Adenauer, Konrad, 266, 274, 281, 306–8, 310, 315, 375f
Agricultural Production Cooperative (LPG), 335
air force (Luftwaffe), 107, 108, 111, 122, 125, 139, 164, 237, 244
air raids: by Allies, 139, 158, 173, 175, 177; defense against, 102, 105, 148, 158 160, 167; firestorms of, 175
airlift, 275
Albers, Hans, 122
Alenfeld, Erich, 203, 205, 260, 266, 271, 307
Alenfeld, Irene, 207, 260, 271
American army, 141, 229, 241, 242; anti-Nazi propaganda of, 252; émigré volunteers in, 226; military intelligence of; occupation government of, 252
Amundsen, Roald, 104
ancestors, legacies of, 17–41
Andersen, Lale, 123
Andrée, Horst, 19, 21, 47, 57, 85f, 116, 241–43, 245, 247f, 269, 283–85, 303, 317, 362f
Angress, Werner “Tom,” 6, 30, 47, 59, 60, 63f, 70–74, 84, 87, 94, 194, 197–201, 204, 219, 223, 225, 227–30, 242, 273, 310, 378
Anschluss (annexation of Austria), 83, 152, 198, 201
anti-Fascism, 4, 245, 322, 373, 376
anti-Semitism: Austrian, 201; German, 62, 74; racial, 62, 74, 83
Apitz, Bruno, 306, 320
apprenticeship, 23, 55, 86, 87, 88f, 153, 269, 284, 291
Ariès, Philippe, 43
Aryan descent, 20f, 89
Aryanization, 200
Assmus, Erika, 66, 274, 275, 305. See also Stern, Carola
atrocities: of Nazis, 103, 134f, 141, 148, 163, 179, 186, 215, 218, 221, 226, 231f, 239, 244f, 246, 270, 365, 370; of Red Army, 139, 141, 179
Auschwitz, 169, 186, 208–14, 216, 218, 244, 278, 376, 378, 431, 434; Birkenau subcamp, 191, 209, 211, 215; Stammlager, 209, 214f. See also Holocaust
Autobahn (superhighway), 75
autobiographies, 1–14, 65, 95–97, 144–46, 186–89, 231–33, 276–78, 316–19, 357–59, 360, 380; apologetic, 65, 67, 144–46, 214, 238, 372–78; self-reflexive, 8, 374; as source, 5–12; writing of, 5–14, 360–80
Axis, 128
Backhaus, Wilhelm, 269
Baeck, Leo, 7, 209, 361
Baehrenburg, Ursula, 6, 56, 154, 163f, 168f, 176, 178, 181–83, 252–54, 257–61, 263, 268–70, 275–78, 284f, 296, 301, 311, 313, 318, 366, 373, 361
Barth, Karl, 286
Basic Treaty, 340
Bässmann, Joachim, 209, 211f, 214f, 218, 373, 376
Baucke, Gerhard, 27, 69, 74, 86, 101, 110, 114, 120, 127f, 133–35, 241, 246, 262, 269, 286, 288, 292–94, 299, 302f, 317, 325, 362, 364f
Bauer, Fritz, 376
Baum, Herbert, 94, 220
BBC broadcasts, 172, 219, 226
Beck, Ludwig, 221
Beilmann, Christel, 162, 185, 187, 277
Belgium, 22, 143, 203
Berger, Gabriel, 336
Berlin, 5, 7, 18, 22, 26, 29, 34–36, 47, 50, 61, 63, 75, 90, 94, 155, 163, 184, 194, 203, 204, 208, 214, 220f, 223, 229, 233, 241, 296, 301f, 316, 320, 326–28, 331, 333–37, 431f, 434; blockade of, 275, 286; destruction of, 173, 175f, 247, 267; as metropolis, 35, 58, 156, 334
Bildung (cultivation), 26, 55
Bismarck, Otto von, 22, 28, 32, 36f, 82
black market, 207, 241, 252, 258, 275
Blitzkrieg (lightning warfare), 115, 126, 133
Bochow, Herbert, 204
Böll, Heinrich, 3, 270, 306, 371
Bondy, Kurt, 200
Bonhöffer, Dietrich, 221, 306
Borchert, Wolfgang, 270, 306
Bork, Ingrid, 69, 83, 174, 182, 187, 257–61, 269
Boy Scouts, 61, 78
Brandt, Willy, 220, 230, 274, 316, 340, 355, 375
Braune, Werner, 320, 326, 339, 345, 348–50, 377
Brezhnev, Leonid, 345
Bruha, Antonia, 169
Bruhns, Wibke, 221
Buchenwald, 169, 193, 218, 320, 377
Bultmann, Rudolf, 286
