 125, 142, 151

  Moon: Apollo missions and see Apollo missions; Armstrong’s footprints on 131; atmosphere 95; dark side of the 25; distance to the 47; Earth’s rotational rate and 133–5; first views of the 37; formation of 102; Galileo’s sketches of 37; Galileo’s watercolours of 37–8; North Pole 95; orbit/gravity 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 23, 37–8, 95, 99, 133, 143; physics of getting to 230–2

  Moore, Patrick 58, 145

  morphogenesis 142, 193, 195

  Morrison, Philip 64, 68, 69, 72, 74, 113

  Mount Pinatubo eruption, 1991 95–6

  Mount Wilson Observatory, California 33

  N

  Nabataeans 152, 153, 154, 161

  Nagasaki, nuclear attack on 61

  Nakayara, Ukichiro 191

  NASA 72, 94, 239; Apollo missions and see Apollo missions; Aquarius Reef Base 218; AS8-14-2383 19; Big Ear telescope and 73, 74; definition of properties a planet needs to have chance of supporting life 93; Exoplanet Archive 91; Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO) 219–20; Hubble Space Telescope 27; Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 95; Plum Brook Station, Ohio 42, 43, 45; Project Cyclops and 73; Sentry System 216; Space Shuttle missions 120

  National Academy of Sciences 66

  National Ignition Facility (NIF), California 234, 237

  National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, West Virginia 64, 66, 70, 72, 82, 87, 89, 101, 113, 116

  ‘National Radio Silence Day’ 63, 64

  Natufians 152

  Neanderthals 129, 139, 140, 142, 149, 210, 213–14

  NEEMO 219–20

  Neptune 3, 75, 76, 117

  Neumann, John von 116–17

  neutrino 46, 177, 181, 235

  neutron stars 46–7, 84

  neutrons 46, 175, 177, 179, 180, 197, 235, 237

  Newman, William 117

  Newton, Isaac 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 20, 22, 23, 29, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 164, 188, 221, 232; Constant 10, 224; Law of Gravity 10, 11, 12, 20, 22, 23, 29, 40, 41, 42, 44–5, 46, 47, 158, 159, 160, 182, 221, 224

  99942 Apophis (asteroid) 216, 227

  North Star 134

  nuclear fusion 197, 234–5, 236

  nuclear reactors 61

  O

  Oakbank Avenue, Chadderton, Oldham, Greater Manchester, England 2, 16

  Observatoire de Haute-Provence, France 89

  Occam’s razor 60

  Oliver, Barney 68, 69

  Omo 1 and Omo 2 139

  Order of the Dolphin, The 66

  Orion 25, 97

  ‘Out of Africa’ model 139, 150, 151

  oxygenic photosynthesis 106, 107, 108, 111–12, 113, 118

  Ozma 64

  P

  parallax, stellar 20, 21, 22, 23

  Paranthropus 129, 138, 139

  patterns in nature, emergence of complex 25–8, 175, 185–96, 222, 223

  Pauli Exclusion Principle 45, 46

  Pauline Chapel, Rome 37–8

  Pearman, Peter 66, 68

  Petra 153–5, 161

  Petrovich 157, 158, 165

  phagocytosis 110

  Pherkad 134

  photon 65, 175, 177, 181

  photosynthesis 69, 96, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111–12, 113, 118

  Photosystem 2 108

  physics, laws of 9, 35–6, 59, 83, 96, 97, 109, 117, 143, 168, 170, 205, 207, 222 see also under individual law name Pickering, Professor Edward Charles 25, 27

  Pilbara region, Western Australia 102

  Pius XII, Pope 54

  Planck epoch 169

  Planck length 203

  Planck satellite 200

  Planck temperature 173

  Planck’s constant 46

  Planetary Motion, Kepler’s laws of 188

  Plato 197

  Plum Brook Station, Ohio, NASA 42, 43, 45

  Poincaré, Henri 25, 224

  Polaris 132–4

  primates, evolution of 105, 111, 125–31, 140, 151

  Project Cyclops 73

  prokaryotes 109–12

  Proton Synchroton accelerator, CERN 69

  protons 46, 65, 69, 78, 175, 177, 179, 180, 181, 191, 197, 234–5, 237

  Proxima Centuari 84, 97, 221

  PSR JO348+0432 45–7, 48

  Ptolemy 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14

  pulsars 78, 79, 81, 84, 87, 141

  Pulse Climate Variability hypothesis 143

  Pushkov, Alexi 215, 216

  Q

  quantum field theory 178–9, 198, 202, 204

  quantum physics 45, 46, 169, 178–9, 198, 202, 203–4, 207

  quarks 175, 177, 179, 181, 197,
242

  Queloz, Didier 89

  R

  radial velocity 55, 87, 88

  Raleigh, Sir Walter 190

  reaction-diffusion systems 195

  red dwarf stars 76, 84, 90, 96, 97, 99–100, 221

  red giant stars 97, 98

  relativity 9; General Theory of Relativity 9, 29–30, 39, 43–4, 45, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 168– 9, 179, 182, 183, 202–3, 222; Special Theory of Relativity 9, 40–2

