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Becoming Hitler

Page 50

by Thomas Weber


  election in, 202

  German invasion of, 180

  Provisional National Assembly of German Austria, 76

  See also Vienna

  Austro-Hungarian Empire, xiii, 5

  authoritarianism, 30, 336

  Axelrod, Towia, 47

  Ballerstedt, Otto, 128

  Baltic Germans, 215, 216, 217, 223

  Bamberg, 46, 48, 51, 74, 303

  bankruptcies, 295

  Baum, Marie, 81

  Baumann, Adalbert, 112–114

  Bavaria, xiv, xviii, xix, 74, 89, 160, 254, 262, 268–269, 297, 327

  Bavarian Forest, 78

  Central Council in, 45

  coalition government in, 162–163, 269

  coup in, 21, 23 (see also Munich: left-wing coup in)

  democratization of, xx, 6, 19, 20, 22, 24, 30, 32, 38

  elections in, 23, 24, 30, 33, 36, 41–42, 45

  and federal Germany, 51

  as free republic, 7, 8, 15, 25

  growth of radical left in, 30–31

  Jews in, 62, 167 (see also Munich: Jews in)

  loyalists in, 22

  Ministry of Foreign Affairs in, 270

  non-Bavarian Jews in, 11–12

  parliament, 14, 23, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 46, 167

  patriotic leagues in, 268

  radicalization of, 35–36

  revolution(s) in, 18, 20, 22, 25, 29, 36, 37, 297, 311

  right-wing groups in, 165, 167, 280

  Royal family in, xx–xxi

  secessionists/separatists in, 93, 113, 113, 126, 128, 145, 163, 201, 208, 209

  sectionalists in, 295, 296

  as Soviet Republic, 45, 46, 50

  state of emergency in, 296

  State Police, 301, 303, 304

  Workers’, Soldiers’ and Peasants’ Council in, 8, 36, 37, 38

  See also Munich; Traunstein

  Bavarian People’s Party (BVP), 23, 59, 92, 93, 144, 145, 147, 162, 163, 164–165, 185, 269, 270, 296, 303, 327, 330

