Becoming Hitler
Page 50
election in, 202
German invasion of, 180
Provisional National Assembly of German Austria, 76
See also Vienna
Austro-Hungarian Empire, xiii, 5
authoritarianism, 30, 336
Axelrod, Towia, 47
Ballerstedt, Otto, 128
Baltic Germans, 215, 216, 217, 223
Bamberg, 46, 48, 51, 74, 303
bankruptcies, 295
Baum, Marie, 81
Baumann, Adalbert, 112–114
Bavaria, xiv, xviii, xix, 74, 89, 160, 254, 262, 268–269, 297, 327
Bavarian Forest, 78
Central Council in, 45
coalition government in, 162–163, 269
coup in, 21, 23 (see also Munich: left-wing coup in)
democratization of, xx, 6, 19, 20, 22, 24, 30, 32, 38
elections in, 23, 24, 30, 33, 36, 41–42, 45
and federal Germany, 51
as free republic, 7, 8, 15, 25
growth of radical left in, 30–31
Jews in, 62, 167 (see also Munich: Jews in)
loyalists in, 22
Ministry of Foreign Affairs in, 270
non-Bavarian Jews in, 11–12
parliament, 14, 23, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 46, 167
patriotic leagues in, 268
radicalization of, 35–36
revolution(s) in, 18, 20, 22, 25, 29, 36, 37, 297, 311
right-wing groups in, 165, 167, 280
Royal family in, xx–xxi
secessionists/separatists in, 93, 113, 113, 126, 128, 145, 163, 201, 208, 209
sectionalists in, 295, 296
as Soviet Republic, 45, 46, 50
state of emergency in, 296
State Police, 301, 303, 304
Workers’, Soldiers’ and Peasants’ Council in, 8, 36, 37, 38
See also Munich; Traunstein
Bavarian People’s Party (BVP), 23, 59, 92, 93, 144, 145, 147, 162, 163, 164–165, 185, 269, 270, 296, 303, 327, 330
Bayerischer Kurier, 59, 64
Bayern, Prince Georg von, 218
Bechstein, Helene and Edwin, 213, 305, 307
Beckmann, Max, 261
Belgium, 20, 196, 266, 296
Bendt (First Lieutenant), 110
Benedict XV (Pope), 148
Berchtold, Josef, 166, 236
Berlin, xix, 5, 159, 212, 311
attempted coups in, 31, 159–160, 161, 184, 203, 302
march from Munich to Berlin, 295
Socialist public rally in, 3–4
revolution in, 81
Berliner Tageblatt, 75
Bernstein, Elsa, 176
Beyfus (Lieutenant), 48
Bildung (term), 188
Bildungsroman, xxiii, 316
Biskupski, Vladimir, 225, 250
Bismarck, Otto von, 199, 288
Bleser, Erich, 304
Bloch, Eduard, 180
Bohemia, xiii, xiv, 167
Bolshevism, 22, 28, 30, 35, 48, 75, 84, 90, 92, 104, 106, 158, 221, 284, 290
National Bolshevism, 38
See also Communism
Bosch (Herr), 95
Bothmer, Count Karl von, 84, 85, 86, 89, 90, 91, 109, 184, 207, 208
Brandler, Heinrich, 293–294
Braun, Eva, 213
Bremen, 31
Brest-Litovsk, Peace of, 83, 139
Britain, xx, 47–48, 89, 158, 169, 170, 291, 322, 324, 325
British intelligence, 242
constitutional/reform traditions of, xx, 19, 20
as enemy of Germany, 104, 136, 138, 201
intelligence officers of, 47, 48, 104
National Socialist Party in, xiii, xiv
Broad (British intelligence officer), 28, 48
Bruckmann, Elsa, 55, 145, 174–176, 313, 314
Bruckmann, Hugo, 55, 173, 174
Buber, Martin, 175
Buchberger, Michael, 56
Buchner, Karl, 72–73
Budapest, 45
Bulgaria, 20
Bullock, Alan, 330
Bund Oberland, 297, 298, 299
Bürgervereinigung, 112
Buttmann, Rudolf, 31–32, 307
BVP. See Bavarian People’s Party
Cantacuzène, Princess Elsa, 55
capitalism, xvii, 60–61, 85, 86, 87, 110, 112, 146, 158, 178, 219, 229, 324
Jewish finance capitalism, 89, 115, 123, 138, 157, 170, 221, 245, 252
Catherine the Great, 223
Catholicism, xvii, xix, xxi, 15, 23, 76, 115, 120, 126, 133, 135, 141, 147–148, 163, 194, 205, 262
anti-Semitism of, 58, 59, 121
Catholic Center Party, xx, 59, 65, 82
priests, 38, 56
See also Pacelli, Eugenio
Central Association of German Citizens of Jewish Faith, 58–59
Central Europe, 158
