Broken Lives

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Broken Lives Page 54

by Konrad H Jarausch


  Krause, Günter, 301, 305, 319, 321, 327, 350, 357, 361f, 364, 373

  Krawczyk, Stephan, 350

  Krenz, Egon, 353

  Kühlem, Gertrud, 93

  Kulturbund (League of Culture), 328, 338

  Künneke, Evelyn, 123

  labor movement, 322f, 329, 346; subculture of, 37; trade unions of, 37

  Landjahr (farm duty), 148, 154

  Lebensborn (SS nurseries), 167

  Lehmann, Wilhelm, 30

  leisure, 28, 37, 68, 77, 79, 85, 110, 155, 294, 299, 343, 350, 362, 369

  Leithold, Albert, 329, 332, 375

  Lenge, Kurt, 193

  Lengsfeld, Vera, 330

  Lenin, Vladimir I., 40, 325, 344

  Leningrad, siege of, 127f

  Liberalism, 22, 43, 307, 380

  Lichti, Gertrud, 310

  Lichti, Walter, 270

  Liddell Hart, Sir Basil H., 115

  life stages: adolescence, 65–97; adulthood, 101–360; birth, 42f; childhood, 43–65; death, 366; old age, 300–303, 362–66

  Lilje, Hanns, 267, 306, 376

  Lindauer, Inge, 180

  living space, 81, 103, 112, 162, 206

  Löwith, Karl, 306

  Lüders, Marie Elisabeth, 256

  Luxemburg, Rosa, 350, 377

  Maginot Line, 114

  Mahlendorf, Ursula, 34, 47, 53, 62, 68, 92, 151–53, 155–58, 160f, 163, 168f, 171, 173, 178–80, 182f, 185–87, 254, 256, 259, 264, 269–71, 274, 276–78, 280, 283, 294, 298, 305f, 309, 365, 375, 377

  Mandelstam, Lucy, 67, 197, 201–7, 209f, 212, 216f, 224, 229, 271–73, 310, 373, 377

  Mann, Thomas, 230, 368

  Manstein, Field Marshal Erich von, 130

  Manz, Günter, 323, 332, 340, 358, 366

  marriage, 5, 9, 20, 30, 37, 89, 125, 151, 153, 156, 165f, 170, 195, 197, 204f, 209, 261–62, 271, 283, 285, 287, 296f, 311f, 315, 318, 371

  Marshall Plan, 282

  masculinity, martial, 102, 148

  maternalism, 148

  Meinecke, Friedrich, 267

  memories: communicative, 372, 377; contested, 321, 372–78; fractured, 12, 187, 360–80; guilty, 13, 277f, 369, 374, 379; public, 231, 372–78; tropes of, 10f; of war, 144–46, 312

  Mengele, Josef, 213

  Merkel, Angela, 378

  Mewis, Karl, 332

  Meyerstein, Heinz Jehuda, 219, 222

  Mielke, Erich, 332, 341

  military police (MPs), 134, 138f, 142, 185, 240

  military service: basic training of, 102, 109–11, 121, 144, 227; conscription in, 103, 106f, 167, 172, 338; desertion from, 106, 111, 138, 240, 245; officer training in, 110, 118; physical for, 108, 111; promotion in, 122; swearing in to, 109

  Millett, Kate, 148

  miracle weapons (V2), 137–39, 176

  miscegenation, 162, 205

  misogynism, 149

  Mitläufer (follower), 257

  Mittag, Günter, 347

  Mittlere Reife (junior high graduation), 86f

  mobility, social, 22

  Model, Walter, 141

  modernism, 269

  Modrow, Hans, 3, 372

  Moosmann, Agnes, 35f, 78, 97, 185, 187, 239

  Mosse, George L., 310

  Mueller, Irmgard, 200, 207, 212

  Müller, Rudi, 123

  Mussolini, Benito, 41, 126, 130

  nannies, 30, 46f

  narratives, 1–14; of adventure, 5, 84, 103f, 107, 144–46, 369f; of failure, 357–59; of gender, 5, 187–89; of heroism, 10, 103, 107, 143–46, 158, 171, 231, 276; of success, 10, 281–94, 316–19; of survival, 10, 103, 144, 231–33; of victimhood, 10, 231–33, 373

