by Steven Hatch
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CHAPTER SIX: THE ORIGINS OF KNOWLEDGE AND THE SEEDS OF UNCERTAINTY
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CHAPTER SEVEN: THE CORRELATION / CAUSATION PROBLEM
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Kolata, G., and Petersen, M. Hormone replacement study a shock to the system. New York Times, July 10, 2002.
Lobo, Roger. Where are we 10 years after the Women’s Health Initiative? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:1771–1780.
Nelson, H., et al. Menopausal hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions: A systematic review to update the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations. Ann Intern Med 2012; 157:104–113.
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Wilson, Robert. Feminine forever. New York: M. Evans, 1966.
CHAPTER EIGHT: “HEALTH WATCH”
Arnheim-Dahlström, L., et al. Autoimmune, neurological,
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———. The HPV vaccine controversy. Katie, December 4, 2013. The full episode is now no longer accessible, as the Katie website was taken down during the writing of this book. A portion of the show remains on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjJd2hK76ZY, retrieved July 2015.
Fox, Maggie. German doctors declare “cure” in HIV patient. Reuters, December 15, 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/12/15/us-aids-transplant-idUSTRE6BE68220101215, retrieved July 2015.
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CHAPTER NINE: CONCLUSION
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APPENDIX
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Index
açaí berry, 226, 252–253
accuracy, statistical, 54–56, 67, 70, 259
age
blood pressure targets and, 90–91, 91 (table), 92–97, 216
breast cancer and, 67, 76
mammography
recommendations and, 66–67, 69, 74–77, 83–84, 88, 221
AIDS
case series for, 157
correlation/causation problem with, 164–165
death from, 186
poppers theory for, 164–165
See also HIV
alternative medicine, 103–105, 111, 113–118
Amazonian rainforest, 252
American Cancer Society, 33, 77, 84
American College of Cardiology, 145
American College of Radiology, 59, 222
American Heart Association, 145, 249
American Urological Association, 40
anesthesia, 2
antibiotics, 4
for bacterial infection, 12–13, 114–115
in Lyme disease treatment, 100, 102–103, 111, 114–116, 119, 123, 125–126, 256
prolonged use of, 115–117, 123, 223
side-effects of, 6, 116
antibodies, 107–110
antidepressant drugs, 17, 138, 139, 146
clinical trials for, 147–148, 255–256
history of, 139
mass prescriptions for, 148–149
risk a
nd benefit of, 149
See also SSRIs, Prozac
antioxidants, 169, 252
Arkes, Hal, 39, 41
arthritis, 105, 106
aspirin. See salicylic acid
autism, 113–114, 258
bacterial infection, 12, 13, 114–115
BBC, 3, 228
Berlin Patient (Timothy Ray Brown)
HIV cure of, 186–189, 227
media coverage of, 182–185, 189, 204, 227
bias
in clinical research, 79–80, 132–133, 167–168, 179
in diagnosis, 31–32, 113–114, 133, 197
biochemistry, 1, 2
biopsies
false-positive errors and, 68, 81, 260
occurrence of unnecessary, 37–39, 40 (fig.), 69–70, 76
side effects with, 39, 260
uncertainty with, 75–76
biostatistics, 17, 135, 155, 256
The Black Swan (Taleb), 10
blood pressure
management of, 92–93, 95, 215–216
statistics of, 91, 249
blood pressure, high
drugs for, 92, 95, 98, 150, 255
SHEP trial on, 92–97
treatment questions with, 216–217
blood pressure targets
age and, 90–91, 91 (table), 92–97, 216
aggressive approaches to, 96–98
debate over, 89, 90–94, 98, 216
with diabetes and kidney disease, 90–91, 91 (table), 216
risk and benefit with, 91–92, 94–98
statistical significance and, 249
studies on, 94, 217, 250
uncertainty with optimal, 97–98
blood tests, 24
Blumenthal, Richard, 119–124
bone marrow transplant, 187–188
Borrelia burgdorferi, 106–109, 111–113, 123
Brasileiro, Adriana, 252
Brawley, Otis, 33–34
BRCA1, 222, 229
breast cancer
age and, 67, 76
diagnosing, 10, 36 (fig.), 37, 74
diagnostic test compared to screening for, 58, 65–66, 74
ductal carcinoma in situ, 81
mammogram of, 72 (fig.), 73