Broken Lives
Page 54
Krause, Günter, 301, 305, 319, 321, 327, 350, 357, 361f, 364, 373
Krawczyk, Stephan, 350
Krenz, Egon, 353
Kühlem, Gertrud, 93
Kulturbund (League of Culture), 328, 338
Künneke, Evelyn, 123
labor movement, 322f, 329, 346; subculture of, 37; trade unions of, 37
Landjahr (farm duty), 148, 154
Lebensborn (SS nurseries), 167
Lehmann, Wilhelm, 30
leisure, 28, 37, 68, 77, 79, 85, 110, 155, 294, 299, 343, 350, 362, 369
Leithold, Albert, 329, 332, 375
Lenge, Kurt, 193
Lengsfeld, Vera, 330
Lenin, Vladimir I., 40, 325, 344
Leningrad, siege of, 127f
Liberalism, 22, 43, 307, 380
Lichti, Gertrud, 310
Lichti, Walter, 270
Liddell Hart, Sir Basil H., 115
life stages: adolescence, 65–97; adulthood, 101–360; birth, 42f; childhood, 43–65; death, 366; old age, 300–303, 362–66
Lilje, Hanns, 267, 306, 376
Lindauer, Inge, 180
living space, 81, 103, 112, 162, 206
Löwith, Karl, 306
Lüders, Marie Elisabeth, 256
Luxemburg, Rosa, 350, 377
Maginot Line, 114
Mahlendorf, Ursula, 34, 47, 53, 62, 68, 92, 151–53, 155–58, 160f, 163, 168f, 171, 173, 178–80, 182f, 185–87, 254, 256, 259, 264, 269–71, 274, 276–78, 280, 283, 294, 298, 305f, 309, 365, 375, 377
Mandelstam, Lucy, 67, 197, 201–7, 209f, 212, 216f, 224, 229, 271–73, 310, 373, 377
Mann, Thomas, 230, 368
Manstein, Field Marshal Erich von, 130
Manz, Günter, 323, 332, 340, 358, 366
marriage, 5, 9, 20, 30, 37, 89, 125, 151, 153, 156, 165f, 170, 195, 197, 204f, 209, 261–62, 271, 283, 285, 287, 296f, 311f, 315, 318, 371
Marshall Plan, 282
masculinity, martial, 102, 148
maternalism, 148
Meinecke, Friedrich, 267
memories: communicative, 372, 377; contested, 321, 372–78; fractured, 12, 187, 360–80; guilty, 13, 277f, 369, 374, 379; public, 231, 372–78; tropes of, 10f; of war, 144–46, 312
Mengele, Josef, 213
Merkel, Angela, 378
Mewis, Karl, 332
Meyerstein, Heinz Jehuda, 219, 222
Mielke, Erich, 332, 341
military police (MPs), 134, 138f, 142, 185, 240
military service: basic training of, 102, 109–11, 121, 144, 227; conscription in, 103, 106f, 167, 172, 338; desertion from, 106, 111, 138, 240, 245; officer training in, 110, 118; physical for, 108, 111; promotion in, 122; swearing in to, 109
Millett, Kate, 148
miracle weapons (V2), 137–39, 176
miscegenation, 162, 205
misogynism, 149
Mitläufer (follower), 257
Mittag, Günter, 347
Mittlere Reife (junior high graduation), 86f
mobility, social, 22
Model, Walter, 141
modernism, 269
Modrow, Hans, 3, 372
Moosmann, Agnes, 35f, 78, 97, 185, 187, 239
Mosse, George L., 310
Mueller, Irmgard, 200, 207, 212
Müller, Rudi, 123
Mussolini, Benito, 41, 126, 130
nannies, 30, 46f
narratives, 1–14; of adventure, 5, 84, 103f, 107, 144–46, 369f; of failure, 357–59; of gender, 5, 187–89; of heroism, 10, 103, 107, 143–46, 158, 171, 231, 276; of success, 10, 281–94, 316–19; of survival, 10, 103, 144, 231–33; of victimhood, 10, 231–33, 373
National Committee for a Free Germany (NKFD), 245
National People’s Army (NVA), 336, 338
National Socialism: ideology of, 70–73, 80–82, 149, 192, 194, 374; indoctrination in, 66, 68–76, 77–79, 96f, 101, 112, 121, 151, 154, 369f; movement of, 62–65, 68
nationalism, 27f, 41, 56f, 76, 215, 267, 307f