  Bayerischer Kurier, 59, 64

  Bayern, Prince Georg von, 218

  Bechstein, Helene and Edwin, 213, 305, 307

  Beckmann, Max, 261

  Belgium, 20, 196, 266, 296

  Bendt (First Lieutenant), 110

  Benedict XV (Pope), 148

  Berchtold, Josef, 166, 236

  Berlin, xix, 5, 159, 212, 311

  attempted coups in, 31, 159–160, 161, 184, 203, 302

  march from Munich to Berlin, 295

  Socialist public rally in, 3–4

  revolution in, 81

  Berliner Tageblatt, 75

  Bernstein, Elsa, 176

  Beyfus (Lieutenant), 48

  Bildung (term), 188

  Bildungsroman, xxiii, 316

  Biskupski, Vladimir, 225, 250

  Bismarck, Otto von, 199, 288

  Bleser, Erich, 304

  Bloch, Eduard, 180

  Bohemia, xiii, xiv, 167

  Bolshevism, 22, 28, 30, 35, 48, 75, 84, 90, 92, 104, 106, 158, 221, 284, 290

  National Bolshevism, 38

  See also Communism

  Bosch (Herr), 95

  Bothmer, Count Karl von, 84, 85, 86, 89, 90, 91, 109, 184, 207, 208

  Brandler, Heinrich, 293–294

  Braun, Eva, 213

  Bremen, 31

  Brest-Litovsk, Peace of, 83, 139

  Britain, xx, 47–48, 89, 158, 169, 170, 291, 322, 324, 325

  British intelligence, 242

  constitutional/reform traditions of, xx, 19, 20

  as enemy of Germany, 104, 136, 138, 201

  intelligence officers of, 47, 48, 104

  National Socialist Party in, xiii, xiv

  Broad (British intelligence officer), 28, 48

  Bruckmann, Elsa, 55, 145, 174–176, 313, 314

  Bruckmann, Hugo, 55, 173, 174

  Buber, Martin, 175

  Buchberger, Michael, 56

  Buchner, Karl, 72–73

  Budapest, 45

  Bulgaria, 20

  Bullock, Alan, 330

  Bund Oberland, 297, 298, 299

  Bürgervereinigung, 112

  Buttmann, Rudolf, 31–32, 307

  BVP. See Bavarian People’s Party

  Cantacuzène, Princess Elsa, 55

  capitalism, xvii, 60–61, 85, 86, 87, 110, 112, 146, 158, 178, 219, 229, 324

  Jewish finance capitalism, 89, 115, 123, 138, 157, 170, 221, 245, 252

  Catherine the Great, 223

  Catholicism, xvii, xix, xxi, 15, 23, 76, 115, 120, 126, 133, 135, 141, 147–148, 163, 194, 205, 262

  anti-Semitism of, 58, 59, 121

  Catholic Center Party, xx, 59, 65, 82

  priests, 38, 56

  See also Pacelli, Eugenio

  Central Association of German Citizens of Jewish Faith, 58–59

  Central Europe, 158

  Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 173–174, 175, 189, 192, 245, 314

  Chicago Tribune, 252

  children, 148

  Churchill, Winston, 47–48, 60

  Class, Heinrich, 254

  collectivism, 146, 153

  Combat League Against Usury, Profiteering and Professional Bulk Buyers, 116

  Communism, 30, 31, 36, 46, 75, 154, 169–170, 295, 324, 336

  Communist Party of Germany (KPD), 128, 158, 293, 294

  See also Bolshevism

  Communism in Practice (Gerlich), 92

  compromise, 205, 266–267, 276, 336

  concentration camps, 290

  Cone, Claribel, 121–122

  conservatives. See under Germany

  constitutional monarchies, 20

  Cossmann, Nikolaus, 90

  Cramer-Klett, Baron Theodor von, 225

  Cromwell, Oliver, 199–200

  cronyism, 237

  currencies, 295

  Czechoslovakia, 20, 234, 335

  Dachau, 50, 54, 176

  Dandl, Otto Ritter von, 19, 22

  Dannehl, Franz, 133

  DAP. See German Workers’ Party

  Darwin, Charles, 248

  Das Bayerland magazine, 184

  De Grundlagen des 19 Jahrhunderts (Chamberlain), 173, 192

  Dehn, Georg, 184–185

  demagoguery, 325, 330, 335–337

  Democratic-Socialist Citizens’ Party, 112

  democratization, 189. See also under Bavaria

  Der Auswanderer, 51–52

  Deuerlein, Ernst, 195

  Deutsche Werkgemeinschaft, 234

  Deutsche Zeitung, 244

  Dickel, Oto, 234–235, 236

  Dietl, Eduard, 80

  Dietrich, Hans, 297

  Dietrich, Sepp, 150

  Die Zwangsjacke (Snessarev), 250

  Dingfelder, Johannes, 152, 154, 212

  District Military Command 4, 74–75, 102, 103, 121, 139, 140, 184

  classes for people/soldiers, 78–79, 79–80, 84–85, 86, 89, 93–95

  planned dissolution of, 165

  DNVP. See German National People’s Party

  Doernberg (Fräulein), 212

  Donnersmarck, Prince Guidotto Henckel von, 261

  Dresler, Adolf, 212

  Drexler, Anton, 114–118, 123, 124, 125, 132, 133, 134, 135, 149, 151, 156, 167, 206, 209, 233–234, 235, 241, 266

  and Karl Harrer, 148

  Dufter, Georg, 73

  Ebert, Friedrich, 65, 75, 262

  Eckart, Dietrich, 125, 133, 140–143, 159, 160–161, 174, 208, 209, 212, 219, 222, 224, 235, 251, 252, 254