Bulwin, Rolf, 106, 108, 111, 113f, 125, 165, 241, 247–50, 269, 279, 288, 293, 303, 363
Bulwin, Ruth, 9, 29, 31, 44f, 47, 51, 63, 72, 75, 77, 85f, 88, 90, 92, 95, 104, 113, 154–57, 159f, 162, 165f, 181, 188, 240, 259, 261, 263–65, 275, 277, 279, 287, 303, 360
Bund deutscher Mädel (BdM, female Hitler Youth), 77f, 82, 85, 92, 95, 122, 125, 143, 148, 151–54, 156–62, 167, 170, 175, 177, 179, 185f, 188, 360, 365, 369, 374
Bürgertum (middle class): educated (Bildungs-), 26; grand (Gross-), 31; petite (Klein-), 5, 31
Busch, Marianne, 168, 210, 212, 215f, 218
Buschmann, Heinrich, 331, 335, 358f, 366, 374
Busse, Emil, 203
Butler, Nicholas Murray, 225
cadre system, 329, 331
CARE packages, 258
Catholics, 5, 22, 28, 32–34, 53, 56, 61, 63f, 69, 86, 93, 95, 167, 258, 277, 280, 296f, 302, 304, 306–8, 333; subculture of, 32, 36f
censorship, 38, 121f, 338f; of Nazis, 38, 121f; of SED, 338
Center Party, 37, 53
Central Association of German Citizens of Jewish Faith (CV), 33, 195
Choltitz, Dietrich von, 136
Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 274, 306f, 355
Clay, Lucius, 275
Cold War, 2, 4, 9, 12, 102, 273, 286, 312, 322, 327, 347, 358, 361, 373
collaboration, 119f, 149, 187, 267, 278, 304, 325; cost of, 149, 278, 304; motives of, 120, 149, 325
collective biography, 3, 9
Communism, 37, 215, 278, 319–59, 365; attraction of, 226, 245, 273; disappointment in, 320–59; persecution of, 194; resistance of, 193, 245, 305
Communist Party of Germany (KPD), 192, 273f, 308, 323, 326
concentration camp (KZ), 4, 10, 69, 190f, 208–19, 328, 373, 375; capos of, 212; crematoria in, 190, 212, 214, 251; death marches from, 216f; escapes from, 213f; guards of, 148, 168f, 193, 214f, 376; labor in, 194, 210, 212f; liberation from, 216–18, 228, 371; medical experiments in, 213; plunder in, 214f; selection in, 190, 210, 212f, 215
consumer society, 294
Cramer, Ernst, 227
Cuba, 202–4, 222
currency reform, 274f, 280, 298
Czechoslovakia, 34, 201f
Dachau, 191, 222, 433
dancing lessons, 90f, 156, 159
Danzig, 180
Datsche, 343
de Gaulle, Charles, 115
Debus, Hermann, 7, 34f, 71, 110, 132, 141, 145, 238, 249, 261f, 269, 285, 289f, 292, 299, 301f, 309, 362, 364
Deiters, Heinrich, 29, 376
democratization, 310, 318, 352; inner, 281; socialist, 353
demonstrations, 92, 316, 350, 353, 355
denazification, 257, 264–66, 274, 324, 375
Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 35, 69
Deutsche Mark (DM), 356
dismantling, 249, 252, 282, 323
Displaced Persons (DPs), 271, 309, 371
dissidents, 94, 168, 221, 230, 330, 349; Initiative Peace and Human Rights (IFM), 350; New Forum, 353
Döblin, Alfred, 369
Dubcek, Alexander, 339
economy, 87, 159, 176, 249, 305; market, 301, 308, 316, 331, 352; planned, 301, 324, 337–40, 346f, 351; scarcity, 339
ego documents, 7f; shared experiences, 10f, 372. See also autobiographies
Eichmann, Adolf, 201, 376
Einsatzgruppen (Nazi murder units), 102, 206, 218
Einstein, Albert, 224, 230
Elias, Ruth, 169, 213, 217, 260, 273
Equalization of Burdens Law (LAG), 309
Eretz Israel, 84, 222, 272f
Erhard, Ludwig, 275, 308
ethnic cleansing, 2, 135, 191, 206, 232f, 370
eugenics, 157, 167
euthanasia, 93, 157, 370
