Spain: declares war on Britain, 39; and Peninsular War, 184, 238, 242, 245, 322
Spectator (journal), 174
Speedwell (ship), 1–2, 5–6, 8, 10–12, 14–16
Spenser, Edmund, 467; Faerie Queene, 174
Spinoza, Benedictus de: STC reads, 371; Ethics, 362
Spirit of the Age, The (journal), 545
Staël, Anne Louise Germaine, baronne de, 340
Steinmetz, Adam, 499
Stephen, Sir Leslie, 137n, 536n
Sterling, John, 484, 487n, 549–50 & n
Sterne, Laurence, 177, 469
Stoddart, John, 16, 18, 49, 52 & n, 57, 107
Street, T.G., 154, 227, 237–8, 241–4, 256–7, 259
Stuart, Daniel: and STC’s journey abroad, 1, 9; STC writes to from Gibraltar, 8; and STC’s stay in Malta, 17, 19, 42, 47; edits Courier, 18; uses STC’s writings in Courier, 25; STC’s essay to destroyed, 34; and STC’s appointment as Public Secretary in Malta, 39; and STC’s return from abroad, 64–5, 67, 69; and STC’s personal struggle, 65; destroys STC’s confession on marriage relations, 68; supports STC’s lectures scheme, 71; STC meets in London, 93; accommodates STC in London, 113; meets Morgans in Bristol, 113; STC talks of Asra to, 121; and STC’s encounter with Mary Evans (Todd), 133; arranges Margate convalescence for STC, 141; STC praises Clarkson to, 143; and launching and production of The Friend, 144, 151, 156–9, 161, 170; and STC’s plan to set up press in Grasmere, 158; Wordsworth writes to on The Friend, 162; supplies stamped paper for The Friend, 166, 170–1; reprints extracts from STC’s Friend essay, 173; STC borrows money from, 183–4, 241, 329, 415; STC’s relations with, 222; STC requests Courier post from, 237; and STC’s breach with Wordsworth, 240–1; and STC’s patriotic pieces for Courier, 242; withdraws STC article from Courier under government pressure, 243; and Courier’s editorial stance, 244; STC promises historical character sketches to, 256–7; STC accuses of ill treatment, 259; supports STC in Shakespeare lectures, 266; and assassination of Perceval, 308; STC offers political essays to, 313; STC writes to from Ashley, 370; and STC’s Opus Maximum (Logosophia), 372; and completion of Biographia Literaria, 413; STC hopes for help from, 421; visits STC in Highgate, 430; financial aid for STC, 507; and STC’s seminars, 524; STC writes to on Green drawing, 551; see also Courier
Stutfield, Charles, 520, 524
Sun (newspaper), 265, 268, 271, 310
superstition: STC on, 11
Surrey Institution, Blackfriars (London): STC lectures at, 317–21, 328, 330, 333, 336; Hazlitt lectures on “The English Poets” at, 465–9
Sussex, Augustus Frederick, Duke of, 265
Swedenborg Society, 460
Swedenborgianism, 472–4, 522
Swift, Jonathan, 469
Syracuse, Sicily: STC visits, 20–3, 26, 50; naval dispute in, 27–9
Tait’s Magazine, 102
Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon, 464
Taylor and Hessey (publishers), 458, 468–9, 501, 507, 520, 527, 538
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, 36n
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane: stages STC’s Remorse, 321, 325, 328, 330–3, 335–9; STC plans new play for, 413–14, 417, 421
Thelwall, John, 132, 274, 436, 465–6, 530
Theocritus, 25
Theresa of Avila, St, 198, 205–7, 226
Thucydides, 21
Thurlow, Edward Hovell-Thurlow, 2nd Baron, 312
Tieck, Johann Ludwig, 53, 224, 450–1, 511
Times, The (newspaper), 228, 243, 265–6, 268–9, 307, 336, 493
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 247n
Todd, Mary (née Evans), 133, 515
Tomalin, J., 266
Toulon, 39
Trafalgar, Battle of (1805), 50, 186
Troubridge, Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas, 189
Tulk, Charles Augustus, 459–60, 472–5, 488, 507, 522, 543
Tuthill, Sir George Leman, 477
Ulm, Battle of (1805), 50
Underwood (senior clerk, Malta), 35, 45
United States of America: STC admires, 247
Urfé, Honoré d’, 511
Valletta see Malta
Vandycke, Peter: portrait of STC, 364
Vico, Giambattista, 462n
Vigny, Alfred de, 323n
Villeneuve, Admiral Pierre de, 2, 42
Villettes, General William Anne, 17
Vitalism, 427, 432, 445, 491
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de, 167–8; Letters on the English Nation, 282
Wade, Josiah, 91, 94, 347–9, 354, 356, 359–60, 364, 559
Walcheren expedition (1809), 237
Wallis, George, 53, 57, 59
Wallis, Trajan, 53
Walter, John, 243–4, 257, 266, 268
Ward, George, 182
Watchman (journal), 141, 158, 164, 242, 338, 403
Waterloo, Battle of (1815), 363, 386
Watson, John, 520, 523–4