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 173–174, 175, 189, 192, 245, 314
Chicago Tribune, 252
children, 148
Churchill, Winston, 47–48, 60
Class, Heinrich, 254
collectivism, 146, 153
Combat League Against Usury, Profiteering and Professional Bulk Buyers, 116
Communism, 30, 31, 36, 46, 75, 154, 169–170, 295, 324, 336
Communist Party of Germany (KPD), 128, 158, 293, 294
See also Bolshevism
Communism in Practice (Gerlich), 92
compromise, 205, 266–267, 276, 336
concentration camps, 290
Cone, Claribel, 121–122
conservatives. See under Germany
constitutional monarchies, 20
Cossmann, Nikolaus, 90
Cramer-Klett, Baron Theodor von, 225
Cromwell, Oliver, 199–200
cronyism, 237
currencies, 295
Czechoslovakia, 20, 234, 335
Dachau, 50, 54, 176
Dandl, Otto Ritter von, 19, 22
Dannehl, Franz, 133
DAP. See German Workers’ Party
Darwin, Charles, 248
Das Bayerland magazine, 184
De Grundlagen des 19 Jahrhunderts (Chamberlain), 173, 192
Dehn, Georg, 184–185
demagoguery, 325, 330, 335–337
Democratic-Socialist Citizens’ Party, 112
democratization, 189. See also under Bavaria
Der Auswanderer, 51–52
Deuerlein, Ernst, 195
Deutsche Werkgemeinschaft, 234
Deutsche Zeitung, 244
Dickel, Oto, 234–235, 236
Dietl, Eduard, 80
Dietrich, Hans, 297
Dietrich, Sepp, 150
Die Zwangsjacke (Snessarev), 250
Dingfelder, Johannes, 152, 154, 212
District Military Command 4, 74–75, 102, 103, 121, 139, 140, 184
classes for people/soldiers, 78–79, 79–80, 84–85, 86, 89, 93–95
planned dissolution of, 165
DNVP. See German National People’s Party
Doernberg (Fräulein), 212
Donnersmarck, Prince Guidotto Henckel von, 261
Dresler, Adolf, 212
Drexler, Anton, 114–118, 123, 124, 125, 132, 133, 134, 135, 149, 151, 156, 167, 206, 209, 233–234, 235, 241, 266
and Karl Harrer, 148
Dufter, Georg, 73
Ebert, Friedrich, 65, 75, 262
Eckart, Dietrich, 125, 133, 140–143, 159, 160–161, 174, 208, 209, 212, 219, 222, 224, 235, 251, 252, 254
in Bavarian Alps, 262–266
death of, 317, 335
demotion of, 263–264
and Hitler as genius, 190
play of, 237–238
See also under Hitler, Adolf
economic issues, 28, 86–87, 90
German economy, 266
See also inflation/hyperinflation; interest
Egelhofer, Rudolf, 54, 55
Eher Verlag publishing house, 207, 211
Ein Jahr bayerische R
evolution im Bilde, 213
Einwohnerwehren, 274. See also militias
Eisner, Kurt, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16, 22, 23, 32, 63, 63, 64, 213, 304
assassination of, 34–35, 37, 64, 144
and Bavarian parliament, 37
coup attempt to unseat, 33, 35
funeral march for, 38–39, 64
as governing, 28–31, 36–37
emigration, 138, 157, 180, 321, 333. See also under Bavaria
Enabling Act, 46
Englands Schuldbuch der Weltversklavung in 77 Gedichten (Erdmann), 248–249
Epp, General Franz Ritter von, 209
Erdmann, Adolar, 248–249
Erzberger, Matthias, 137, 164
Escherich, Georg, 59
Esser, Hermann, 83, 92, 94, 103, 108, 136, 140, 141, 150, 152, 153, 160, 186, 198–199, 207, 208, 220, 233, 234, 238, 248, 267, 307
ethnic cleansing, 215, 332, 333
Eupen-Malmedy, 196
Europe, unification of, 290
Faulhaber, Michael von, 23, 58–59, 60, 77, 120, 148, 218, 297
Fechenbach, Felix, 11
Feder, Gottfried, 86–87, 89, 90, 91, 94, 95, 108, 112, 119, 169, 200–201, 279
Fédération natioanale, 187
Feodorovna, Grand Duchess Victoria, 251
Fick, Friedrich, 120
Field, Herbert, 35
finance, 85, 86, 87, 89, 94, 169, 201, 229
Finland, 20, 284
First World War, xv, xvii–xviii, 20, 24, 64, 77, 274, 316–317, 322, 327, 329
armistice agreement, 28, 48 (see also Versailles Treaty)
and Central Europe, 78
demobilization after, 4, 9