  in Bavarian Alps, 262–266

  death of, 317, 335

  demotion of, 263–264

  and Hitler as genius, 190

  play of, 237–238

  See also under Hitler, Adolf

  economic issues, 28, 86–87, 90

  German economy, 266

  See also inflation/hyperinflation; interest

  Egelhofer, Rudolf, 54, 55

  Eher Verlag publishing house, 207, 211

  Ein Jahr bayerische R
evolution im Bilde, 213

  Einwohnerwehren, 274. See also militias

  Eisner, Kurt, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16, 22, 23, 32, 63, 63, 64, 213, 304

  assassination of, 34–35, 37, 64, 144

  and Bavarian parliament, 37

  coup attempt to unseat, 33, 35

  funeral march for, 38–39, 64

  as governing, 28–31, 36–37

  emigration, 138, 157, 180, 321, 333. See also under Bavaria

  Enabling Act, 46

  Englands Schuldbuch der Weltversklavung in 77 Gedichten (Erdmann), 248–249

  Epp, General Franz Ritter von, 209

  Erdmann, Adolar, 248–249

  Erzberger, Matthias, 137, 164

  Escherich, Georg, 59

  Esser, Hermann, 83, 92, 94, 103, 108, 136, 140, 141, 150, 152, 153, 160, 186, 198–199, 207, 208, 220, 233, 234, 238, 248, 267, 307

  ethnic cleansing, 215, 332, 333

  Eupen-Malmedy, 196

  Europe, unification of, 290

  Faulhaber, Michael von, 23, 58–59, 60, 77, 120, 148, 218, 297

  Fechenbach, Felix, 11

  Feder, Gottfried, 86–87, 89, 90, 91, 94, 95, 108, 112, 119, 169, 200–201, 279

  Fédération natioanale, 187

  Feodorovna, Grand Duchess Victoria, 251

  Fick, Friedrich, 120

  Field, Herbert, 35

  finance, 85, 86, 87, 89, 94, 169, 201, 229

  Finland, 20, 284

  First World War, xv, xvii–xviii, 20, 24, 64, 77, 274, 316–317, 322, 327, 329

  armistice agreement, 28, 48 (see also Versailles Treaty)

  and Central Europe, 78

  demobilization after, 4, 9

  German defeat in, 78, 81, 83, 95, 96, 109, 110, 123, 129

  victors of, 16, 17, 21, 113, 164, 214, 298

  flags, 4, 5, 10, 12, 16, 36, 38, 39, 47, 128, 149, 301

  fliers, anti-Hitler, 233

  food shortages, 28, 47, 48, 56, 76, 84, 85, 89, 104, 138, 197, 198. See also hunger

  Ford, Henry, 251–252

  France/French people, 77–78, 136, 158, 170, 187, 266, 295, 296, 322, 324

  Franco-German political/economic integration, 290, 291

  French Revolution, xx, 249

  Franck, Richard, 213, 264

  Franckenstein, Clemens von, 210–211

  Frank, Hans, 133, 181

  Frauendorfer, Heinrich von, 29

  Frederick the Great, 199, 249, 276, 278

  Freemasons, 115, 221, 225, 265

  Free National Socialist Association, 236

  Freikorps, 9, 60, 70, 73, 303

  Freikorps Epp, 209

  Freikorps Oberland, 61, 297. See also Bund Oberland

  Freikorps Schwaben, 61–62

  Funk, Wilhelm, 261

  Gahr, Otto and Karoline, 211

  Gansser, Emil, 254, 258, 265

  Gemlich, Adolf, 118, 120, 123

  genius, issues concerning, 187–193, 194. See also Hitler, Adolf: as a genius

  genocide, 177, 180, 215, 240, 275–276, 278–279, 332, 333

  Gerlich, Fritz, 90, 91, 92, 169

  German Conservative Party, 146

  German Democratic Party (DDP), 61, 120, 145, 162, 227, 259, 270

  German Fatherland Party, 116, 126

  Germanic Order, 132

  German National People’s Party (DNVP), 146, 147, 150, 159, 164, 243, 254, 330–331

