Databases and Web Sites
American Uprising Slave Database. The database, created by the author, is a cross-reference of the St. Charles Parish Original Acts, encompassing the court trials and reimbursement claims translated by Glen Conrad, the trials from the City Court of New Orleans, as transcribed by Thrasher, and a set of runaway advertisements compiled by Thrasher.
Declaration of the Rights of Man. Accessed at The Avalon Project, Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/rightsof.asp.
Destrehan Plantation. www.destrehanplantation.org/pdf/destrehan brochure.pdf
Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo. Louisiana Slave Database 1719–1820, in Gwendolyn Midlo Hall, ed., Afro-Louisiana History and Genealogy, 1699–1860. CD-ROM. Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 2000.
Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc. (SIL) Aukan–English Dictionary. www.sil.org/americas/suriname/Aukan/English/AukanEngDict Index.html.
University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law faculty project Web site, www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingyear .html.
Waters, Leon. Hidden History Tours. “Tours.” www.historyhidden .com/tours (accessed February 12, 2009).
Index
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature of your e-book reader.
abolitionists, 178
Abraham (slave), 124
Adams, Henry, 59
Adams-Onis Treaty, 184, 185
Africa
chanting in, 42
embrenche (ritual scar) of, 25
military oaths in, 36
slaves from, 17–18, 20, 25, 40–41, 53, 90 (see also specific countries)
African Americans
and Bureau of Colored Troops, 195
and civil rights movement, 214–17
Congressional Medals of Honor awarded to, 195
and constitutional amendments, 198
courage of, 195–96, 198
legally free, 197, 198
lynchings of, 216
in Reconstruction period, 205
and segregation, 211–15
violence against, 216
volunteers to U.S. Army, 190–98
Afro-American History Society, 201–2
Akan people, 22, 23
blood markings of, 86, 106
Cuban revolt of, 35
and guerilla warfare, 90
in New Orleans revolt, 106–7
New York revolt of, 36
See also Asante kingdom
Alabama National Guard, 214
Amar (slave), 156, 240n15
American expansionism
and Civil War, 186
and Claiborne, 68, 169
driven by fear, 176
in Florida (see Florida)
in history, 210
and Indian Removal, 184–85
and Madison, 63, 186
in Texas, 185
and war with Mexico, 185, 186
Americanization
costs of, 163
of Louisiana, 54–56, 159, 167
American Revolution, 53, 54
Andry, Gilbert, 98, 99, 100, 110, 128, 135, 136
Andry, Manuel, 71–81
and counterattack, 137, 140
Deslondes as slave driver for, 74–81
Deslondes’ attack on, 85, 99
escape of, 99–100, 131, 135, 136
help sought by, 135–36
mansion of, 71–72, 99–101, 135–36
and reprisals, 149, 153, 157, 206
slave attack on, 98–100
and slave trial, 153
slave uprising plotted at plantation of, 86, 127
Aponte Rebellion, Cuba, 98
Aptheker, Herbert, American Negro Slave Revolts, 208–9
Articles of Confederation, C.S.A., 188
Asante kingdom
heritage of, 106–7
slaves from, 20, 22, 106
Augustin (slave), 124, 234n126
Baptiste (slave), 240n15
Barry, John M., Rising Tide, 9
Baton Rouge, takeover of, 65–68, 70
Bay of Pigs, Cuba, 215
Bayou Teche plantation, 193
Bazile (slave), 126–27
Bébé (dancing master), 14
Bernoudy, Bernard, 107, 108
Bernoudy plantation, 108, 124, 130, 137, 151
Bight of Benin, slaves from, 23
Bight of Biafra, slaves from, 23
Black Mother, 229n80
Black Power, 215, 216
Black Workers Congress, 201
Bois-Caiman, Haiti, revolt in, 43
Bonaparte, Joseph, 62
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 44, 46, 51–52
Bonnie Blue Flag, 66
Boukman (slave), 43
Britain
and Prospect Bluff fort, 182–83
and slave revolt threats, 172
treason in, 239n149
and War of 1812, 179–82
Brown, James
at Claiborne meeting, 168
Deslondes’ visits to, 83
Kook and Quamana purchased by, 33
plantation of, 32, 86–87, 105–6, 108
and slave meetings, 86–87
as U.S. senator, 178
Brown v. Board of Education, 211
Bureau of Colored Troops, 195
Burr, Aaron, 67
Butler, Benjamin, 190, 191, 192
Butler and McCutcheon plantation, 124
Caribbean Sea, map, 5
Carnival (1811), 11
crowning of the leader in, 21
and King and Queen of the Twelfth Cakes, 13
and King’s Ball, 13
Carolina, 23
Carter, Harvey, 120
Cesar (slave), 158
Charbonnet estate, 156
Charles (slave of Kenner and Henderson plantation), 127
Charleston, South Carolina, slave trade in, 24, 30
Chelemagne (slave), 125
Choctaw Indians, 237n141
Christien, Madame, 158
civil rights movement, 214–17
Civil War, U.S.