German defeat in, 78, 81, 83, 95, 96, 109, 110, 123, 129
victors of, 16, 17, 21, 113, 164, 214, 298
flags, 4, 5, 10, 12, 16, 36, 38, 39, 47, 128, 149, 301
fliers, anti-Hitler, 233
food shortages, 28, 47, 48, 56, 76, 84, 85, 89, 104, 138, 197, 198. See also hunger
Ford, Henry, 251–252
France/French people, 77–78, 136, 158, 170, 187, 266, 295, 296, 322, 324
Franco-German political/economic integration, 290, 291
French Revolution, xx, 249
Franck, Richard, 213, 264
Franckenstein, Clemens von, 210–211
Frank, Hans, 133, 181
Frauendorfer, Heinrich von, 29
Frederick the Great, 199, 249, 276, 278
Freemasons, 115, 221, 225, 265
Free National Socialist Association, 236
Freikorps, 9, 60, 70, 73, 303
Freikorps Epp, 209
Freikorps Oberland, 61, 297. See also Bund Oberland
Freikorps Schwaben, 61–62
Funk, Wilhelm, 261
Gahr, Otto and Karoline, 211
Gansser, Emil, 254, 258, 265
Gemlich, Adolf, 118, 120, 123
genius, issues concerning, 187–193, 194. See also Hitler, Adolf: as a genius
genocide, 177, 180, 215, 240, 275–276, 278–279, 332, 333
Gerlich, Fritz, 90, 91, 92, 169
German Conservative Party, 146
German Democratic Party (DDP), 61, 120, 145, 162, 227, 259, 270
German Fatherland Party, 116, 126
Germanic Order, 132
German National People’s Party (DNVP), 146, 147, 150, 159, 164, 243, 254, 330–331
German Socialist Party (DSP), 111, 132, 167, 207, 234
German Völkisch Protection and Defiance Federation, 177, 201, 202
German Workers’ Party (DAP), xiii, 90, 111–112, 115–116, 117–118, 123–129, 131, 140, 148–149, 152, 153
change of name, 156
and conservative parties, 146–147
first office of, 149
Hitler’s speeches for, 135–137, 141, 150
membership, 124–125, 126, 129, 150
platform of, 152–155
and right in Bavarian politics, 145–146
and university students, 143
Germany, xiv, xix, 76
blockade leveled against, 28
citizenship, 152, 153
colors of prewar, 282
conservatives in, 20, 145, 146, 147, 161, 268, 283, 287, 291
constitutions, 126–127, 296
economy, 266
elections in, 23, 31, 333
as Europe’s hegemon, 320, 322
German Empire, xix, 127
new testament for, 228–229, 230
“new towns” for, 200–201
prehistoric past, 246, 247
revolution in, xxii, xxiii, 8, 11, 18, 21, 25, 35, 81, 279, 283, 293–294, 302–303
Rhineland, 295
Ruhr district, 266, 295, 296
Supreme Court, 262
united Germany, xvi, xvii, 5, 113, 127–128, 152, 157, 250, 282, 309
as world power, 320–321
See also First World War: German defeat in; Weimar Republic
Gesamtkunstwerke, 193
Geschlecht und Charakter (Weininger), 142
Gestapo, 304
Glauer, Adam, 132
globalization, 336, 337
Godin, Michael von, 34, 304
Goebbels, Joseph, 143–144, 308, 311, 318, 322
Goering, Carin, 261–262
Goering, Hermann, 63, 261
gold, 90
Graf, Ulrich, 273, 304
Grandel, Gottfried, 208–209, 211, 212, 236–237
Grassinger, Georg, 32, 111
Grassl, Heinrich, 227
Great Depression, 330
Günther, Hans, 244, 245, 250, 320, 322, 323
Gutberlet, Wilhelm, 208, 212
Hale, William Bayard, 261
Hamburg, 294, 295
Hanfstaengl, Ernst, 220, 255–256, 258–262
Hanfstaengl, Helene, 220, 255–258, 261–262, 263, 271, 287, 304–305, 307
Hapsburg monarchy, xvi, 233
Harrer, Karl, 116–117, 131, 132, 133, 135, 155, 167, 191, 235–236, 242, 245, 265–266, 299, 315
resignation from DAP, 148–149, 156
Harvard University, 259, 260, 261
Museum of Germanic Art, 329
Hassell, Ulrich von, 146, 161, 176, 285
Haug, Jenny, 307–308
Haushofer, Karl, 180, 253, 321
Hausmann, Walter L., 86, 90–91
Heiden, Konrad, 43, 66, 195, 198, 280
Heilbronner, Alfred, 61–62
“Heil Hitler,” 326
Heim, Georg, 59, 163
Heimatland, 274, 275, 297