expellees, 254, 294; claim to homeland, 304; dispossession in, 254–56; expulsion, from East, 2, 33, 277; integration of, 256, 309, 371f; as pressure group, 372; resentment against, 256; revenge during expulsion, 12, 97, 188, 254, 256, 305, 370; violence in, 12, 97, 188, 254, 256, 305, 370
Eyck, Erich, 36, 224
Eyck, Frank, 26, 50, 63, 66, 73f, 90, 96, 199
, 222, 225f, 229f, 266, 268
families, 17–41, 42–65; childcare of, 46f; destruction of, 188; divorce in, 30, 205, 297, 346; ideal of, 17f; orphans of, 157, 263, 309; reassembly of, 247, 250, 256, 259
Faulhaber, Cardinal Michael von, 95
Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 279–19. See also Germany, West
Feigel, Werner, 321, 325, 327, 329f, 339, 344f, 352f, 357–59, 366
femininity, volkish, 188; and Weimar “new women,” 149
Fest, Joachim, 21f, 37, 73, 84, 93, 106f, 132, 138, 142, 239, 240–42, 247, 251, 263, 266, 269, 275, 277f, 280, 283, 286, 307, 360, 362
Finckh, Renate, 150f, 153, 156–59, 161f, 168, 170–72, 175, 177f, 185–87, 189, 379
flak, 173, 187, 240
Flessa, Friedrich, 109
flight, 2, 114; from GDR, 336f, 348; from Red Army, 12, 97, 142, 149, 179–82, 188, 245, 263, 277, 296, 305, 333, 336, 370; from Third Reich, 196, 199, 222
Flügge, Elisabeth, 200
France, defeat of, 114
Fränkel, Anna, 190, 207f, 213f, 217, 230, 272
Free Democratic Party (FDP), 274, 307f, 355
Free German Labor Union (FDGB), 344
Free German Youth (FDJ), 325, 328, 336, 341, 348
Freischar (youth group), 61, 77f
Freisler, Roland, 221
Frenzel, Paul, 47, 50, 53, 55, 60f, 77f, 84, 88–90, 92, 106, 111, 118–20, 124f, 128, 145, 244, 249, 269, 273, 301, 321, 325f, 330f, 334, 341f, 346f, 350
Friedan, Betty, 148
Friedrich, Sabine, 11
Fröhlich, Peter, 191, 199, 202–4, 222f. See also Gay, Peter
Führer, cult of, 81f, 93. See also Hitler, Adolf
Galen, Cardinal Clemens von, 157
Ganor, Niza, 272, 377. See also Osimok, Anna
gardens, 24, 31, 47f, 50, 160, 257, 259, 282, 299, 362
Garton Ash, Timothy, 380
Gay, Peter, 195, 198, 200, 223–25, 310. See also Fröhlich, Peter
generational rebellion (1968), 315; critique of, 310–12; as cultural revolution, 311f; motives of, 311f; violence of, 311
genocide, 96, 135, 218, 233, 379. See also Holocaust
German Communist Party (DKP), 308
German Democratic Party (DDP), 36
German Democratic Republic (GDR), 320–59. See also Germany, East
German Labor Front (DAF), 89
German National People’s Party (DNVP), 36
German People’s Party (DVP), 35
Germanization, 103, 120, 232
German-Soviet Friendship Society (DSF), 329, 333
Germany, East (GDR), 320–59, 372; anti-fascism of, 4, 321–23, 325, 328, 334, 336, 338, 372f, 376f; dictatorship of the proletariat, 281, 306, 321, 323, 327; disenchantment in, 320–59; nostalgia for, 359
Germany, Imperial, 17–41, 367f
Germany, West (FRG), 279–319; Basic Law of, 281, 306, 356; chancellor democracy of, 308; economic miracle of, 287f, 293, 303f, 308, 317, 372; magnetism of, 341
Gestapo, 201, 204, 220–22, 240; brutality of, 93, 96, 138f, 169, 193, 208, 231, 250; denunciation to, 95, 138, 168f
Globke, Hans, 274
Goebbels, Joseph, 71, 112f, 118, 125, 128, 132, 139, 172, 179, 202, 219f, 230, 305
Goerdeler, Carl, 221
Gogarten, Friedrich, 286
Goltz, Isa von der, 180
Gompertz, Albert, 21, 69f, 86f, 194, 200, 223–26, 229f, 273, 310, 377