  National Committee for a Free Germany (NKFD), 245

  National People’s Army (NVA), 336, 338

  National Socialism: ideology of, 70–73, 80–82, 149, 192, 194, 374; indoctrination in, 66, 68–76, 77–79, 96f, 101, 112, 121, 151, 154, 369f; movement of, 62–65, 68

  nationalism, 27f, 41, 56f, 76, 215, 267, 307f

  NATO, 312, 322, 330

  Nazification, 66f, 68–76, 85, 93, 96

  Nazi-Soviet Pact, 113, 205

  Neglein, Hans-Gerd, 291, 297, 314

  neighborhood, 44, 54, 57–64, 69, 85, 194

  Nemmersdorf, 139, 179

  neo-Nazis, 322–23; National Democratic Party (NPD), 308; Socialist Reich Party (SRP), 308

  Neue Wache, 233

  Neues Deutschland, 286, 326

  Neumaier, Hanne, 297, 300

  Neumaier, Robert, 87–90, 92, 96, 107, 110, 116, 118, 120, 129f, 134–36, 141, 145, 243, 257, 262, 268f, 284, 287f, 290–92, 294, 297–99, 301, 317, 362, 366

  new social movements, 315f; of environmentalism, 312, 314, 355; of feminism, 147, 232, 264, 312–14; of pacifism, 307, 313, 380

  NKVD, 323, 327

  normalization, 264, 268f, 277, 371

  Normandy landing, 135, 227

  Norway, 114, 119, 144, 168, 220

  NÖSPL (New Economic Policy), 337

  NSDAP, 64, 66, 71, 79, 148f, 247; old fighters of, 66, 68, 70; opportunists in, 68, 73, 177, 186, 218; seizure of power of, 3, 65f, 68f, 77f, 190, 323. See also anti-Semitism

  NS-Frauenschaft (Nazi Women’s League), 151

  NSV (Nazi People’s Welfare), 154, 173, 180, 185, 217

  Nuremberg, 109, 270, 289; Nuremberg Laws, 197, 199, 219, 274; party congresses in, 75; Nuremberg Trials, 250, 266, 277, 375

  nursing, 163, 167, 187, 218

  occupation, 9, 38, 118–20, 166, 229, 238, 247, 252, 258f, 264, 268, 273f, 277, 282, 305, 308, 323, 333, 371; American occupation government, 227; zones of, 242, 246f, 250, 252f, 264f, 274f, 280–82, 337

  Oder River, 34, 141, 178

  Olympic Games of 1936, 75

  Osimok, Anna, 208. See also Ganor, Niza

  Osteinsatz, 162. See also Germanization

  Oster, Hans, 221

  Ostpolitik (reconciliation with the East), 340

  Palach, Jan, 340

  parents, influence of, 28–39

  partisans, 102, 134f, 145, 179

  Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), 355

  paternalism, 28, 43, 315

  Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich, 130

  peace movement: in the East, 348f; in the West, 313

  peaceful revolution (Wende), 357, 359, 365

  people’s police, 325, 327, 332, 338

  perestroika, 351

  Peters, Eva, 56, 61, 67, 78, 81, 83, 91, 95, 97, 141, 147, 152, 157, 159, 163, 175, 177, 186–88

  Plattenbauten (prefab apartments), 343

  Polak, Ilse, 217, 272, 377

  Poland, 34, 120, 126, 170, 203, 205f, 247, 352; corridor through, 119, 159; defeat of, 101, 113f, 159, 170

  pollution, 314, 349

  Potsdam, 18, 74, 254, 264, 308, 321

  POWs, 5, 11, 114, 120, 127, 178, 182, 226f, 229, 237, 240–51, 253, 255f, 260f, 276, 294, 300, 309, 370. See also imprisonment

  Prague Spring, 340

  Pretzel, Raimund, 219. See also Haffner, Sebastian

  private lives, 2f, 7, 9, 53, 154, 160, 173, 175, 205, 240, 267, 273, 315, 318, 322, 326, 330, 338, 367, 375, 377; rewards of, 294–303, 317, 343, 357; spaces for, 85–95, 303, 327

  propaganda, 112, 226, 277, 308; Communist, 219, 275, 327, 334, 337; Nazi, 64, 68, 70–72, 74, 79, 81–83, 91, 94, 101f, 104f, 107, 112, 119, 121, 125, 128, 132, 137, 140, 145, 153, 161, 172f, 179, 182, 194, 219f, 230, 239, 305, 374

  prosperity, 2, 4, 10, 18, 22, 26, 28, 40, 44, 274, 281f, 291f, 294, 296–99, 301, 308, 317, 345, 316, 367f, 379

  Protestants, 32f, 36f, 53, 326, 349; Confessing Church, 93, 96, 153; German Christians, 93, 153

