How Sexual Desire Works- The Enigmatic Urge
Page 61
Ibn Sina 82
id 87, 90, 445
imagery 11, 107, 115, 146, 148, 156, 196, 235, 236, 240, 257, 296, 297, 299, 301, 302, 329, 331, 385, 401, 429, 438, 451
imagination 3, 11, 12, 17, 43, 99, 104, 109, 149, 222, 255, 267, 295, 343, 353, 354, 385, 386, 436
imitation 101, 207, 210, 238, 250, 298, 444
impotence 86, 302
imprinting 241, 244, 262, 266, 331
impulsive behaviour 157
impulsive reactions 135
impulsivity 246, 247, 361
INAH-3 49, 254
incentive vii, 35, 36, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 130, 135, 141, 144, 149, 150, 158, 159, 189, 197, 216, 218, 222, 246, 247, 295, 306, 309, 310, 334, 337, 340, 341, 350, 351, 384, 394, 443, 444, 445, 448
potential 239
sexual 240
incentive approach system 142
incentive motivation 181, 306, 328, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338
incentive motivation model 103, 193, 317
incentive motivation theory 334
incentive salience 148, 160, 183, 246, 319, 335, 376, 384, 440, 445, 446, 448
incentive sensitization 292, 324
incentive theory 151, 334, 337, 343
incentive-based model 95–111
incentives
a common system 142
potential 109
rather than drives 107–109
incest 206, 210, 213, 214, 330
and its avoidance 240–244
overcoming 261–262
India 124, 125
infatuation 110
infidelity 23, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 144, 197, 221, 280, 431
inhibition 38, 51, 73, 100, 114, 116, 119, 120, 135, 141, 146, 161, 162, 163, 201, 225–228, 249, 286, 287, 290, 291, 308, 315, 341, 351, 354, 363, 365, 394, 405, 406, 417, 418, 423, 431, 435, 442, 444, 446, 447, 452
hidden consequences of 223–225
intentional 202–205, 445, 447
nature of 199–200
orgasm-specific 201
paraphilias 359–360
from physically-present stimuli 202
on rape 402
and sexual disorders 225–228
Inis Beag 101, 106, 205
insanity 83, 86
insecure attachment 406, 414
insight 15, 444
insomnia 15
insula 146, 172, 175, 187, 450, 451
intentions 103, 106, 113
Inuit 125
Iran 82
Islam 81, 85, 216, 271, 377
Ituri 65, 66
jealousy 120, 225, 272, 274, 437
Jewish faith 77, 87
Kemper, Edmund 411
Kennedy, John 89
kibbutzim 243
Kinsey 14, 89, 100, 132, 258
kissing 5, 14, 90, 104, 180, 236, 277, 279, 304, 432, 433, 443
Lady Chatterley 8, 84
Lawrence, D.H. 84, 145, 180
L-dopa 157, 158, 159
learning 14, 20, 35–37, 93, 105, 114, 117, 150, 168, 172, 173, 184, 210, 230, 237, 238, 239, 250, 253, 258, 282, 292, 339, 348, 350, 355, 358, 367, 369, 404, 405, 407
paraphilias 350–352
social 238
Lee, Ann 215
lesbians 19, 153, 192, 254, 264, 267
levels of brain organization 27, 43
paraphilias 360–361
levels of control 27, 110, 112, 113, 134, 140, 141, 176, 247, 274, 317, 349, 361, 410, 423
libido 87, 89, 92, 139, 158, 197, 223, 284, 291
liking 45, 50, 57, 73, 160, 183, 275, 279, 296, 326, 445, 446
limbic system 43, 47
linking objective and subjective 9–11
Lot 288
love 7, 82, 87
companionate 277–278
lovemap 236
lovesickness 81, 82–84
lust killers 409
Luther, Martin 78–79, 80
Madame Bovary 8
madness 70
Madonna 387
Madonna-whore complex 280
Mangaia 101, 102, 105, 125, 132, 206, 261, 297, 398
mania 156, 157, 399, 422
Mansfield, Katherine 6
marijuana 288–289, 290, 292, 428
Marquis de Sade 396
masculinization 41
masochism 302, 346, 379, 385–389
masturbation 18, 23, 55, 70, 71, 77, 79, 85, 86, 89, 97, 99, 100, 109, 152, 161, 162, 183, 184, 235, 237, 240, 251, 257, 258, 260, 262, 265, 294, 302, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 312, 317, 330, 339, 351, 353, 354, 355, 370, 371, 376, 385, 386, 391, 394, 397, 401, 407, 410, 418, 419, 420, 428, 429, 430, 433, 434, 435, 438, 448