Gompertz, Leo, 21, 194, 201f, 224
Gomulka, Władysław, 332
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 291, 351f
Göring, Hermann, 114, 125
grandparents, 7, 9, 19–28, 31, 39, 47, 50, 75, 197, 303, 363, 367
Grass, Günter, 3, 10, 372, 377
Great Britain, 22f, 61, 101, 114, 119, 125, 131, 160, 199, 203, 219, 222, 226f, 270, 299, 305; Battle of Britain, 114
Great Depression, 2, 11, 43, 61, 150, 158, 192, 194, 199, 340, 369, 378
Green Party, 312, 355
Greiffenhagen, Martin, 240, 305, 311f
Gros, Günter, 243
Groschek, Christel, 256, 292, 296
Grothus, Gisela, 25, 53, 58, 60, 64, 73, 84, 87f, 90–92, 154, 163, 187, 263, 287, 295, 297f, 312–14, 317
Grothus, Horst, 25, 29, 49, 60, 80, 82f, 85, 97, 107, 111, 114, 127, 131, 139, 143, 244, 262, 269, 276, 283f, 287, 289–93, 296–98, 300f, 305, 307, 315–17, 362, 364, 374, 377
Grothus, Ulrich, 7
guest workers (Gastarbeiter), 291f, 434
Härtel, Erna, 26, 262, 330, 333
Härtel, Karl, 7, 18, 26, 31, 38, 42, 44, 48, 50, 54, 56, 60, 65, 78f, 86, 87, 89, 94f, 106, 109, 111, 123, 125, 135, 143, 238, 241–43, 245f, 248, 251, 268, 287, 309, 326, 329, 333, 345, 351, 373, 379
Haffner, Sebastian, 219, 230. See also Pretzel, Raimund
Hagemann, Günter, 307, 318
Hager, Kurt, 352
Hall, G. Stanley, 67
hamstern (scavenge), 257
Harbig, Rudolf, 110
Harich, Wolfgang, 332
Hasemann, Erich, 338, 365
Hauptmann, Gerhard, 34
Hecht, Ingeborg, 197f, 203, 205f, 271
Hedin, Sven, 104
Heimat (homeland), 22, 124
Helmer, Erich, 7, 17, 21, 57, 59f, 72, 74, 93, 96, 107f, 111, 122f, 125f, 135, 137f, 140, 143–45, 237, 243, 247–50, 257f, 262, 265, 268f, 274, 277, 280, 283f, 286, 290, 304
Helsinki Declaration, 341
Heuss, Theodor, 281, 307, 375
Heydrich, Richard, 206
Heym, Stefan, 227
Hierl, Konstantin, 105
Hillers, Marta, 184, 370
Himmler, Heinrich, 125, 140f, 167, 205, 219, 242
Hindenburg, Paul von, 42, 53, 62f, 65f, 68
Hitler Youth (HJ), 9, 66–68, 71–74, 76–85, 89–94, 107f, 111f, 139, 143, 148, 151, 161, 186, 192, 237, 250, 304, 325, 365, 374; activities of, 71f, 77–81, 83–85, 92, 104f, 112, 369; indoctrination in, 67f, 71f, 77–85, 92, 96, 104f, 112, 156f, 369, 101; peer pressure of, 68, 76–85, 96
Hitler, Adolf: assassination attempt of, 137, 177, 221, 284; charisma of, 82, 156; as commander in chief, 109, 113f; as orator, 62, 80f, 374; suicide of, 141. See also Führer
HIWIS (Nazi auxiliaries), 120
Holland, 35, 114, 141, 199–205, 222, 229
Hochmuth, Katharina, 7
Holmer, Uwe, 321
Holocaust, 190–233; assembly line murder in, 206–12; by bullets, 133–35, 179, 206f, 216; death by labor in, 194, 210, 212f; remembrance of, 218f, 231–33, 310, 376–79
home, 42–65, 85–95
home front, 9, 148, 158f, 171, 173, 187, 370
Homeyer, Wilhelm, 141f, 245f, 276
Honecker, Erich, 193, 219, 320, 340, 343, 345, 347, 353, 376
housing, 28, 31, 37, 241, 248, 264, 334, 339; building of, 19, 282, 324, 343; crisis of, 259, 297, 309, 343; destruction of, 259
Hubbe, Wolfgang, 138
Huber, Anneliese, 88f, 91, 122, 155f, 163–65, 263, 269, 276, 283, 285, 287, 295, 297f, 300f, 303, 318, 363, 366
Huber, Paul, 261, 300, 364
Hübschmann, Klaus, 321, 325f, 330f, 334, 339, 343–45, 357f
hyperinflation, 2, 38, 40, 50, 369