NATO, 312, 322, 330
Nazification, 66f, 68–76, 85, 93, 96
Nazi-Soviet Pact, 113, 205
Neglein, Hans-Gerd, 291, 297, 314
neighborhood, 44, 54, 57–64, 69, 85, 194
Nemmersdorf, 139, 179
neo-Nazis, 322–23; National Democratic Party (NPD), 308; Socialist Reich Party (SRP), 308
Neue Wache, 233
Neues Deutschland, 286, 326
Neumaier, Hanne, 297, 300
Neumaier, Robert, 87–90, 92, 96, 107, 110, 116, 118, 120, 129f, 134–36, 141, 145, 243, 257, 262, 268f, 284, 287f, 290–92, 294, 297–99, 301, 317, 362, 366
new social movements, 315f; of environmentalism, 312, 314, 355; of feminism, 147, 232, 264, 312–14; of pacifism, 307, 313, 380
NKVD, 323, 327
normalization, 264, 268f, 277, 371
Normandy landing, 135, 227
Norway, 114, 119, 144, 168, 220
NÖSPL (New Economic Policy), 337
NSDAP, 64, 66, 71, 79, 148f, 247; old fighters of, 66, 68, 70; opportunists in, 68, 73, 177, 186, 218; seizure of power of, 3, 65f, 68f, 77f, 190, 323. See also anti-Semitism
NS-Frauenschaft (Nazi Women’s League), 151
NSV (Nazi People’s Welfare), 154, 173, 180, 185, 217
Nuremberg, 109, 270, 289; Nuremberg Laws, 197, 199, 219, 274; party congresses in, 75; Nuremberg Trials, 250, 266, 277, 375
nursing, 163, 167, 187, 218
occupation, 9, 38, 118–20, 166, 229, 238, 247, 252, 258f, 264, 268, 273f, 277, 282, 305, 308, 323, 333, 371; American occupation government, 227; zones of, 242, 246f, 250, 252f, 264f, 274f, 280–82, 337
Oder River, 34, 141, 178
Olympic Games of 1936, 75
Osimok, Anna, 208. See also Ganor, Niza
Osteinsatz, 162. See also Germanization
Oster, Hans, 221
Ostpolitik (reconciliation with the East), 340
Palach, Jan, 340
parents, influence of, 28–39
partisans, 102, 134f, 145, 179
Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), 355
paternalism, 28, 43, 315
Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich, 130
peace movement: in the East, 348f; in the West, 313
peaceful revolution (Wende), 357, 359, 365
people’s police, 325, 327, 332, 338
perestroika, 351
Peters, Eva, 56, 61, 67, 78, 81, 83, 91, 95, 97, 141, 147, 152, 157, 159, 163, 175, 177, 186–88
Plattenbauten (prefab apartments), 343
Polak, Ilse, 217, 272, 377
Poland, 34, 120, 126, 170, 203, 205f, 247, 352; corridor through, 119, 159; defeat of, 101, 113f, 159, 170
pollution, 314, 349
Potsdam, 18, 74, 254, 264, 308, 321
POWs, 5, 11, 114, 120, 127, 178, 182, 226f, 229, 237, 240–51, 253, 255f, 260f, 276, 294, 300, 309, 370. See also imprisonment
Prague Spring, 340
Pretzel, Raimund, 219. See also Haffner, Sebastian
private lives, 2f, 7, 9, 53, 154, 160, 173, 175, 205, 240, 267, 273, 315, 318, 322, 326, 330, 338, 367, 375, 377; rewards of, 294–303, 317, 343, 357; spaces for, 85–95, 303, 327
propaganda, 112, 226, 277, 308; Communist, 219, 275, 327, 334, 337; Nazi, 64, 68, 70–72, 74, 79, 81–83, 91, 94, 101f, 104f, 107, 112, 119, 121, 125, 128, 132, 137, 140, 145, 153, 161, 172f, 179, 182, 194, 219f, 230, 239, 305, 374
prosperity, 2, 4, 10, 18, 22, 26, 28, 40, 44, 274, 281f, 291f, 294, 296–99, 301, 308, 317, 345, 316, 367f, 379
Protestants, 32f, 36f, 53, 326, 349; Confessing Church, 93, 96, 153; German Christians, 93, 153