mate-guarding 23
maternal deprivation 384
medieval period 71
memory 1, 29, 34, 47, 48, 51, 52, 57, 82, 86, 114, 120, 137, 141, 171, 172, 174, 224, 232, 234, 280, 285, 304, 305, 336, 341, 379, 381, 390, 399, 420, 421, 438
menopause 139, 152, 307
menstruation 18, 77, 81, 83, 150, 152, 153, 206, 208, 236
mental representation 11
mental rumination 415
methamphetamine 290, 291, 292, 293, 342, 343, 446, 453
Millet, Catherine 5, 299, 304, 443
mind
conscious 30, 33
unconscious 30
mind–body dichotomy 77
mirror neurons 47, 295
mirroring 146, 349
module 120, 121, 122, 123, 126, 162, 206, 444
monogamy 62, 188, 189, 192
moral dyspepsia hypothesis 211
More, St Thomas 79–80
morphine 292, 356, 359
motivated reasoning 310
motive 12, 15, 16, 28, 103, 227, 270, 426
My Secret Life 3, 86, 184
myopia for the future 113, 120
narcissism 17, 362, 400, 422
nature 229, 444
necrophilia 208, 396–397, 431, 436, 438
negative feedback 449
nerves 47
nervous system 38
Netherlands 106
neuroimaging 13, 38, 145, 148, 160, 309, 310, 365
neurons 41, 49, 97, 158, 201, 285, 387, 412, 432
neurosis 88, 93, 98, 99
neuroticism 144
neurotransmitter 40, 360
neutralizing definition 355, 364, 366, 392, 400
New Guinea 101, 257, 267
nice-guy theory 253
nicotine 148
Nilsen, Dennis 436–438
noradrenalin 41, 42, 451
norepinephrine 41
novelty 3, 4, 8, 21, 55, 58, 60, 64, 65, 80, 84, 96, 114, 118, 126, 144, 160, 165, 167, 188, 247, 270, 304, 322, 334, 363, 372, 443, 445, 447, 448
brain basis of 196–198
in humans 193
in humans compared to other species 190–191
ways of achieving 196
nucleus accumbens ix, 48, 50, 51, 67, 147, 148, 150, 156, 160, 180, 182, 183, 197, 201, 310, 352, 361, 365, 415, 422, 451, 454
nurture 229, 444
nymphomania 81, 85
objective and subjective, linking 30
odours 36, 116, 129, 151, 154, 155, 174, 206, 207, 380, 383
Odysseus 219
oestrogens 41, 42, 48, 150, 152, 154
Old Testament 77
Olivier, Monique 426
Onan 85
opiates 183, 290, 293
opioids 40, 90, 183, 201, 233, 293, 320, 359, 445
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) 50, 51, 52
organizational effects 41
orgasm 10, 25, 30, 37, 40, 45, 58, 59, 70, 71, 89, 90, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 108, 136, 137, 174, 181–182, 183, 184, 200, 235, 240, 258, 292, 293, 302, 303, 304, 307, 309, 312, 334, 335, 351, 389, 444, 452
orgies 196
ovaries 154
Ovid 165
ovulation 151, 152, 153, 191, 270
oxytocin 41, 43, 108, 183, 187, 201, 233, 277, 280
paedophiles 115, 222, 355, 391, 392, 394, 447
; paedophilia 66, 120, 210, 352, 391–395, 454
pain 74, 98, 99, 106, 168, 183, 186, 274, 275, 323, 329, 359, 379, 385, 386, 387, 396, 412, 437
avoidance of 18
psychological 366
pair-bonding 62
Panksepp, Jaak 26, 27
paraphilia 266, 330, 346, 347, 350, 351, 352, 353, 360, 361, 446
parasympathetic nervous system 52, 454
parental investment 60
parenting 407
Parkinson’s disease 21, 32, 158–160, 446
pathogens 206, 207
Pavlov, Ivan 35
peer pressure 56, 248
penile erection 52, 234
perfection 9, 304, 372
perfectionism 17
persistent genital arousal disorder 170
personal anecdotes 2–7
pheromones 154–155, 241, 254
phylogenetic regression 454
physical exercise 175, 451
physical exertion 108, 168, 169
pituitary gland 48
plasticity 126
Plato 74, 75, 76, 80, 94, 312, 477
pleasure 14, 30, 45, 51, 55, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 79, 80, 87, 91, 96, 103, 108, 179, 180, 183, 196, 234, 237, 238, 240, 260, 275, 278, 289, 291, 296, 310, 328, 329, 334, 336, 344, 355, 387, 444, 445, 448