at Bull Run, 188
and expansionism, 186
and secession, 188
and slavery, 197–98
and slave volunteers to Union army, 190–98
and U.S. Navy on Mississippi River, 188–90
Claiborne, Eliza, 59–60
Claiborne, Nathaniel, 59
Claiborne, William C. C., 52–60
American culture glorified by, 54, 159, 170, 185–86, 206
and American expansionism, 68, 169
on criminality, 159–61, 206
early years of, 53–54
federal militia called by, 142, 169
government control promoted by, 162–63
as governor of Louisiana, 52–53, 55–56, 59, 60, 162
history written by, 68, 204, 206, 207
and Louisiana statehood, 177–79
martial law declared by, 170–73
and New Orleans defense, 120–21, 142
New Orleans lockdown ordered by, 117–19
newspaper attacks on, 59–60
official reports from, 120, 159, 161, 162
opponents of, 56–60
on planter violence, 205
reforms introduced by, 174–76
speech by, 168–71
and state constitution, 177
and U.S. Congress, 162, 178
and West Florida, 61, 62–64, 66–68, 183
Clapion, Madame, 141
Coffy (maroon), 125
Cole, James “Catfish,” 212, 213
Communist movement, 204, 208–9
Confederate States of America (C.S.A.), 188, 192
Congressional Medal of Honor, 195
Conrad, Joseph, 147
Constitution, U.S.
civil rights amendments to, 198
<
br /> on domestic insurrections, 173
Second Amendment to, 170
Creek Indians, 184
Creoles, 55, 56, 88, 90, 200
Croaker (slave), 127
Cuba
Bay of Pigs in, 215
slave revolt in, 35, 98
and West Florida, 67
Cupidon (slave), 153–54, 155
Dagobert (slave), 154, 155, 234n126, 240n15
Dahomey, kingdom of, 22
Daniel (slave), 124, 158
d’Arensbourg family, 136
d’Arensbourg plantation, 88
Dawson (slave), 124
Declaration of Independence, U.S., 172
Declaration of the Rights of Man (French Revolution), 89
Deep South
civil rights movement in, 214–15
economic boom of, 178–79
Ku Klux Klan in, 212–13
Reconstruction in, 205
segregation in, 211–15
Deep South (cont.)