  Robertson, Howard Percy 54

  Roman Empire 153, 154

  Rome 5, 37–8

  Ross 248 221

  Roswell, New Mexico 60

  Royal Astronomical Society, London 25

  Russell, Bertrand 12

  Russell, Henry Norris 86, 96, 98, 100

  Ryazansky, Sergey 158, 166

  S

  Sagan, Carl 58, 68, 69, 79, 117, 131, 207, 215

  sand dunes, formation of 187

  Saturn 3, 14, 15, 59, 75, 76, 100

  scalar fields 179, 202, 203–4, 205, 206, 207

  Schuster, Arthur 25

  Schwarzschild, Karl 51

  science: language and 170; predicting the future and 209–42; vs. magic 224–8; what is? 35–6

  science fiction 58, 59, 81, 90, 116, 219, 237

  sea level rise 114

  SETI 66, 68, 72, 73, 74, 87, 91, 101, 116

  Shakespeare, William 164, 232

  Shapley, Harlow 28, 29, 31, 49, 53

  Siberia 123, 156–7, 215

  single celled organisms, emergence of 109, 192

  Sirius 76, 99

  Sitter, Willem de 52, 56, 202

  Sixtus III, Pope 37

  61 Cygni 20, 22

  Small Magellanic Cloud 27

  snowflake, symmetry of 188–92, 196

  solstices 134, 226

  Solvay Conference, Brussels, 1927 54

  Soyuz TMA-10M spacecraft 22, 157, 158, 165, 166

  Space Shuttle Columbia 120

  spacetime: infiation of see Infiation, Theory of; shape of 48, 49, 51, 202

  speed of light 46, 182, 202

  sperm, odds of success of 172

  Standard Model Lagrangian 178, 183

  Standard Model of particle physics 138, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 188, 191, 197, 198, 202, 222

  Star Trek 58, 237

  Star Wars 58, 81

  Starobinsky, Alexei 202

  stellar aberration 27

  stellar parallax 20, 21, 22, 23

  Stratton, Alfred 185

  strong nuclear force 175, 177, 179, 197, 235

  Struve, Otto 68, 69, 83, 87, 89

  Su-Shu Huang 68, 69

  Sumerian system 160

  summer solstice 226

  Sun 14, 18, 28, 29, 95; brightness of 34, 99; death of 46, 224; diameter of 96, 132; Earth’s climate and 95, 96–7, 134, 136; Earth’s equinoxes, solstices and 8, 133, 134, 137, 226–8; Earth’s seasons and 134, 136, 226–8; from Earth to the 8; Jupiter causes to wobble 87; nuclear fusion and 234–5; position in solar system/orbit 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 20, 38–9, 40, 44, 45, 89, 133, 134, 135, 137, 143, 168; stellar parallax and 21, 23; temperature of 16; weak nuclear force and 175, 177

  supergiants 96, 98

  Svalbard Global Seed Vault 239, 240–1

  Swigert, Jack 145, 149

  symmetry in nature, study of 188–96, 198

  Syria 152, 239

  T

  Tau Ceti 64, 66, 67

  Teller, Edward 61

  Tesla, Nikola 63

  Thales of Miletus 159

  367943Duende (asteroid) 215

  Titan 79, 100

  Titov, Gherman 122

  Tobolsk, Siberia 156–7

  Torino scale 216, 217, 227

  transit method 90–1, 92

  Triton 76

  Turing machines 223

  Turing pattern 193, 195–6

  2MASS JO5233822–1403022 96

  Twosret, Queen 162

  U

  UFOs 60–2

  universe: creation/origin of 11, 55–60, 167–207; Earth’s place in see Earth; eternal 5, 6, 52, 207; infiation of 4, 55–6, 202–7; planets and see under individual planet name