anticipatory 160, 161, 445
biological bases 182–183
consummatory 161, 445
Pleistocene 249
polyandry 125
pornography 8, 10, 11, 21, 32, 62, 64, 159, 160, 192, 238, 246, 281, 282, 299, 317, 324, 326, 330, 357, 358, 376, 401, 404, 410, 416, 422, 428, 434, 439, 446, 447, 448
child 9
and erotica 295–9
violent 21, 284, 295, 298–299
prednisone 422
prefrontal cortex 45, 50, 51, 52, 55, 75, 121, 122, 146, 182, 205, 214, 223, 233, 310, 312, 361, 365, 393, 450, 451, 453, 454
pregnancy 103, 150, 152, 153, 154, 204, 270, 286, 296
preparedness 239, 352, 374, 383
primates, non-human 150, 242, 249, 251, 282, 350
processing
automatic 33, 34, 43, 106, 112, 115, 117, 118, 121, 153, 173, 176, 198, 206, 213, 226, 280, 444
automatic and controlled 34–35
conscious 12, 30, 34, 48, 63, 107, 116, 119, 121, 155, 173, 213, 225, 226
controlled 112, 117, 118, 444
unconscious 113, 129, 394
prolactin 201
promiscuity 62, 65, 66, 78, 136, 157, 250, 252, 278, 279, 296, 339, 362, 413
prostitution 70, 78, 135, 166, 196, 214, 270, 280, 317, 330, 331, 339, 342, 357, 358, 366, 388, 402, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 439
psychic energy 87, 88, 91
psychoanalysis 87, 92
psychology, basics of 33–37
psychopaths 361, 362, 363, 365, 366, 367, 393, 399, 410
psychopathy 349, 361–368
evolutionary perspective 368
puberty 230, 260, 304, 377, 379, 385
punishment 67, 101, 178, 179, 238, 240, 250, 256, 352, 364, 368, 385, 406, 414, 432, 437, 452
qualitative approach 137
Rader, Dennis 411, 416, 420, 424, 425, 440
rage 186
Ramirez, Richard 167, 428–429, 439
rape 275, 297, 330, 354, 357, 358, 364, 367, 382, 410, 429
brain of a rapist 399–401
role of anger and stress 402
theories of 403–408
rationalists 30
rationality 32, 107, 207, 361, 424
reason 76, 273
receptor 40, 48, 151
reflex 33
Reformation 78
regulation 69, 70, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95–103
drive and scientific psychology 93
reinforcement 37, 90, 104, 109, 135, 143, 178, 179, 180, 182, 231, 238, 240, 250, 253, 256, 275, 284, 304, 311, 323, 339, 355, 359, 367, 389, 399, 408, 418, 419, 420, 433, 436, 439, 444, 452, 454, 458
religion 22, 32, 68, 77, 78, 89, 98, 100, 110, 199, 204, 208, 211, 215, 242, 263, 305, 316, 318, 444
remorse 362, 421
Renaissance 83
representations, of sex 294–295
repression 89, 93, 101
reserve capacity 288
resistance, overcoming 116
responsibility, and blame 32–33
restraint 4, 13, 15, 37, 55, 75, 76, 77, 78, 90, 94, 98, 110, 115, 119, 120, 122, 141, 146, 156, 162, 202, 204, 205, 216, 218, 219, 222, 225, 247, 321, 336, 360, 364, 365, 412, 429, 438, 443
reward 35, 37, 50, 54, 57, 101, 109, 122, 135, 142, 143, 147, 148, 162, 181, 186, 197, 198, 211, 223, 231, 238, 247, 250, 293, 311, 323, 338, 345, 347, 350, 364, 395, 443, 446, 450
Ridgeway, Gary Leon 431, 439
risk-taking 58, 62, 119, 122, 291, 362, 399
Robinson, Terry 26
romance 82, 269, 303, 442
romantic love, characteristics of 271–275
rope bridge experiment 169
Ross, Michael 421
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 373, 385, 386, 389, 478
Ruskin, John 206
Russell, Bertrand 165
Ryan, Michael 325, 331
sadism 395–396
sadomasochism 156, 297, 298, 357, 379, 388, 416, 455
sadomasochistic sex 156
safe sex 107, 220
Saint Augustine 314
salience 48, 51, 108, 120, 148, 151, 160, 168, 183, 246, 273, 287, 319, 335, 376, 384, 419, 422, 433, 440, 445, 446, 448, 455
Sambia 257, 267
satiety 52, 54, 75, 149, 183, 201, 293, 297, 308, 393, 412, 436
satisfaction, sexual 108
schema 401
schizophrenia 160–161
scripts 354
seeking 12
self-control 220
