by Thomas Leahy
171. Harnden, ‘Bandit Country’, pp. 345–6.
172. Wilson and Adams, Metropolitan Police Special Branch, pp. 387–9.
173. Harnden, ‘Bandit Country’, pp. 5–10.
174. Bew and Gillespie, Chronology, pp. 330–3.
175. Interview with Laurence McKeown, Belfast, 16 May 2011.
176. LHL NIPC, PH1621, Towards a Lasting Peace: Address by Sinn Fein Ard Chomhairle member Martin McGuinness, 25 February 1995, pp. 2–4.
177. Adams, Hope and History, pp. 300–1.
178. Moloney, Secret History, pp. 440–507.
179. Powell, Great Hatred, p. 85.
180. Taylor, Brits, p. 348.
181. Taylor, Provos, p. 349.
182. Powell, Great Hatred, pp. 80–6; see a similar argument by former Irish prime ministers in Reynolds, Autobiography, pp. 362, 483–95, 506; and Bertie Ahern with Richard Aldous, The Autobiography (London: Arrow Books, 2009), pp. 176–9.
183. Powell, Great Hatred, pp. 80–6.
184. Frampton, Long March, pp. 98–107.
185. Cf. Moloney, Secret History, pp. 393–405, 428, 516–20; see a similar argument in Rogelio Alonso, The IRA and Armed Struggle (Oxford: Routledge, 2007), pp. 3–9, 66–9, 124–6, 130–4, 158–9.
186. Hughes with Moloney, Voices, pp. 262–93.
187. Bradley with Feeney, Insider, pp. 7–16, 188–9, 192–9, 221–2.
188. McKearney, Provisional IRA, pp. 154–160; see also McIntyre, Good Friday, pp. 61–78, 121–53, 177–93, 293–310.
189. Ian McBride, ‘Provisional Truths: IRA Memoirs and the Peace Process’ (unpublished paper, 2015), pp. 9–10.
190. McKearney, Provisional IRA, pp. 145–71, 207–14; see also Laurence McKeown, Out of Time: Irish Republican Prisoners Long Kesh 1972–2000 (Belfast: Beyond the Pale Publications, 2001), pp. 132–4, 147, 160–1.
191. Bradley with Feeney, Insider.
192. McIntyre, Good Friday.
193. Interview with Laurence McKeown, Belfast, 16 May 2011.
194. Interview with Michael Culbert, Belfast, 22 May 2012.
195. Interview with Féilim Ó hAdhmaill, Cork, 9 September 2013.
196. For further examples of republicans supporting the peace process see Eamon McGuire, Enemy of the Empire: Life as an International Undercover IRA Activist (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 2006), pp. 300–2; and McKeown, Out of Time, pp. 202–15, 227, 234.
197. Alonso, The IRA, pp. 145–6; Moloney, Secret History, p. 418.
198. For an example see LHL NIPC, P3529, Gerry Adams speech to internal Sinn Féin conference entitled ‘A Bus Ride to Independence and Socialism’, pp. 13–18.
199. McKearney, Provisional IRA, p. 159; for other accounts discussing why grass-roots IRA and loyalist paramilitaries agreed to peace see also James McAuley, Peter Shirlow and Jonathan Tonge, ‘So Why Did the Guns Fall Silent? How Interplay, Not Stalemate, Explains the Northern Ireland Peace Process’, Irish Political Studies 26.1 (2011), 1–18.
200. Taylor, Provos, pp. 355, 370–1.
201. Powell, Great Hatred, p. 314.
202. Moloney, Secret History, p. 580 (italics mine).
203. McIntyre, ‘Two Masters’, Irish News, 17 December 2005.
204. McKearney, Provisional IRA, p. 142.
205. Interview with Tommy McKearney, Monaghan, 18 April 2011 (italics mine).
206. Moloney, Secret History, p. 580.
207. ‘Prison Walls Cannot Conquer the Republican Spirit’, An Phoblacht, 29 October 1972, p. 5.
208. ‘Denis Donaldson’, The Guardian, 6 April 2006; ‘Denis Donaldson’, The Telegraph, 6 April 2006; David McKittrick, ‘The Spy’s Tale’, The Independent, 6 April 2006.
209. McIntyre, ‘Two Masters’, Irish News, 17 December 2005; for further details on Donaldson’s alleged activities abroad for Sinn Féin see David McKittrick, ‘The Spy’s Tale’, The Independent, 6 April 2006; and Moloney, Secret History, pp. 581–2.