Wedgwood family: annuity to STC, 31, 46, 70, 98, 415; STC makes over annuity to Sara, 79, 241, 294, 328–9; STC complains of ill-treatment by, 138
Wedgwood, Josiah, Junior: requests memorial essay on Tom from STC, 96–8; subscribes to The Friend, 161; and STC-Wordsworth quarrel, 300; discontinues share of annuity to STC, 328–30
Wedgwood, Thomas: death and tribute, 96–8, 144; annuity to STC guaranteed, 328
Weekly Political Register, 152, 165, 228, 257
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of, 238, 242, 386
West, Benjamin, 54
Whately, Richard, 514
Whitbread, Samuel, 321
White, Gilbert, 208
Wilberforce, William: takes opium, 12n, 444; and abolition of slave trade, 73, 477
Wilkie, Sir David, 81
Wilkinson, Thomas, 161
Williams, John (“Wiz”), 443
Willis’s Rooms, Mayfair (London), 288, 295, 308, 310
Wilson, John (“Christopher North”), 147, 179, 454
Wilson’s (Glasgow typefounders), 159
Wittgenstein, Ludwig von, 73n
women: STC attacks corporal punishment of, 239–40; and STC’s ideas of love, 495n
Woolf, Leonard, 158
Wordsworth, Catherine (William’s daughter), 193; death, 313
Wordsworth, Christopher (William’s brother), 313
Wordsworth, Dora (William’s daughter), 147, 553
Wordsworth, Dorothy: on STC’s silence in Italy, 51; and STC’s return to London, 68; friendship and correspondence with Catherine Clarkson, 73, 75, 89, 91, 142, 193–5, 197, 200, 233, 301, 335, 339, 342; describes STC on return to Kendal, 75; and STC’s failing marriage, 76, 90; letters to Lady Beaumont, 77, 185, 191; at Coleorton, 81–2; on STC’s drinking, 82, 83n; and STC’s poem to William, 86; and STC’s departure from Coleorton, 91; letter from STC on Morgan family, 112, 114; on STC’s powers of renewal, 115; letters from STC, 119; Morgan sisters’ dresses sent to, 120; and publication of William’s “White Doe”, 126, 138; acts as peacemaker between STC and William, 140; life at Allan Bank, 147, 155; regrets Dove Cottage, 147; hopes for success of The Friend, 155; and printing of The Friend in Penrith, 159; on Wilkinson, 161; on style of The Friend, 172; hyperbolic description of STC, 175; and STC’s work on The Friend, 176, 185, 191; STC perceives change in, 179; and STC’s disruptive presence at Allan Bank, 184–5; on Asra’s leaving Allan Bank, 191, 193–4, 199; criticizes STC to Mrs Clarkson, 193–6, 199, 212; and STC’s departure from Allan Bank, 197; believes STC daydreaming, 198; STC believes conspiring to marry Asra to Monkhouse, 202; on William’s return from Radnorshire, 209; on William’s warning to Montagus on STC, 212–13, 215; and STC’s opium fantasizing, 217; letter from Mary Lamb on STC’s mental state, 233; William’s love for, 233; and William’s breach with STC over advice to Montagu, 234, 292, 301; criticizes STC’s patriotic journalism, 240; blesses STC, 313; on death of William’s children, 313, 333–5; doubts on STC’s plans, 341; on Morgans’ financial collapse, 342; on obscurity of STC’s Statesman’s Manual, 441; Hartley speaks of suicide to, 532; Jo
urnals, 125
Wordsworth, Captain John (William’s brother): death, 39–40, 60, 76, 182n
Wordsworth, John (William’s son), 148
Wordsworth, Mary (née Hutchinson; William’s wife): at Coleorton, 81, 82; at Gallow Hill, 112; and birth of children, 146, 193, 197, 208; William dictates to, 155; STC perceives change in, 179; William’s love for, 233, 306–7; and William’s quarrel with STC, 299; death of children, 313; depression following death of son Tom, 335; on not interrupting William, 465
Wordsworth, Thomas (William’s son), 82; death, 313, 333–5
Wordsworth, William: poetic dominance, 5; STC’s dependence on, 12n; STC sends work to from Sicily, 25; and STC’s absence on Mediterranean visit, 25–6, 31, 39, 41–2, 47; and death of brother John, 40; and STC’s return from Mediterranean, 58, 64, 68; letters to Beaumont, 68–9; reference to in STC’s “Farewell to Love”, 68; disapproves of STCs lectures scheme, 70, 75, 82, 107, 122; sees STC on return to Kendal, 74–5; and STC’s relations with Asra, 76, 88; at Coleorton, 81; supposed improper relations with Asra, 83–4, 139–40, 501; STC praises in verse, 85–6; STC’s poem to, 85–6, 219, 382, 395, 420, 428, 531; STC’s changing feelings for, 86–8, 134–5, 179, 218; horticultural advice to Beaumont, 89; STC borrows from, 93, 110; uses Poole’s bookroom, 95; De Quincey and, 101–2, 110; STC fails to write to, 111; demanding nature, 112; at Allan Bank, Grasmere, 115, 147, 184; letters from STC, 119; visits STC in London, 122–3, 126; attends