  Prussia, 22, 28, 30, 32–34, 36, 40, 47, 51, 87, 110, 137, 206, 237; East, 23, 139, 141, 178f, 181, 248, 254, 260, 285; legacy of, 18, 74; patriotism of, 56

  public engagement, 304–16

  Queiser, Hans R., 22, 25, 52, 82f, 95, 102, 105, 107, 109, 111, 114–16, 119, 121, 123, 131, 138, 143f, 245

  Quisling, Vidkun, 120

  Raschdorff, Anne, 32, 2
95, 300, 303

  Raschdorff, Hellmut, 7, 32, 65, 69, 75, 89, 107, 119, 127, 134, 246f, 279, 288, 290, 292, 294f, 297, 299–304, 317, 362–64, 366

  rationing, 160, 171f, 248, 257f

  Ravensbrück, 169, 216f

  rearmament, 73, 102f, 115, 308, 311, 316

  reconstruction, 264, 266f, 278f, 281, 286, 294, 309, 343; of housing, 4; of infrastructure, 4, 267, 282, 324; labor for, 246, 249, 371; of personal lives, 2

  Red Army, 133, 139, 142, 178, 214, 230, 260, 271, 274, 320, 322, 329, 336, 338, 370, 373; advance of, 127, 129f, 137, 141, 180f, 205, 216; brutality of, 141, 179, 182f, 253, 305, 323; casualties of, 129; manpower of, 127, 130, 333; plunder by, 182f, 253; rapes by, 97, 149, 183f, 188, 305; weapons of, 127, 129–31, 137

  reeducation, 186, 191, 194, 242, 327

  Reich Labor Service (RAD), 89, 105f, 107, 185

  Reichsbanner (republican militia), 62

  Reichstag fire, 69

  resistance, 219–30; Edelweiss Pirates, 93, 170, 220; female, 170, 183; inner emigration, 97, 220, 269, 281; officer’s plot, 137, 177, 221; political, 93; swing youth, 92f; White Rose, 94

  restitution, 21; for Jewish victims, 232, 271, 280, 307, 310, 376; for slave laborers, 310

  retirement, 2, 5, 9, 296f, 301f, 345, 352, 362–66

  reunification, 316, 331, 355–58, 365, 379; Ten Point Plan for, 355; Two-Plus-Four Agreement for, 356f; Treaty for, 356

  Reuter, Ernst, 219, 275

  Rhine River, 34, 141, 178, 241f, 249, 281, 283f, 299

  Rhineland, 32, 36, 38, 103, 308, 333

  Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 74

  Richthoven, Manfred von, 104

  Richter, Hans Peter, 105

  Riefenstahl, Leni, 75

  Riesengebirge, 34

  Ritter, Gerhard, 283

  Rosenberg, Jesse, 278

  Roter Frontkämpferbund (Communist militia), 62

  Ruge, Eugen, 372

  Ruhr Basin, 21, 34, 141, 222, 284, 288, 293

  SA (Sturmabteilung, Nazi militia), 62, 68, 70, 73, 77, 93, 108, 158, 170, 190, 192, 195f, 201f, 369f

  Saar, 22, 92, 246

  Sartre, Jean-Paul, 269, 306

  Sauckel, Fritz, 172

  Sauerbruch, Ferdinand, 95

  Schabowski, Günter, 354

  Schalck-Golodkowski, Alexander, 347

  Scheller, Theo, 150

  Schelsky, Helmut, 273

  Schirach, Baldur von, 77

  Schirmer, Hans-Harald, 37, 41, 63, 70, 78, 91, 96, 251, 266, 318

  Schmeling, Max, 198

  Schmidt, Helmut, 3, 102

  Schneider, Paul, 194

  Schoenhals, Dieter, 246, 277, 379

  Schöffski, Benno, 21, 23–25, 33, 48, 60, 69f, 78, 85, 129, 285, 298

  Schöffski, Edith, 17f, 24f, 33, 38, 47, 48, 69, 95, 153f, 163, 173, 183, 187, 258, 260, 276f, 283, 297f, 317

  Scholz-Eule, Erika, 253

  Scholz-Eule, Traudel, 253

  schools, 51–57; Berufsschule (trade), 55f; Gymnasium (classical), 26f, 30, 54–56, 72, 215; polytechnical, 329, 334; Realschule (modern), 54f, 87; Volksschule (primary), 54f

  Schultheis, Heinz, 34, 45, 58, 61, 65, 76, 79, 84, 87, 89, 92, 104–6, 115, 118, 126f, 249, 268f, 283, 287, 290, 366, 379