white supremacy in, 169, 204, 205, 206–7, 212
Delery family, 136
Deslondes, Charles
communication network of, 83, 85
death of, 142, 187
denounced in slave trial, 154
fleeing into the swamps, 140, 141
paternity of, 84
revolt plotted by, 85, 86, 90-91, 154, 181, 240n15
revolt started by, 97–103, 110
and slave army, 97–103, 110, 126, 130, 135, 216
as slave driver, 74–81, 85
and Trépagnier estate, 80–81, 83
Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 45–46
Destrehan, Jean Noël
and Claiborne as governor, 56
Claiborne’s report to, 159–60
education of, 14
on Epiphany Sunday (1811), 11–14
lifestyle of, 15, 16
mansion of, 14, 125
marriage of, 14
opposition to Claiborne, 57–59
as president of legislative council, 168
production system pioneered by, 76–77
and slavery, 17–18, 78
and state militia, 171
staying to fight, 121
as sugar planter, 14–15, 16–17, 48
as U.S. senator, 178
wealth of, 16, 18
Destrehan de Beaupré, Jean Baptiste Honoré, 14
Destrehan plantation
modern-day tours of, 200–201
slave cabin of, 200
slave revolt at, 110–11
slaves imprisoned at, 140, 151–52
slave trials in, 152–57
Diligent, 29–30
Dominique (slave), 107-8, 232n108
Dorvin family, 136
Douglass, Frederick, 192
Dred Scott case, 197
Elisha (slave driver), 127
Emancipation Proclamation, 191, 192–95, 216
Ephraim (slave), 124
Epiphany Sunday (1811), 11–14, 20
Equiano, Olaudah, 25–28
African life of, 25–27
capture of, 27–28
Étienne (slave), 156, 158
Eugene (slave), 155, 240n15
Fanti dialect, 22
farmers, definitions of, 186
Farragut, David, 188–90
First Louisiana Native Guard, 196
Florida
and Adams-Onis Treaty, 184
free blacks and runaway slaves in, 62, 63
Native Americans in, 62, 183
Prospect Bluff fort in, 182–83, 186
Spanish territory of, 61–63, 182, 183
U.S. conquest of, 183, 184
(see also West Florida)
Fortier, Adelard, 105
Fortier, Cadet, 127
Fortier plantation, 128–31
Fort Jackson, 188–90
Fort St. Philip, 188–90
France
conquest of Spain by, 62, 63
Haiti as colony of, 39–40, 44
Louisiana Territory sold by, 51–52
Napoleon’s army in, 44–45
revolutionary influences from, 89–90
and slave revolt in Haiti, 44–45
slavery abolished by, 89
François (slave), 104–5, 125
Free-Soilers, 178
French Revolution, 89, 90, 102
Gallifet plantation, 41
Garrett (slave), 124
Garvey, Marcus, 216
Gayarré, Charles, 205–6, 207
German Coast of Louisiana, 10–11
decapitated heads on display in, 148–49, 169
map, 95
modern-day tours of, 200–201
plantations of, 32, 72–73
Red Church in, 11, 110, 125
slave revolt in (see January 8–29 dates; slave army)
slaves socializing in, 34
slave system in, 17, 18
Gilbert (slave), 158
Gold Coast, slaves from, 23
Grand Pré, Louis de, 65–66
Greeley, Horace, 197
Griffe, Pierre, 142
Guiam (slave), 127
Gulf of Mexico
map, 5
and Mississippi River, 47
Gustave (slave), 108, 109
Haiti, 39–49
as French colony, 39–40, 44
republic of, 45–46, 47
slave revolt in, 37, 42–45, 48, 49, 89, 90, 101, 102, 110, 117, 150, 206
yellow fever in, 45
Hambleton, Samuel, 148
Hampton, Wade
at Fortier plantation, 129, 130
and New Orleans defense, 118, 119–21, 143–44
and West Florida, 117
Harry (slave), 127, 154, 230n87, 240n15
Havana, slave trade in, 30
Hector (slave), 158
Henderson (Kenner and Henderson plantation), 87, 127
Henderson, Stephen, 32
Hidden History Tours, 201
Hitler, Adolf, 208
Hotard family, 136
Hugo, Victor, 74
Igbo people, 25
Indian Removal (1830), 184–85
Jackson, Andrew
Native Americans eliminated by, 184–85, 186
at Prospect Bluff, 182–83, 186
and War of 1812, 180–81, 182
Jacob (slave), 122, 187
Jacobinism, 89
Jamaica, slave trade in, 229n80
January 8, 1811
at Andry mansion, 99–101, 135–36
at Bernoudy plantation, 108, 130, 137
at Brown plantation, 105–6, 108
at Destrehan plantation, 110–11
January 8, 1811 (cont.)