  German Socialist Party (DSP), 111, 132, 167, 207, 234

  German Völkisch Protection and Defiance Federation, 177, 201, 202

  German Workers’ Party (DAP), xiii, 90, 111–112, 115–116, 117–118, 123–129, 131, 140, 148–149, 152, 153

  change of name, 156

  and conservative parties, 146–147

  first office of, 149

  Hitler’s speeches for, 135–137, 141, 150

  membership, 124–125, 126, 129, 150

  platform of, 152–155

  and right in Bavarian politics, 145–146

  and university students, 143

  Germany, xiv, xix, 76

  blockade leveled against, 28

  citizenship, 152, 153

  colors of prewar, 282

  conservatives in, 20, 145, 146, 147, 161, 268, 283, 287, 291

  constitutions, 126–127, 296

  economy, 266

  elections in, 23, 31, 333

  as Europe’s hegemon, 320, 322

  German Empire, xix, 127

  new testament for, 228–229, 230

  “new towns” for, 200–201

  prehistoric past, 246, 247

  revolution in, xxii, xxiii, 8, 11, 18, 21, 25, 35, 81, 279, 283, 293–294, 302–303

  Rhineland, 295

  Ruhr district, 266, 295, 296

  Supreme Court, 262

  united Germany, xvi, xvii, 5, 113, 127–128, 152, 157, 250, 282, 309

  as world power, 320–321

  See also First World War: German defeat in; Weimar Republic

  Gesamtkunstwerke, 193

  Geschlecht und Charakter (Weininger), 142

  Gestapo, 304

  Glauer, Adam, 132

  globalization, 336, 337

  Godin, Michael von, 34, 304

  Goebbels, Joseph, 143–144, 308, 311, 318, 322

  Goering, Carin, 261–262

  Goering, Hermann, 63, 261

  gold, 90

  Graf, Ulrich, 273, 304

  Grandel, Gottfried, 208–209, 211, 212, 236–237

  Grassinger, Georg, 32, 111

  Grassl, Heinrich, 227

  Great Depression, 330

  Günther, Hans, 244, 245, 250, 320, 322, 323

  Gutberlet, Wilhelm, 208, 212

  Hale, William Bayard, 261

  Hamburg, 294, 295

  Hanfstaengl, Ernst, 220, 255–256, 258–262

  Hanfstaengl, Helene, 220, 255–258, 261–262, 263, 271, 287, 304–305, 307

  Hapsburg monarchy, xvi, 233

  Harrer, Karl, 116–117, 131, 132, 133, 135, 155, 167, 191, 235–236, 242, 245, 265–266, 299, 315

  resignation from DAP, 148–149, 156

  Harvard University, 259, 260, 261

  Museum of Germanic Art, 329

  Hassell, Ulrich von, 146, 161, 176, 285

  Haug, Jenny, 307–308

  Haushofer, Karl, 180, 253, 321

  Hausmann, Walter L., 86, 90–91

  Heiden, Konrad, 43, 66, 195, 198, 280

  Heilbronner, Alfred, 61–62

  “Heil Hitler,” 326

  Heim, Georg, 59, 163

  Heimatland, 274, 275, 297

  Heine, Heinrich, 141–142

  Heinz, Heinz A., 53

  Hering, Johannes, 133

  Herzl, Theodor, 175

  Hess, Rudolf, 47, 133, 180–181, 195, 211, 226, 254, 278, 313, 332, 334

  Hesse, 268

  Himmler, Heinrich, 61, 178–179

  Hindenburg, General Paul von, 19

  Hirtreiter, Maria, 262, 263

  Hitler, Adolf, xiv, 63

  and alliance with Russia, 218–219, 221, 222, 223, 229, 245, 250, 253, 309, 320, 322, 323, 324, 332

  anti-Semitism of, 57, 59–60, 63–64, 85, 109–110, 118–123, 129, 142, 144, 167, 168–169, 170–171, 176–177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 193, 218, 220, 221, 224, 250, 251, 258, 315, 333