STC’s lectures, 125–6, 310–11; and STC’s controversial public lecture, 132; STC’s public lecture on, 135; STC complains of ill-treatment by, 137–41; and STC’s plans for The Friend, 138–9; STC returns to in Grasmere (1808), 144, 146, 149; walking tour with STC and Asra, 149; doubts on success of The Friend, 152, 155, 160, 164; pamphlet attacking Convention of Cintra, 155, 157–8, 171, 184; helps finance The Friend, 157; letter of advice to STC on The Friend, 162; letter to Poole on STC’s future, 162–3; criticizes politics of The Friend, 171; and STC’s presence at Allan Bank, 178–9; contributions to The Friend, 179, 184, 190–1; STC proposes publishing cheap edition of poems, 179; changes views on The Friend, 184; visits Hutchinsons and Monkhouse in Radnorshire, 200, 202; STC corresponds with over Scott’s Lady of the Lake, 208–10; advises Montagu against inviting STC, 211–15, 228, 233–4; Lamb reports on STC to, 222; in Crabb Robinson’s diaries, 223; love for wife Mary, 233, 306–7; breach with STC, 234, 240–1, 260, 291–2, 295–6, 298–9, 305, 531; Crabb Robinson compares poetry with STC’s, 258; accused of plagiarizing Landor, 280n; and STC’s alleged plagiarisms, 280n; and STC’s 1812 visit to Lakes, 289, 291; confrontation and agreement with STC in London, 299–307; appointed Distributor of Stamps for Westmorland and Cumberland, 306, 328, 335; reaction to Perceval’s assassination, 308; as political reactionary, 310, 546; at London literary salons, 311; on STC’s unpopularity, 311–12; visits Morgans, 312–13; death of children, 313, 333–5; and university education of STC’s sons, 317; and STC’s Remorse, 322; finances, 328; moves to Rydal Mount, 335; STC fails to visit after success of Remorse, 339; praises Allston’s portrait of STC, 364; reputation, 370; categorized as Lake Poet, 377; in Biographia Literaria, 381, 383–5, 388–91, 405, 453; correspondence with STC on “The Excursion”, 381–3, 382, 404; self-obsession, 383; poetic theories, 389–91; Byron disparages, 415; letters from Lamb and Southey on STC’s retreat to Highgate, 429, 433; leaves STC’s second Lay Sermon unread, 448; Shelley on, 455; on Biographia Literaria, 457–8; silence on STC’s later poems, 458; meets STC at Monkhouse’s and Lamb’s, 463–4; Keats meets and praises, 464–5; self-importance, 465; on STC’s supposed plagiarism, 466; Hazlitt lectures on, 468–9, 471; and portrait of STC’s daughter Sara, 486; fears STC’s “monsters”, 495n; informed of Hartley’s dismissal from Oriel, 514; STC cites in appeal to Oriel, 516; fails to accommodate Hartley, 532; with STC at Monkhouse’s dinner party, 536–7; reconciliation and Rhine tour with STC, 553;
WORKS: The Borderers, 323n; “Daffodils”, 125–6; “Essay Supplementary to the Preface” (of Poems, 1815), 466; “Essay on Epitaphs”, 184, 190, 301, 481; The Excursion, 234, 335, 369, 382, 415; “Hart Leap Well”, 209; “Immortality Ode”, 471; Poems in Two Volumes (1815), 87, 91, 94, 383, 389–90, 395, 466; The Prelude, see as separate entry; “The Recluse”, 20, 34, 184; “Ruth”, 209; “The White Doe of Rylstone”, 122–3, 125–6, 133, 138–9, 184
Wray, William, 183
Yeats, William Butler: “The Long-Legged Fly”, 397n
York, Frederick Augustus, Duke of, 237, 242–3
Young, Edward: Night Thoughts, 246
Young, Julian, 553
Acknowledgments
For the use of copyright materials and kind permission to consult and refer to manuscripts and archives, my most grateful acknowledgments are due to the British Library, London; the Bodleian Library, Oxford; the Royal Library, Valetta, Malta; the Museo Archelogo, Syracuse, Sicily; the New York Public Library; the University of Toronto Library, Canada; the Royal Institution of Great Britain, London; the Royal College of Surgeons, London; the Wordsworth Trust, Cumbria; The Wiltshire County Record Office; the National Trust, Stowey; The Civic Society, Calne, Wiltshire; the Highgate Literary and Scientific Institution; the London Library; Lord Coleridge of Ottery St Mary; Mrs Joan M. Coleridge of West Sussex; Oxford University Press for permission to quote from the Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge edited by E.L. Griggs, and the Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth edited by Mary Moorman; Routledge for permission to quote from the Notebooks of Samuel Taylor Coleridge edited by Kathleen Coburn; and James MacGibbon and Allen Lane for permission to quote from The Collected Poems of Stevie Smith.