  Schumacher, Kurt, 196, 281, 306f, 323, 375

  Schwarzer, Alice, 148

  Schwerin, Ernst, 201

  scorched earth: by Red Army, 133; by Wehrmacht, 133

  Seelmann-Eggebert, Will, 61, 373

  segregation, 253; by gender, 52, 54, 90; by religion, 94, 191, 198, 207

  Seidel, Ina, 95

  sexuality, 54, 91, 123, 152, 184, 194, 205, 252, 256, 295, 346, 370

  siblings, 42, 44, 46, 50f, 59, 126, 153, 159, 245, 261, 317

  Sieg, Martin, 238f, 242f, 250, 261, 269f, 281, 286, 304, 373, 376

  Silesia, 21f, 34, 36, 115, 141, 157, 163, 173, 178, 180f, 183, 185, 200, 206, 253–55, 327

  Simon, Marie Jalowicz, 208, 272

  skeptical generation, 280

  slave labor, 117, 119, 138, 145, 149, 171f, 178, 181, 183, 185, 187, 191, 194, 217, 241, 243, 249, 271, 370

  Social Democratic Party (SPD), 37, 192, 273–75, 307f, 316, 323, 326, 355

  Socialist Unity Party (SED), 4, 274, 286, 304, 315f, 321–22, 324–38, 340–42, 345–50, 352–55, 357–60, 365f, 372f, 376f

  Sölle, Dorothee, 304, 311f, 377

  Sonderweg (special path), 18

  Soviet Military Administration (SMAD), 324

  Soviet Union, 131, 193, 220, 243f, 249, 320f, 329, 332, 351, 358; invasion of, 126f, 204; victory of, 322, 329

  Sovietization, 333

  SS (Schutzstaffel, Nazi elite guard): KZ guards, 148, 168f, 193f, 210, 214, 216f, 228, 304, 376; Waffen SS, 107f, 125, 134, 227, 229

  “stab-in-the-back-legend,” 56

  Stahlhelm (conservative militia), 62

  Stalin, Joseph, 114, 126, 192, 254, 325, 331f

  Stalingrad, 129f, 169, 171, 177, 374

  Stalinism, 184, 244, 323, 327, 329, 337f, 351, 355, 358, 372; destalinization, 332

  Stark, Brigitte, 6

  starvation, 38, 70, 128, 212, 243f, 370

  Stasi, 301, 321, 327, 347–50, 353, 357; files of, 350; informal informants of (IM), 330, 341; Ministry for State Security (MfS), 341, 350; surveillance of, 327, 332, 341f, 350, 353

  Stauffenberg, Claus Schenk von, 219, 221

  Stern, Carola, 318, 359, 361. See also Assmus, Erika

  Stern, Fritz, 34, 190, 198, 201, 204, 223–26, 273, 310, 378

  Strauss, Richard, 95

  Streicher, Julius, 194

  Stresemann, Gustav, 35

  Stukas (dive bombers), 115, 131

  Sudetenland, 152, 256

  teachers, 72, 171, 173, 210, 212, 215f, 261, 263, 268f, 284–87, 290, 292, 307, 311, 330, 335; authoritarian, 51–53, 57, 70f, 73, 278, 280, 284f, 324; progressive, 51–53, 57, 59, 61, 86, 92, 200, 311

  Taubhorn, Erika, 29, 49, 52, 154f, 174, 187, 257, 259, 261–63, 287, 295, 300, 362

  Tausch, Hans, 55, 106, 118, 120, 122, 124, 129, 131, 135, 256, 267, 278, 285, 290, 317

  Thälmann, Teddy, 62, 68

  Thamm, Gerhardt B., 21, 109, 113–15, 118, 128, 130, 137, 141, 143, 373

  Theresienstadt, 209

  Third Reich. See National Socialism

  Third Way, 355–57

  total war, 132, 148, 171, 188; mobilization for, 148, 172, 187

  Trabant (Trabi), 339

  travel: in GDR, 301, 347, 354, 359, 362; restrictions against, 333, 341, 347f, 353; travel cadres, 341, 347;

  trench warfare, 117

  Treskow, Henning von, 221

  Troschke, Frauke von, 7

  Ukraine, 85, 108, 126f, 134, 162, 181, 183, 190, 208, 271

  Ulbricht, Walter, 274, 323, 326, 330–32, 336–38, 340, 346, 376

  United States, 22, 128, 131, 200, 202f, 222f, 226, 230, 244, 253, 264, 271–73, 284, 291, 305, 378