  arrests of, 56–57, 108, 181, 203, 282–283, 306–307

  as artist, 12, 141, 142, 191, 193

  assassination attempt in 1944, 28, 291

  attempted return to Austria, 305–306

  becoming a Nazi, xv, xviii, xix, xxi, xxii, xxiii, 4, 6, 17, 158

  biographical/autobiographical sketch of, 282–285, 288, 289

  birth defect of, 307–308

  birthplace of, 12

  blindness of, xxiii, 4

  as brave, xvii

  and Bund Oberland leaders, 299

  childhood/adolescence of, 316

  and compromise, 205, 266–267

  coup planned by, 301–305, 308, 309, 310

  demobilization of, 165–16
6

  and Dietrich Eckart, 90, 92, 140–143, 161–162, 262–266

  as “drummer” for others, 285–286, 287, 288, 289

  enemies of, 230, 233

  and Erhard Auer, 65

  first flight of, 161

  first known formal political education of, 80

  flexibility of, 238, 239, 325, 326, 331–332

  and funeral march for Kurt Eisner, 39–40, 64, 213

  and future plans, 239–240

  as a genius, 190–193, 206, 228, 229, 286, 288, 289, 316, 317

  and Germany sustainable for all times, 82, 88, 109, 123, 157, 169, 223, 228, 257, 318, 319, 320, 322, 323, 326, 331, 332

  and history, study of, 84, 85, 88, 137–138, 199, 239, 248, 266

  importance of November 9, 1918 on, 81–82

  as informant, 72, 73

  injury during war, xix

  invented myth of himself, xviii, xxi, xxiii, 43, 73–74, 81–82, 96, 285, 316

  and Jews known personally, 178–180

  joining German Workers’ Party, 124–125

  and Karl Mayr, 101, 102, 111, 118, 140, 156, 159, 161, 183, 186, 187, 190, 206, 290

  leadership traits of, 41, 43, 68, 71, 88, 204, 206, 289, 308–309

  loneliness of, 13, 67, 325

  and men he served with in army, 25, 96, 317

  misdating move to Munich, 258

  narcissism of, 334, 335

  opportunism/expediency of, 11, 41, 43, 67, 68, 73, 325, 330

  personal guard unit for, 150

  photos of, 39–40, 213, 280–281, 287, 309, 311

  policy goals of, 331, 332

  politeness of, 241, 242, 243, 257

  political transformation/radicalization of, 81, 83–84, 89, 95, 96, 110, 114, 123, 140, 196, 198, 205, 252, 282, 286, 317, 318, 325, 331, 334

  prison terms of, 128, 312, 313–315, 319

  as propagandist, 101, 103, 106–107, 138–139, 149, 166, 192, 206, 288, 319

  as reader, 243–244, 248–249

  rejecting demobilization, 9, 10, 11, 12

  relationships of, 204, 241

  return to Munich in 1919, 25, 34

  running for Bataillons-Rat office, 49–50

  as savior of Germany, 96, 190, 191, 280, 282, 283, 287, 288, 311

  siblings of, 202–206, 258, 262, 263, 315

  and Social Democrats, 64–68, 74, 75

  as speaker, 88, 96, 106, 109–110, 114, 131, 135–136, 139, 141, 150, 151, 157, 167–168, 177–178, 193–201, 202, 205, 210, 226, 255, 257, 280, 281, 282, 300, 318, 319, 334

  support for, 267–268, 287, 313, 314, 318, 331, 335

  as supporting left-wing ideas, 42, 49

  thirtieth birthday of, 50–51

  threatened deportation of, 271, 273, 274

  threatened suicide of, 306, 307, 311

  trial of, 308, 309–312

  and uncertainty, 239

  and united Germany, 127–128

  use of visual imagery, 194, 281

  and Versailles Treaty, 82–83, 136, 139–140, 196

  as Vertrauensmann, 40–41, 43, 46

 

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