Prussia, 22, 28, 30, 32–34, 36, 40, 47, 51, 87, 110, 137, 206, 237; East, 23, 139, 141, 178f, 181, 248, 254, 260, 285; legacy of, 18, 74; patriotism of, 56
public engagement, 304–16
Queiser, Hans R., 22, 25, 52, 82f, 95, 102, 105, 107, 109, 111, 114–16, 119, 121, 123, 131, 138, 143f, 245
Quisling, Vidkun, 120
Raschdorff, Anne, 32, 2
95, 300, 303
Raschdorff, Hellmut, 7, 32, 65, 69, 75, 89, 107, 119, 127, 134, 246f, 279, 288, 290, 292, 294f, 297, 299–304, 317, 362–64, 366
rationing, 160, 171f, 248, 257f
Ravensbrück, 169, 216f
rearmament, 73, 102f, 115, 308, 311, 316
reconstruction, 264, 266f, 278f, 281, 286, 294, 309, 343; of housing, 4; of infrastructure, 4, 267, 282, 324; labor for, 246, 249, 371; of personal lives, 2
Red Army, 133, 139, 142, 178, 214, 230, 260, 271, 274, 320, 322, 329, 336, 338, 370, 373; advance of, 127, 129f, 137, 141, 180f, 205, 216; brutality of, 141, 179, 182f, 253, 305, 323; casualties of, 129; manpower of, 127, 130, 333; plunder by, 182f, 253; rapes by, 97, 149, 183f, 188, 305; weapons of, 127, 129–31, 137
reeducation, 186, 191, 194, 242, 327
Reich Labor Service (RAD), 89, 105f, 107, 185
Reichsbanner (republican militia), 62
Reichstag fire, 69
resistance, 219–30; Edelweiss Pirates, 93, 170, 220; female, 170, 183; inner emigration, 97, 220, 269, 281; officer’s plot, 137, 177, 221; political, 93; swing youth, 92f; White Rose, 94
restitution, 21; for Jewish victims, 232, 271, 280, 307, 310, 376; for slave laborers, 310
retirement, 2, 5, 9, 296f, 301f, 345, 352, 362–66
reunification, 316, 331, 355–58, 365, 379; Ten Point Plan for, 355; Two-Plus-Four Agreement for, 356f; Treaty for, 356
Reuter, Ernst, 219, 275
Rhine River, 34, 141, 178, 241f, 249, 281, 283f, 299
Rhineland, 32, 36, 38, 103, 308, 333
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 74
Richthoven, Manfred von, 104
Richter, Hans Peter, 105
Riefenstahl, Leni, 75
Riesengebirge, 34
Ritter, Gerhard, 283
Rosenberg, Jesse, 278
Roter Frontkämpferbund (Communist militia), 62
Ruge, Eugen, 372
Ruhr Basin, 21, 34, 141, 222, 284, 288, 293
SA (Sturmabteilung, Nazi militia), 62, 68, 70, 73, 77, 93, 108, 158, 170, 190, 192, 195f, 201f, 369f
Saar, 22, 92, 246
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 269, 306
Sauckel, Fritz, 172
Sauerbruch, Ferdinand, 95
Schabowski, Günter, 354
Schalck-Golodkowski, Alexander, 347
Scheller, Theo, 150
Schelsky, Helmut, 273
Schirach, Baldur von, 77
Schirmer, Hans-Harald, 37, 41, 63, 70, 78, 91, 96, 251, 266, 318
Schmeling, Max, 198
Schmidt, Helmut, 3, 102
Schneider, Paul, 194
Schoenhals, Dieter, 246, 277, 379
Schöffski, Benno, 21, 23–25, 33, 48, 60, 69f, 78, 85, 129, 285, 298
Schöffski, Edith, 17f, 24f, 33, 38, 47, 48, 69, 95, 153f, 163, 173, 183, 187, 258, 260, 276f, 283, 297f, 317
Scholz-Eule, Erika, 253
Scholz-Eule, Traudel, 253
schools, 51–57; Berufsschule (trade), 55f; Gymnasium (classical), 26f, 30, 54–56, 72, 215; polytechnical, 329, 334; Realschule (modern), 54f, 87; Volksschule (primary), 54f
Schultheis, Heinz, 34, 45, 58, 61, 65, 76, 79, 84, 87, 89, 92, 104–6, 115, 118, 126f, 249, 268f, 283, 287, 290, 366, 379
Schumacher, Kurt, 196, 281, 306f, 323, 375
Schwarzer, Alice, 148