final preparations for attack, 97–99
initial attacks, 99–103
at Labranche plantation, 104–5, 108
march toward New Orleans, 110–11
at Pain plantation, 108
at Rilleaux plantation, 108
slave involvement in revolt, 107, 110, 128
slaves choosing not to fight, 104, 107–8, 125
at Trépagnier estate, 107–9, 110, 126
at Trouard plantation, 103
January 9, 1811
Claiborne’s response, 117–19, 121
at Fortier plantation, 128–31
Hampton’s troops, 119–20, 121, 129–30, 143–44
at Kenner and Henderson plantation, 127
maroons joining the insurrection, 125
at Meuillion plantation, 126–27
New Orleans defense, 119–21
New Orleans in chaos, 115–16, 117
New Orleans lockdown, 117–19
planters’ defense, 121–22, 128, 129–30, 143
refugees fleeing into the city, 116–17
slave march toward New Orleans, 123–31, 137
January 10, 1811
Andry’s actions, 135–37
battle of planters vs. slave army, 135–42
&nb
sp; federal reinforcements called in, 142–44
maintaining order, 144
at Perret plantation, 135–36
slaves captured, 140, 142
slaves fleeing into swamps, 140–42
January 12–21, 1811
Claiborne’s response, 159–63
heads on display, 147–51
newspaper reports, 161
order restored through death, 157–59
Orleans Territory court system, 160–61
slaves on trial, 151–59, 160
January 29, 1811
Claiborne’s speeches, 167–71
martial law declared, 170–73
planters paid for slaves killed, 174–76
slave liberties curtailed, 174
slave trade restrictions, 175–76
Jasmin (slave), 125
Jean (slave), 158, 240n15
Jefferson, Thomas, 47, 61, 64
and French culture in Louisiana, 54, 55
and Louisiana Purchase, 51–52
on white agrarian settlements, 184, 185–86
Jerry (blacksmith), 127
Jerry (slave), 158
Jessamine (slave), 158
Jewish activism, 208
John (slave), 158
Johnson, Isaac, 66
Johnson, Octave, 194–95
José I, king of Kongo, 23
Joseph (coachman, Kenner and Henderson plantation), 127
Joseph (slave, Trépagnier estate), 156
Joseph the Spaniard, 34
Kendall, John, “Shadow over the City,” 207, 208
Kenner, Harry, 87, 127, 154
Kenner, William, 32
Kenner and Henderson plantation, 87, 127
King, Martin Luther Jr., 214–15, 216
King’s Ball, New Orleans, 13
Kingston, slave trade in, 30
Kongo
civil wars in, 23, 90
insurrectionary traditions of, 88, 90
military ruse in, 130
slaves from, 20
Kook
Asante heritage of, 106–7
birth of, 22
capture of, 140, 151
and Deslondes, 83, 86
execution of, 157, 187
fomenting unrest, 21–25, 33–34, 35–37, 86–87, 91, 181, 240n15
forced migration of, 23, 24
and master’s departure, 106
purchase of, 32–33
and slave army, 110, 126, 216
Trépagnier murdered by, 109
trial of, 151–57
Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 212–13
Kwaku. See Kook
Kwaku Anansi (trickster), 22
Kwamina. See Quamana
Labranche, Alexandre, 104–5, 108
crossing the river, 125
staying to fight, 121
Labranche, Hermogène, 105
Laclaverie, Mr., house burned, 128, 154
Lafayette, Marquis de, 52
Lafitte, Jean, 181
L’Ami des Lois, 11
American Uprising Page 21