Latrobe, Benjamin, 77
LeClerc, Charles Victor Emmanuel, 44, 45
Lincoln, Abraham, 192, 193–94, 195–96, 197
Lindor (coachman), 127
Lindor, Gros, 125, 155
Lindor, Petit, 125
Livingston, Robert, 51–52
Louis (slave), 155
Louisiana
attempted Americanization of, 54–56, 159, 167
brutal slave conditions in, 48–49
Claiborne as governor of, 52–53, 55–56, 59, 60, 162
constitution of, 177
court system of, 160–61
and Deep South economy, 178–79
environment of, 77
foreign culture of, 52, 54, 55–59
French Creoles in, 55, 56
French sale of, 51–52
German Coast of, 10–11
history of, 205–6
martial law in, 170–73
and Mississippi River, 46, 47
oral history in, 203
secession of, 188
slave trade in, 175–76
slave trials in, 151–57
statehood of, 162, 177–79, 185
state militia in, 171–72
sugar production in, 47–48, 52
territory of, 51–52
Louisiana (cont.)
and U.S. Navy, 188–90
and War of 1812, 180–82
white supremacy in, 169, 204, 205, 206–7
Louisiana Courier, 161
Louisiana Gazette, 171, 175
Louisiana Purchase, 51–52, 63
Madison, James, 56, 58, 172
and expansionism, 63, 186
and War of 1812, 180, 181
Major (hostler), 127
Malcolm X, 214
Malo, Juan, 88–89
maroon colonies
formation of, 88
influence of, 90
joining the revolt, 125
Martin, François-Xavier, 119n233
Marxist ideology, 202–3
Mathurin (slave), 103, 154
McDonogh, John, 71
Meuillion plantation, 87, 126–27
Mexico
and Adams-Onis Treaty, 184
and Texas, 185
U.S. war with, 185, 186
Milton, Major, 143
Mingo (slave), 124
Mississippi River, 9–10, 46–47, 63
as channel of commerce, 10, 47
levees of, 72
New Orleans control of, 46
today, 199
U.S. Navy in Civil War on, 188–90
Monroe, James, 52, 183–84, 186
Monroe, North Carolina, segregation in, 211–15
Moore, Larry, 65
Mooreland plantation, 193
mosquitoes, 77
NAACP, in Monroe, North Carolina, 211–14
Natchez Indians, 237n141
National Intelligencer, 161
National Rifle Association, 212
Native Americans
heads on poles, 239n149
Indian Removal (1830), 184–85
settlement in Florida, 62, 183
slavery among, 237n141
Trail of Tears, 186
U.S. elimination of, 183, 184–85, 186
and War of 1812, 179, 181
Nazi Germany, 208
Nede (slave), 156
New Orleans
Afro-American History Society of, 201–2
armed resistance in, 88
Battle of, in War of 1812, 179–82
Calaboose in, 157
decapitated heads on display in, 148–49, 150
diverse population of, 53, 55–57, 59, 88
federal troops permanently stationed in, 172–73, 180
history written in, 207
on January 9, 115–21
King’s Ball in, 13
map, 95
market in, 19–20
martial law in, 170–73
Mississippi River controlled by, 46
Place d’Armes in, 20
refugees fleeing to, 116–17
restoring order in, 144, 150–51, 157
slave communication networks in, 87–88
slave revolt (1795) in, 150
slave trade in, 23, 31–33, 49, 179, 186
slave trials in, 157–59
socializing in, 35, 57
stabilization of, 174–76
sugar planting in, 15
and U.S. Navy, 188–90
vulnerability of, 119–20, 207
waterfront of, 31
New York, slave revolt in, 36
New York Times, 208
Nigeria, slaves from, 25
Nontoun (slave), 127
Northup, Solomon, 73, 77, 140, 141–42, 177
Orleans Gazette for the Country, 53
Orleans Territory, 63, 90, 160, 162
Oyo empire, Dahomey, 22
Pain, Pierre, 108
Paquette, Robert, 209
Perret, Charles, 135–36, 137, 140, 141, 144
Perry (slave), 124
Peter (slave), 127
Phillips, Ulrich B., American Negro Slavery, 206–7, 208, 209
Phillips, Wendell, 84
Pierre (slave), 104, 231-32n104, 240n15
planters. See sugar planters
Pointe Coupée, slave conspiracy at, 89
Polk, James K.