identity, 8, 32, 37, 195, 198, 203, 208f, 217f, 223, 227, 232, 333; German, 21, 23; regional, 28, 34
Iggers, Georg, 197f, 201, 223–26, 273, 378
imprisonment, 111, 138, 203, 244, 249, 262, 306, 326, 338, 341, 348, 350, 375; American, 241f, 246; British, 242f, 247, 260, 307; correspondence from, 245; flight from, 246; French, 243; homecoming from, 247f, 250; reeducation during, 242; release from, 241, 243, 245–48, 251, 260, 328, 348; Russian, 243f, 300, 370, 435
intermarriage: Catholic-Protestant, 37; Jewish-gentile, 20, 33, 195
Isaacson, Judith Magyar, 378
Italy, 41, 130, 142, 241f, 272, 285, 291, 300
Janka, Walter, 332
Jannings, Emil, 172
Japan, 128, 291
Jaspers, Karl, 306, 372
Jewish emigration, 4, 94, 201f, 20
5, 219, 223f, 271f, 272, 300; decision for, 74, 192, 197, 199; papers for, 199, 203; preparation of, 87, 198, 199f, 222; safe havens for, 199, 202, 222, 232
Jewish persecution: boycott of Jewish businesses, 69, 83, 195f; civil service purge of Jews, 20f, 195; deportation of Jews, 178, 205, 207f, 224; ghettoization of Jews, 205–9, 371; loss of citizenship of Jews, 191, 197; pogrom of (Kristallnacht) Jews, 152, 157, 202; racial laws of, 191, 197–99, 205–7; resistance against, 194f, 197f, 220f, 230, 232; underground survival of Jews, 207–9, 219, 232; yellow star of, 170, 206, 208
Jewish refugees, 196, 199–206, 222; adjustment of, 200, 204, 223–25, 273; Americanization of, 223, 225–27, 273; finding jobs, 199f, 223–25; name change of, 222f
Jews: assimilation of, 36, 63, 84, 94, 191, 194f, 197–99, 223; from Eastern Europe, 194; friends with, 194f, 199f, 203; Geltungsjuden, 205; of mixed descent, 194, 197, 205; orthodox, 194; reconciliation of, 310; reform, 195, 223; self-defense of, 194f, 197f, 220f, 230, 232; veterans, 194f, 205; youth groups of, 84, 197f; Zionists, 84, 191, 195, 197, 272
Joachim, Gerhard, 111, 138, 245, 323, 325–30, 332, 337f, 340, 346, 348, 351f, 356–59, 376
Joachim, Waiko, 348
Johannsen, Berndt, 349
Johannsen, Horst, 78, 140, 249f, 253, 257, 261, 266, 269, 322, 325, 330, 333–35, 338f, 343f, 346f, 349, 351, 353, 355, 358, 360
Jugendweihe (youth consecration), 326
June 17, 1953 uprising, 316, 331f
Junkers, 324
Kaiser, 17, 27, 37f. See also Wilhelm II
Kant, Immanuel, 21, 33
Katterwe, Erna, 125, 263
Keil, Jack Baruch, 197, 201, 203
Keil, Samuel, 196
Kempowski, Walter, 7
Khrushchev, Nikita, 332, 334, 336
kindergarten, 47, 285
Kinderlandverschickung (sending children to countryside), 154, 173
Klein, Dorle, 47, 346
Klein, Fritz, 6, 29, 35, 47, 63f, 69, 87, 92, 96, 106f, 110, 145, 274, 321, 325f, 328f, 332, 337f, 341f, 345f, 351f, 359, 361, 365, 376
Klier, Freya, 350
Klüger, Ruth, 192, 198, 204, 206f, 209–13, 216, 218, 230, 272, 276, 310, 377f
Koch, Gertrud, 27, 38, 170, 220, 259, 266
Koch, Ilse, 169
Koeppen, Anne Marie, 150
Kohl, Helmut, 3, 233, 291, 355
Kolb, Ruth, 125
Kolesnyk, Sonja, 162, 271
Kolesnyk, Wilhelm, 81, 85, 96, 108, 113f, 134
Kopelev, Lev, 184
Kosing, Alfred, 347, 359, 365, 373, 377
Krapf, Gerhard, 6, 32, 42, 46, 59, 61, 63, 71, 73, 79f, 82, 84–86, 93–96, 106, 110, 112, 116–18, 121–24, 128, 130f, 137, 139f, 142f, 146, 244, 247f, 271, 276, 310
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