Heine, Heinrich, 141–142
Heinz, Heinz A., 53
Hering, Johannes, 133
Herzl, Theodor, 175
Hess, Rudolf, 47, 133, 180–181, 195, 211, 226, 254, 278, 313, 332, 334
Hesse, 268
Himmler, Heinrich, 61, 178–179
Hindenburg, General Paul von, 19
Hirtreiter, Maria, 262, 263
Hitler, Adolf, xiv, 63
and alliance with Russia, 218–219, 221, 222, 223, 229, 245, 250, 253, 309, 320, 322, 323, 324, 332
anti-Semitism of, 57, 59–60, 63–64, 85, 109–110, 118–123, 129, 142, 144, 167, 168–169, 170–171, 176–177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 193, 218, 220, 221, 224, 250, 251, 258, 315, 333
arrests of, 56–57, 108, 181, 203, 282–283, 306–307
as artist, 12, 141, 142, 191, 193
assassination attempt in 1944, 28, 291
attempted return to Austria, 305–306
becoming a Nazi, xv, xviii, xix, xxi, xxii, xxiii, 4, 6, 17, 158
biographical/autobiographical sketch of, 282–285, 288, 289
birth defect of, 307–308
birthplace of, 12
blindness of, xxiii, 4
as brave, xvii
and Bund Oberland leaders, 299
childhood/adolescence of, 316
and compromise, 205, 266–267
coup planned by, 301–305, 308, 309, 310
demobilization of, 165–16
6
and Dietrich Eckart, 90, 92, 140–143, 161–162, 262–266
as “drummer” for others, 285–286, 287, 288, 289
enemies of, 230, 233
and Erhard Auer, 65
first flight of, 161
first known formal political education of, 80
flexibility of, 238, 239, 325, 326, 331–332
and funeral march for Kurt Eisner, 39–40, 64, 213
and future plans, 239–240
as a genius, 190–193, 206, 228, 229, 286, 288, 289, 316, 317
and Germany sustainable for all times, 82, 88, 109, 123, 157, 169, 223, 228, 257, 318, 319, 320, 322, 323, 326, 331, 332
and history, study of, 84, 85, 88, 137–138, 199, 239, 248, 266
importance of November 9, 1918 on, 81–82
as informant, 72, 73
injury during war, xix
invented myth of himself, xviii, xxi, xxiii, 43, 73–74, 81–82, 96, 285, 316
and Jews known personally, 178–180
joining German Workers’ Party, 124–125
and Karl Mayr, 101, 102, 111, 118, 140, 156, 159, 161, 183, 186, 187, 190, 206, 290
leadership traits of, 41, 43, 68, 71, 88, 204, 206, 289, 308–309
loneliness of, 13, 67, 325
and men he served with in army, 25, 96, 317
misdating move to Munich, 258
narcissism of, 334, 335
opportunism/expediency of, 11, 41, 43, 67, 68, 73, 325, 330
personal guard unit for, 150
photos of, 39–40, 213, 280–281, 287, 309, 311
policy goals of, 331, 332
politeness of, 241, 242, 243, 257
political transformation/radicalization of, 81, 83–84, 89, 95, 96, 110, 114, 123, 140, 196, 198, 205, 252, 282, 286, 317, 318, 325, 331, 334
prison terms of, 128, 312, 313–315, 319
as propagandist, 101, 103, 106–107, 138–139, 149, 166, 192, 206, 288, 319
as reader, 243–244, 248–249
rejecting demobilization, 9, 10, 11, 12
relationships of, 204, 241
return to Munich in 1919, 25, 34
running for Bataillons-Rat office, 49–50
as savior of Germany, 96, 190, 191, 280, 282, 283, 287, 288, 311
siblings of, 202–206, 258, 262, 263, 315
and Social Democrats, 64–68, 74, 75
as speaker, 88, 96, 106, 109–110, 114, 131, 135–136, 139, 141, 150, 151, 157, 167–168, 177–178, 193–201, 202, 205, 210, 226, 255, 257, 280, 281, 282, 300, 318, 319, 334
support for, 267–268, 287, 313, 314, 318, 331, 335
as supporting left-wing ideas, 42, 49
thirtieth birthday of, 50–51
threatened deportation of, 271, 273, 274
threatened suicide of, 306, 307, 311
trial of, 308, 309–312
and uncertainty, 239
and united Germany, 127–128
use of visual imagery, 194, 281
and Versailles Treaty, 82–83, 136, 139–140, 196
as Vertrauensmann, 40–41, 43, 46