210. ‘Donaldson Admits Role as British Agent’, An Phoblacht, 5 January 2005, p. 3.
211. Bradley with Feeney, Insider, pp. 7–9; see also Stephen Hopkins, ‘The “Informer” and the Political and Organisational Culture of the Irish Republican Movement’, Irish Studies Review, 25.1 (2017).
212. See Lambert in Taylor, Provos, pp. 291–7.
213. ‘Sinn Féin Member Admits He Was Informer’, An Phoblacht, 8 October 1998, p. 3.
214. ‘Informer Comes Forward’, An Phoblacht, 19 August 1999.
215. Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 738.
216. Interview with Danny Morrison, Belfast, 22 May 2012; see also Brian Rowan, ‘Spy Killing, a Dirty War, and Denis Donaldson’s Death’, 24 April 2012: http://eamonnmallie.com/2012/04/spy-killing-a-dirty-war-and-denis-donaldsons-death-by-brian-rowan/.
217. Harnden, ‘Bandit Country’, pp. 410–11, 429–36; Moloney, Secret History, p. 439; O’Brien, Long War, p. 277.
218. Taylor, Provos, p. 294.
219. See a further example in TNA, CJ 4/4815, A. R. Brown letter to Mr Davies, 8 December 1983.
220. Powell, Great Hatred, pp. 162–63, 176–77.
221. Ó Dochartaigh, ‘The Longest Negotiation’, pp. 13–14.
222. McKearney, Provisional IRA, pp. 143, 159.
223. Tommy McKearney, ‘Martin McGuinness: The Man and the Contradiction’, Morning Star, 25 March 2017: https://morningstaronline.co.uk/a-f643-martin-mcguinness-the-man-and-the-contradiction-1.
224. Interview with Danny Morrison, Belfast, 22 May 2012.
225. Powell, Great Hatred, pp. 162–3, 305.
226. Interview with former British civil servant, 25 March 2014 (italics mine).
227. Powell, Great Hatred, pp. 147–8.
228. ‘The Spy’s Tale’, The Independent, 6 April 2006; see also Rowan, ‘Spy Killing’, 24 April 2012.
229. Aldrich, GCHQ, pp. 499–501.
230. Ó Dochartaigh, ‘The Longest Negotiation’, pp. 6–13.
231. See similar points in English, Does Terrorism Work?, pp. 121–46.
232. English, Armed Struggle, pp. 306–15.
233. O’Brien, Long War, pp. 195–9, 318–24.
234. McKearney, Provisional IRA, p. 159.
235. Interview with veteran Troubles commentator, 19 April 2011.
Conclusion
1. For Scappaticci’s denial that he was Stakeknife see ‘Stakeknife: Ex-IRA and MI5 Members Could Be Prosecuted’, BBC News Online, 18 December 2018: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-46598765.
2. ‘Collusion Debate’, BBC News Online, 15 June 2015: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-33140147.
3. McKearney, Provisional IRA, p. 142.
4. Interview with republican activist 1, 21 May 2012.
5. Bradley with Feeney, Insider, pp. 161–5, 209–25, 237–9; Mulholland, ‘Politics and Violence’, pp. 409–12.
6. Ó Dochartaigh, Civil Rights to Armalites, pp. 255–63.
7. O’Brien, Long War, p. 297; Ó Dochartaigh, ‘The Longest Negotiation’, pp. 8–13.
8. English, Does Terrorism Work?, pp. 121–46.
9. Ó Dochartaigh, ‘The Longest Negotiation’, pp. 2–13, 16–17.
10. English, Does Terrorism Work?, pp. 121–2.
11. LHL NIPC, PH861, Gerry Adams interview with Living Marxism, January 1989, p. 37.
12. Matchett, Secret Victory, p. 192; Mulholland, ‘Politics and Violence’, pp. 409–12.
13. Ó Dochartaigh, Civil Rights to Armalites, pp. 1–6.
14. Kalyvas, The Logic of Violence, pp. 6, 9, 12, 40–8, 362, 390–2.
15. Ó Dochartaigh, ‘The Longest Negotiation’, pp. 13–14.