  Unrechtsstaat (illegitimate state), 321, 359

  vacations, 9, 25, 47, 50, 61f, 75, 79, 156, 292, 295, 299, 317, 330, 344

  VEB (people’s owned factory), 324

  Versailles, 35, 38, 40, 56, 80, 92, 103, 112, 122, 206, 373

  Vichy, 119

  victimhood, 373; competition about, 191f; varieties of, 231–33

  Vogel, Wolfgang, 348

  Volksgemeinschaft (people’s community), 80, 95, 150, 172, 238

  Volkssturm (last ditch militia), 140

  Walb, Lore, 154, 156, 158, 166, 170f, 173, 175, 177, 181, 185–88, 374, 377

  Wall, 337f, 340, 351; building of, 335, 336f; fall of, 316, 353–58, 365; victims of, 337, 358

  war production, 125f, 128, 131, 172, 176, 187, 205, 222, 370

  Warmbrunn, Werner, 32, 54, 84, 199, 203, 224f

  Warsaw Pact, 322, 338

  Weber, Alfred, 267

  Weber, Max, 82

  Weddingen, Otto von, 104

  Wedekind, Frank, 67

  Wehler, Hans-Ulrich, 18

  Wehrmacht: bordellos of, 123; censorship of, 121f;
chaplains in, 123; combat experience of, 101f, 115f; comradeship in, 112, 117f, 139; death toll of, 115, 125, 145; decorations of, 122, 127; defeats of, 103, 114, 125, 126–44, 239–51; entertainment in, 122f; furloughs of, 118, 123–25, 140, 164; hospitals of, 124, 132, 163, 178f, 183, 185, 227; mail service in, 122; offensives of, 113, 126, 129; retreats of, 127, 132f, 136–38, 142; surrender of, 125, 137f, 141–43, 179, 185f, 226f, 239, 241, 251; victories of, 112–26, 127, 144; wounds in, 111, 115f, 118, 122, 124f, 128, 140f, 144f, 163–65, 179, 183–85, 227, 244

  Wehrmacht Exhibition, 102

  Weigelt, Ruth, 19, 34, 64, 68, 88, 90, 95, 156, 165f, 180, 185, 255, 276, 302f, 318, 366

  Weimar Republic, 2f, 9, 11, 38, 43, 50f, 54, 56f, 61, 63f, 147, 149f, 158, 281, 306, 307, 359, 368 children of, 42–65; civil strife during, 62f; cultural innovation of, 60; progressive reforms of, 44, 56f

  Weinberg, Gerhard, 222, 224

  Weizsäcker, Richard von, 3, 6

  Wessely, Paula, 172

  Westernization, 305

  Wilhelm I, 22, 26

  Wilhelm II, 37

  Wilhelmine Empire, 9, 27, 37. See also Germany, Imperial

  Wilson, Woodrow, 40

  Winter Aid, 80

  Witolla, Jakobine, 14, 180, 182, 245

  Wolf, Christa, 3, 42, 274, 345, 369, 377

  Wolf, Friedrich, 245

  women: careers of, 150f, 155, 167, 346; education of, 153–55, 167, 346; equality of, 263f, 313, 346; fraternization with, 252; hour of, 232, 251–64; of the rubble, 256–58, 282; struggles of, 147–89; war brides, 252; war duty of, 172; war widows, 166, 260–63, 294

  working class, 5, 40, 61, 90, 125, 154, 187, 220, 274, 325, 327, 331, 345, 350

  World War I (also First World War), 3, 9, 12, 35, 43, 64f, 104, 113f, 122, 133, 147, 194f, 307; loss of, 38, 40, 56, 231, 378; suffering during, 38, 40

  World War II (also Second World War), 101–41; aims of, 103; as annihilation, 2, 96, 102, 115, 133, 135, 144, 159; as attrition, 126, 133; crimes in, 145, 239; defeatism in, 125, 130, 132, 138, 164, 169; destruction of, 133, 137, 140, 146, 175f, 229, 238, 258f, 270, 323, 367, 369; disillusionment in, 103, 109; outbreak of, 101f, 112f; preparation for, 102, 103–12; reporting about, 103, 121; survival through, 103, 110, 112, 115–18, 128, 140, 143–45, 165, 178, 238, 277; violence of, 102, 115f, 132–35, 141

  Wriedt, Lotte, 260

  youth groups, 32, 41, 105, 197

  Youth Movement, 61, 76f, 79, 84, 105, 193, 197

  Zahnwetzer, Moritz, 193

  Zerbony, Edgar von, 201

  Zöger, Heinz, 193, 205, 220, 359, 361

  Zuckmayer, Carl, 270, 306

 

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