My warmest personal thanks are due to Professor John Beer at Cambridge; Professor Heather Jackson at Toronto; Dr Jon Cook at East Anglia; Professor John Henry of the National Poisons Unit, London; William St Clair at All Souls; Professor George Steiner who has never let me forget that Coleridge was a European; Robert Silvers at the New York Review of Books; Professor Peter Day at the Royal Institution; and Alan Judd at the Pied Bull. My gratitude also to Richard Lines of the Swedenborg Society; Sir John Baynes, descendent of Danial Stuart; Roger Fenby of the BBC World Service; Tim Dee and Simon Callow who helped me explore “The Unknown Coleridge” for BBC Radio. Ion Trewin helped me start the long journey, Peter Janson-Smith kept me constantly afloat, and Stuart Proffitt supported me through to the end with his passionate conviction. I am grateful to Douglas Matthews for the Index, and John Gilkes for the maps. I have been lucky to find a matchless working editor in Arabella Pike, a great enthusiast in Michael Fishwick, and a shrewd and comradely advisor in David Godwin (with Sebastian Godwin’s computer cavalry to hand). I have had a candle lit in Kent, and a rose flowering in Norfolk. Indeed without Rose Tremain there would be no book.
About the Author
RICHARD HOLMES’s first book was Shelley: The Pursuit which won the Somerset Maugham Prize in 1974. Coleridge: Early Visions won the 1989 Whitbread Book of the Year Prize; his next book Dr Johnson and Mr Savage won the James Tait Black Prize and in 1996 he published Coleridge: Selected Poems, an anthology of 101 poems which gives a fresh and enlarged sense of Coleridge’s creative powers. In 1998, he published Coleridge: Darker Reflections, which covers the later part of Coleridge’s life. The book was runner-up for the Samuel Johnson Prize and won the Duff Cooper Prize. Richard Holmes is also the author of Footsteps: Adventures of a Romantic Biographer (1985), described by Michael Holroyd as ‘a modern masterpiece’. He is a Fellow of the British Academy and in 1992 was awarded an OBE. He lives in Norwich and London with the novelist Rose Tremain.
Darker Reflections was also chosen as the ‘Book of the Year’ by an unprecedented number of reviewers in 1998 – by Peter Ackroyd (The Times), Jackie Wullschlager (Financial Times), Doris Lessing (TLS) , John Mortimer (Independent on Sunday), Isabel Colegate (Daily Telegraph), Jeanette Winterson (The Times), Michael Shelden (Daily Telegraph), Jane Gardam (Spectator), Carol Angier (Independent), Miranda Seymour (Sunday Times and Indepen
dent), Jill Paton Walsh (Independent on Sunday), William Scammell (Independent on Sunday), Chris Smith (Guardian and Sunday Times), John Walsh (Independent), Joan Bakewell (New Statesman), Michael Foot (Observer), Andrew Motion (Observer), Ion Trewin (Ham & High), Malcolm Bradbury (Observer), David Sexton (Evening Standard), Allan Massie (Daily Telegraph), Anita Brookner (Spectator), Stephen Moss (New Statesman), Antony Sampson (New Statesman and Oldie), Suzi Feay (New Statesman), Ian McIntyre (The Times), Timothy Wilson-Smith (Tablet) and Philip Ziegler (Daily Telegraph).
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