16. Nelson Inquiry Report, p. 463: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/247461/0947.pdf.
17. Zegart, Spying Blind, pp. 169–89, 196–7.
18. See Aldrich and Cormac, The Black Door, pp. 259–435.
19. Foley, Countering Terrorism in Britain and France, pp. 59–61.
20. Foley, Countering
Terrorism in Britain and France, pp. 2–11, 17–21, 59, 188, 317; Omand, Securing the State, pp. 90–3, 260–9.
21. See a similar view in Urban, Big Boys’ Rules, pp. 238–47.
22. Henry McDonald, ‘Man Believed to Have Been IRA Double Agent “Stakeknife” Released on Bail’, The Guardian, 2 February 2018: www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/02/stakeknife-freddie-scappaticci-ira-double-agent-released-bail.
23. The Patrick Finucane Review: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246867/0802.pdf.
24. Grey, The Modern Spymaster, pp. 278–99; Hewitt, Snitch!, pp. 1–20, 121–50.
25. Hewitt, Snitch!, p. 148.
26. For example, see ‘I Want to Come Home – Raymond Gilmour Tells “Journal”’, Derry Journal, 2 February 2007: www.derryjournal.com/news/i-want-to-come-home-raymond-gilmour-tells-journal-1-2109605; ‘IRA “Supergrass” Wants to Return’, BBC News Online, 2 February 2007: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6325241.stm.
27. Interview with Tommy McKearney, Monaghan, 23 May 2012. Other republicans interviewed gave a similar response to this question.
28. Cf. Bew et al., Talking to Terrorists, pp. 248–59; Jonathan Powell, Talking to Terrorists: How to End Armed Conflicts (London: The Bodley Head, 2014), pp. 23–4.
29. Cf. Bew et al., Talking to Terrorists, pp. 40–2, 252–5.
30. Powell, Talking to Terrorists, pp. 25–6.
31. Powell, Talking to Terrorists, pp. 13, 25–6, 32–40, 94, 114–25, 167, 201–14, 252–6, 278.
32. Powell, Talking to Terrorists, pp. 24–5, 75, 104, 172–81, 201–14, 252–6, 312, 347–9, 363.
33. Mumford, ‘Covert Peacemaking’, 642–3.
34. A further example of the length of time needed for private talks between paramilitaries and democratic governments before peace can emerge can be seen in Colombia. The left-wing armed group FARC in Colombia and the Colombian government began peace talks in 1998. There were various interruptions to this process before the signing of a peace agreement in 2016. See ‘Colombia Profile – Timeline’, BBC News Online, 6 April 2017: www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19390164.
35. Powell, Talking to Terrorists, pp. 2, 30–2, 78, 94–102, 178–81, 201–26, 252–55, 272–78, 347–63.
36. Powell, Talking to Terrorists, pp. 252–5.
37. Colombia would be an exception here as the FARC lacked a political mandate before and during peace talks. But the peace deal demonstrates their willingness to engage in political activity.
38. Bew et al., Talking to Terrorists, pp. 49–62, 242–3.
39. Powell, Talking to Terrorists, pp. 261–2.
40. Powell, Great Hatred, pp. 309–22; Powell, Talking to Terrorists, pp. 194, 210, 231–2, 291.
41. Taylor, Provos, pp. 187–8.
42. Ó Dochartaigh, ‘The Longest Negotiation’, 4–7.
43. Powell, Talking to Terrorists, pp. 94, 101–4, 214, 226, 252–6.
44. Mumford, ‘Covert Peacemaking’, pp. 642–43.
45. O Dochartaigh, ‘The Longest Negotiation’, p. 10.
46. Powell, Talking to Terrorists, pp. 94, 101–4, 172–81, 214–26, 252–6; Powell, Great Hatred, pp. 309–22.
47. ‘Families Demand Justice over IRA Victims “Executed” as Informers’, The Guardian, 1 June 2015: www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jun/01/families-justice-ira-victims-executed-as-informers-british-army-agent-stakeknife; John Ware, ‘How, and Why, Did Scappaticci Survive the IRA’s wrath’, Irish Times, 15 April 2017, p. 6.
48. For example, see ‘15-Year-Old Bernard Teggert Was Not an Informer’, An Phoblacht, 6 August 2009: www.anphoblacht.com/contents/20457.
49. For example, see ‘IRA Mole Martin McGartland to Have Case against MI5 Heard in Secret’, The Guardian, 8 July 2014: www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jul/08/ira-informer-martin-mcgartland-secret-hearing-mi5.
50. Interview with Tommy McKearney, Monaghan, 23 May 2012.
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