Schwerin, Ernst, 201
scorched earth: by Red Army, 133; by Wehrmacht, 133
Seelmann-Eggebert, Will, 61, 373
segregation, 253; by gender, 52, 54, 90; by religion, 94, 191, 198, 207
Seidel, Ina, 95
sexuality, 54, 91, 123, 152, 184, 194, 205, 252, 256, 295, 346, 370
siblings, 42, 44, 46, 50f, 59, 126, 153, 159, 245, 261, 317
Sieg, Martin, 238f, 242f, 250, 261, 269f, 281, 286, 304, 373, 376
Silesia, 21f, 34, 36, 115, 141, 157, 163, 173, 178, 180f, 183, 185, 200, 206, 253–55, 327
Simon, Marie Jalowicz, 208, 272
skeptical generation, 280
slave labor, 117, 119, 138, 145, 149, 171f, 178, 181, 183, 185, 187, 191, 194, 217, 241, 243, 249, 271, 370
Social Democratic Party (SPD), 37, 192, 273–75, 307f, 316, 323, 326, 355
Socialist Unity Party (SED), 4, 274, 286, 304, 315f, 321–22, 324–38, 340–42, 345–50, 352–55, 357–60, 365f, 372f, 376f
Sölle, Dorothee, 304, 311f, 377
Sonderweg (special path), 18
Soviet Military Administration (SMAD), 324
Soviet Union, 131, 193, 220, 243f, 249, 320f, 329, 332, 351, 358; invasion of, 126f, 204; victory of, 322, 329
Sovietization, 333
SS (Schutzstaffel, Nazi elite guard): KZ guards, 148, 168f, 193f, 210, 214, 216f, 228, 304, 376; Waffen SS, 107f, 125, 134, 227, 229
“stab-in-the-back-legend,” 56
Stahlhelm (conservative militia), 62
Stalin, Joseph, 114, 126, 192, 254, 325, 331f
Stalingrad, 129f, 169, 171, 177, 374
Stalinism, 184, 244, 323, 327, 329, 337f, 351, 355, 358, 372; destalinization, 332
Stark, Brigitte, 6
starvation, 38, 70, 128, 212, 243f, 370
Stasi, 301, 321, 327, 347–50, 353, 357; files of, 350; informal informants of (IM), 330, 341; Ministry for State Security (MfS), 341, 350; surveillance of, 327, 332, 341f, 350, 353
Stauffenberg, Claus Schenk von, 219, 221
Stern, Carola, 318, 359, 361. See also Assmus, Erika
Stern, Fritz, 34, 190, 198, 201, 204, 223–26, 273, 310, 378
Strauss, Richard, 95
Streicher, Julius, 194
Stresemann, Gustav, 35
Stukas (dive bombers), 115, 131
Sudetenland, 152, 256
teachers, 72, 171, 173, 210, 212, 215f, 261, 263, 268f, 284–87, 290, 292, 307, 311, 330, 335; authoritarian, 51–53, 57, 70f, 73, 278, 280, 284f, 324; progressive, 51–53, 57, 59, 61, 86, 92, 200, 311
Taubhorn, Erika, 29, 49, 52, 154f, 174, 187, 257, 259, 261–63, 287, 295, 300, 362
Tausch, Hans, 55, 106, 118, 120, 122, 124, 129, 131, 135, 256, 267, 278, 285, 290, 317
Thälmann, Teddy, 62, 68
Thamm, Gerhardt B., 21, 109, 113–15, 118, 128, 130, 137, 141, 143, 373
Theresienstadt, 209
Third Reich. See National Socialism
Third Way, 355–57
total war, 132, 148, 171, 188; mobilization for, 148, 172, 187
Trabant (Trabi), 339
travel: in GDR, 301, 347, 354, 359, 362; restrictions against, 333, 341, 347f, 353; travel cadres, 341, 347;
trench warfare, 117
Treskow, Henning von, 221
Troschke, Frauke von, 7
Ukraine, 85, 108, 126f, 134, 162, 181, 183, 190, 208, 271
Ulbricht, Walter, 274, 323, 326, 330–32, 336–38, 340, 346, 376
United States, 22, 128, 131, 200, 202f, 222f, 226, 230, 244, 253, 264, 271–73, 284, 291, 305, 378
Unrechtsstaat (illegitimate state), 321, 359
vacations, 9, 25, 47, 50, 61f, 75, 79, 156, 292, 295, 299, 317, 330, 344
VEB (people’s owned factory), 324