and reserve 220–221
self-esteem 15, 124, 323, 338, 391, 417
self-image 15, 17, 57, 186, 402
self-medication 340
self-regulation 220
Seligman, Martin 239
seminal vesicles 88, 93, 94
sensation-seeking 143, 189, 197, 246, 247, 322, 360, 399
sensitive period 234
sensitization 76, 84, 292, 306, 308, 324, 341, 343, 350, 422, 429
sensory preconditioning 421
Sergius, Father 203
serotonin 40, 147, 201, 271, 285, 293, 328, 360
Sewell, Brian 23
sex
casual 66
group 125, 264, 301, 342
and levels of organization 112
sex differences 427
sex drive 5, 18, 22, 102, 103, 106, 162, 266, 279
sex offending 151, 309, 311, 355, 384, 440
sex-linked murder 371
sexual abuse 338
sexual addiction 148, 318–321, 448
ambivalence and conflict 325–326
compared with other addictions 325
and drugs 341–343
forms taken 330–333
incentive interpretation 334–337
and love 343–344
and negative emotion 338–341
phenomena to be explained 314–317
tolerance and escalation 326–327
wanting and liking 336–337
sexual arousal
subjective 10
sexual assault 118, 175
sexual aversion disorder 225
sexual behaviour, consequences of 178
sexual behaviour sequence 104, 105, 139
sexual deprivation 55, 70, 73, 84, 93, 97, 99, 101, 110, 185, 313, 403, 423, 445, 448
sexual desire
compared to drug-taking 56–57
compared to feeding and drinking 55–56
compared to gambling 57–58
compared with other desires 54–59
compared to shopping 57
disorders of 161–162
sexual drive 87, 89, 93, 105, 195, 197, 333–334, 345, 395, 403, 445
&
nbsp; sexual dysfunction pills 108
sexual frustration 10, 84, 93, 98, 101, 185, 187, 272
sexual harassment 21
sexual homicide 354, 367, 409–412, 447–448
and the brain 421–422
development of 412–417
and personality 422–427
role of fantasy 417–420
victims of 427
sexual incontinence 74
sexual jealousy 23
sexual offending 349
sexual orientation 237, 260, 306, 448
asexuality 260
biological perspectives 253–254
exotic-becomes-erotic 258
role of later experience 259
role of learning 256–258
a social learning model 258
timing of onset 254–256
sexual pain 227–228
sexual preference hypothesis 347
sexual rehearsal 234, 237
sexual satiety 51, 96, 98, 201, 293
sexual variety 7, 62
sexual violence 21, 444
sexually transmitted diseases 55, 65, 66, 104, 220, 375, 430
Shakespeare, William 286
shame 233, 325, 331, 339, 385, 412, 415, 421, 422, 431
Shipman, Harold 356–357, 359, 396
signature behaviour 420
simulation theory 275
sin 32, 77, 78, 79, 85, 104, 222, 313
Skinner box 37, 107, 150
Skinner, Burrhus F. 229, 235, 238, 324, 359, 384
sleeping sickness 446
smell 129
Smuts, Barbara 251
social bonding 43
social construction 314
social learning theory 404, 405
social norms 20, 163, 208, 239, 276, 338, 403
sociobiology 23
sociology 24
soul 32, 74, 75, 77, 216, 276, 437, 438
sowing wild oats 102
spasm 5, 443
species differences 117
spending 86
sperm competition 190
St Augustine 78, 217, 218, 312, 315, 322
St Paul 77, 94, 199, 202, 216, 217
stalking 147, 284, 382, 411, 418, 419
stimulants 289–292, 293
stimuli
conditional 35, 50
Stockholm syndrome 426
stomach 3, 5, 52, 109, 319, 435, 443
strangling 51, 357, 430, 434, 438
stress 9, 55, 56, 57, 63, 98, 120, 147, 180, 328, 337, 339–341, 352, 354, 359, 392, 395, 427, 446, 448
and temptation 221
sublimation 76, 87, 89, 98, 298
subliminal sexual images 148
superego 75, 90, 94, 445
super-high 7, 9, 290, 342, 356
supernormal stimuli 9, 63, 64, 321, 444
Sweatt, Thomas 384, 385, 454
Sweden 106
swinging 125, 186, 196, 264–265, 277, 302, 426
sympathetic nevous system 52, 168, 173, 196, 454