  University of Manchester 2, 25, 160

  up quarks 175, 177, 178, 242

  uranium series dating 210, 212

  Uranus 3, 75, 76

  Ursa Minor 132, 133, 134

  V

  Venus 3, 13, 14, 38–9, 67, 85, 86, 93–4, 95, 100, 224

  Vostok 1 120, 121, 122, 123

  Voyager space probes 75, 76, 79, 81, 221

  W

  W And Z bosons 177

  Walter, Bruno 242

  War of the Worlds 63

  weak nuclear force 46, 175, 177, 197, 235

  Weinberg, Stephen 198

  white dwarfs 33, 46–7, 98

  White, Ed 133

  Wilberforce, Samuel 31

  Wilson, Edmund O. 159

  Wolszczan, Aleksander 84, 87

  Wonders of the Solar System 160

  Wow! Signal 74, 76

  Wright Brothers 62, 117, 232

  written word, development of 160–4

  Y

  Yerkes Observatory 33

  York, Herbert 61

  Young, John 120, 229, 232

  Younger Dryas 152

  Yukawa couplings 179, 182, 197

  Z

  Z-scheme 108

  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  We first began to discuss the television series that became Human Universe in the summer of 2012. It’s the fourth major television project we have worked on together and like all of the previous series it has required the talent and dedication of a brilliant team of people. We’d like to thank them all for the endless passion and commitment they have given to the series. We’d especially like to thank Gideon Bradshaw, the Series Producer, for his outstanding leadership. Gideon has worked on many of our television projects over the years including Horizon and the Wonders series and as always his creativity, vision and passion have been ever present during the production of Human Universe. The team also consisted of a world-class group of directors: Stephen Cooter, Nat Sharman, Annabel Gillings and Michael Lachman. The ability to take complex scientific ideas and transform them into beautiful films is a rare talent and we are lucky to have had such expertise on the project. We would also like to thank the hugely talented Paul O’Callaghan, Director of Photography, who has brought such a vibrant beauty to the cinematography across the series, Andy Paddon, ‘soundman’, for his endless hard work across all of the films, Rob McGregor for his coffee machine and for shooting so many beautiful scenes both above and below the water and Phillip Sheppard for his beautiful score. We’d also like to thank Davina Bristow, Mags Lightbody, Laura Flegg, Alice Jones, Jodie Adams, Karen McCallion and Eloisa Noble for all the ideas and dedication they have brought to the series.

  Editing is such an important part of the television-making process and we are hugely grateful to Darren Jonusas for his craft in shaping the series along with the other superb editors Graeme Dawson, Louise Salkow and Gerard Evans. We’d also like to thank Rob Hi. e and the team at BDH for the design and visual effects they have brought to every film.

  Every production also needs a brilliant team back in the office and Human Universe relied again and again on the leadership of Production Manager Alexandra Nicolson, Production Executive Laura Davey and the hard work and dedication of all the production team. Thank you to Louisa Reid, Viola Schwedhelm, Carly Wallis, Alexandra Osborne, and all of those who worked so tirelessly to support this complex production. We’d also like to thank Nik Sopwith and Kate Bartlett who helped shape and nurture the ideas that would form the foundation of the series during its early development.

  There are of course so many others who helped make the series and we are grateful to them all, but we would like to thank Peter Leonard, Jenny Scott, Professor Nik Lane, Professor Jeff Forshaw, Professor Frank Drake, Martin West, Julius Brighton, Helene Ganichaud and Vicky Edgar.

  Plus a very special th
anks to Sue Rider for all of her endless support.

  As always, the team at HarperCollins have been outstanding in delivering such a beautiful book against punishing deadlines. We’d particularly like to thank Zoë Bather, whose brilliant design is found in this and all three of the Wonders books, Michael Gray, Julia Koppitz, Chris Wright, Anna Mitchelmore and of course Myles Archibald, our patient and wise publisher.

  We’d also like to thank the University of Manchester for their continued unwavering support and encouragement, in particular Dame Nancy Rothwell, President and Vice Chancellor, who allows her academics the freedom to be academics.

  Cognitio, sapientia, humanitas.

  About the Authors

  Professor Brian Cox, OBE is a particle physicist and a professor at the University of Manchester as well as researcher on one of the most ambitious experiments on Earth, the ATLAS experiment on the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland. He is best known to the public as a science broadcaster and presenter of the popular BBC Wonders trilogy.

  Andrew Cohen is Head of the BBC Science Unit and the Executive Producer of the BBC series Human Universe. He has been responsible for a wide range of science documentaries including Horizon, the Wonders trilogy and Stargazing Live. He is an honorary lecturer in Life Sciences at the University of Manchester and lives in London with his wife and three children.

  About the Publisher

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