Versailles, 35, 38, 40, 56, 80, 92, 103, 112, 122, 206, 373
Vichy, 119
victimhood, 373; competition about, 191f; varieties of, 231–33
Vogel, Wolfgang, 348
Volksgemeinschaft (people’s community), 80, 95, 150, 172, 238
Volkssturm (last ditch militia), 140
Walb, Lore, 154, 156, 158, 166, 170f, 173, 175, 177, 181, 185–88, 374, 377
Wall, 337f, 340, 351; building of, 335, 336f; fall of, 316, 353–58, 365; victims of, 337, 358
war production, 125f, 128, 131, 172, 176, 187, 205, 222, 370
Warmbrunn, Werner, 32, 54, 84, 199, 203, 224f
Warsaw Pact, 322, 338
Weber, Alfred, 267
Weber, Max, 82
Weddingen, Otto von, 104
Wedekind, Frank, 67
Wehler, Hans-Ulrich, 18
Wehrmacht: bordellos of, 123; censorship of, 121f;
chaplains in, 123; combat experience of, 101f, 115f; comradeship in, 112, 117f, 139; death toll of, 115, 125, 145; decorations of, 122, 127; defeats of, 103, 114, 125, 126–44, 239–51; entertainment in, 122f; furloughs of, 118, 123–25, 140, 164; hospitals of, 124, 132, 163, 178f, 183, 185, 227; mail service in, 122; offensives of, 113, 126, 129; retreats of, 127, 132f, 136–38, 142; surrender of, 125, 137f, 141–43, 179, 185f, 226f, 239, 241, 251; victories of, 112–26, 127, 144; wounds in, 111, 115f, 118, 122, 124f, 128, 140f, 144f, 163–65, 179, 183–85, 227, 244
Wehrmacht Exhibition, 102
Weigelt, Ruth, 19, 34, 64, 68, 88, 90, 95, 156, 165f, 180, 185, 255, 276, 302f, 318, 366
Weimar Republic, 2f, 9, 11, 38, 43, 50f, 54, 56f, 61, 63f, 147, 149f, 158, 281, 306, 307, 359, 368 children of, 42–65; civil strife during, 62f; cultural innovation of, 60; progressive reforms of, 44, 56f
Weinberg, Gerhard, 222, 224
Weizsäcker, Richard von, 3, 6
Wessely, Paula, 172
Westernization, 305
Wilhelm I, 22, 26
Wilhelm II, 37
Wilhelmine Empire, 9, 27, 37. See also Germany, Imperial
Wilson, Woodrow, 40
Winter Aid, 80
Witolla, Jakobine, 14, 180, 182, 245
Wolf, Christa, 3, 42, 274, 345, 369, 377
Wolf, Friedrich, 245
women: careers of, 150f, 155, 167, 346; education of, 153–55, 167, 346; equality of, 263f, 313, 346; fraternization with, 252; hour of, 232, 251–64; of the rubble, 256–58, 282; struggles of, 147–89; war brides, 252; war duty of, 172; war widows, 166, 260–63, 294
working class, 5, 40, 61, 90, 125, 154, 187, 220, 274, 325, 327, 331, 345, 350
World War I (also First World War), 3, 9, 12, 35, 43, 64f, 104, 113f, 122, 133, 147, 194f, 307; loss of, 38, 40, 56, 231, 378; suffering during, 38, 40
World War II (also Second World War), 101–41; aims of, 103; as annihilation, 2, 96, 102, 115, 133, 135, 144, 159; as attrition, 126, 133; crimes in, 145, 239; defeatism in, 125, 130, 132, 138, 164, 169; destruction of, 133, 137, 140, 146, 175f, 229, 238, 258f, 270, 323, 367, 369; disillusionment in, 103, 109; outbreak of, 101f, 112f; preparation for, 102, 103–12; reporting about, 103, 121; survival through, 103, 110, 112, 115–18, 128, 140, 143–45, 165, 178, 238, 277; violence of, 102, 115f, 132–35, 141
Wriedt, Lotte, 260
youth groups, 32, 41, 105, 197
Youth Movement, 61, 76f, 79, 84, 105, 193, 197
Zahnwetzer, Moritz, 193
Zerbony, Edgar von, 201
Zöger, Heinz, 193, 205, 220, 359, 361
Zuckmayer, Carl, 270, 306