and expansionism, 186
and war with Mexico, 185
Prospect Bluff, Florida, 182–83, 186
Quamana
Asante heritage of, 106–7
birth of, 22
capture of, 140, 151
and Deslondes, 83, 86
execution of, 157, 187
fomenting unrest, 21-25, 33-34, 35-37, 86-87, 91, 181, 240n15
forced migration of, 23, 24
and master’s departure, 106
purchase of, 32–33
and slave army, 110, 126, 216
trial of, 151–57
Reconstruction, 205
Reine, Pierre, 128, 154
Republican Party, 197
Rice, Spotswood, 196
Rilleaux, Delhommes, 108
Rixner family, 136
Robaine (slave), 156
Rochambeau, comte de, 45
Rubin (maroon), 125
Saint Domingue. See Haiti
St. Malo, 88–89
St. Martin, Pierre Bauchet, 152
St. Martin family, 136
Second Amendment, 170
Seminole Indians, 184
Senegambia, slaves from, 23
Shaw, John, 119–20, 148, 151, 158
Simon (slave), 124, 234n124
Skipwith, Fulwar, 64–67
slave army
decapitation of, 140, 142, 147–51, 152, 157, 159, 169
executions of, 157
federal militia called against, 142–44
initial attacks by, 97–111, 216
slave army (cont.)
January 10 battle, 135–42
leaders identified in trial, 156
march toward New Orleans, 110–11, 115–31, 137
reprisals against, 142–44, 147–49, 157–60, 169
slave drivers
authority of, 74, 78, 84
communication networks of, 81
Deslondes, 74–81, 85
functions of, 77–78, 80
punishments meted out by, 78–80
travels of, 80–81
slave revolts
activist historians’ studies of, 204, 208–9
British crown’s threat of, 172
in Cuba, 35, 98
and Deslondes. See Deslondes, Charles
fears of, 172–73, 181, 182, 183, 207
as fight for freedom, 216–17
government protection against, 173
in Haiti, 37, 42–45, 48, 49, 89, 90, 101, 102, 110, 117, 150, 206
keeping memory alive, 201–2
modern-day cover-up of, 199–210
in New Orle
ans (1795), 150
in New Orleans (1811) (see January 8–29 dates; slave army)
Pointe Coupée conspiracy of, 89
punishments for, 98, 170
on slave ships, 28–29
strategic impact of, 203, 207, 210
talk about, 77–78, 80, 89–90
war oaths sworn in, 36
slavery
chattel system of, 17
and Civil War, 197–98
contemporary histories of, 205–9
death as endemic to, 24, 41, 49
depicted in modern-day tours, 200–201
and Emancipation Proclamation, 191, 192–95
as fact of life, 170, 174–76
and “farmers,” 186
New Orleans trade in, 23, 31–33, 49, 179, 186
opposition to system, 178
status and wealth linked with, 16, 193
and sugar planting, 15–16, 17–18
and Supreme Court, 197
slaves
African, 17–18, 20, 25, 40–41, 53, 90
as cargo, 24
coercion of, 15, 17–18, 41, 74, 78–80
communication networks of, 29, 33, 34, 81, 86–88, 102, 104
dances of, 20–21, 34, 35
diseases of, 77
and doctors, 126
fomenting unrest among, 21–25, 33–34, 35–37, 86–87
forced migration of, 23, 24, 28–29, 40–41
freed, returned to slavery, 183
government protection from, 172
headmen, 36
joining Union army, 190–98
labor of, 73–74, 75
as messengers, 34
military-style discipline of, 75
music of, 20
populations of, 17, 179
as property, 16, 41
punishments of, 29–30, 41, 43, 49, 74, 78–80
redistribution of, 34
refusing to fight, 104, 107–8, 125
relationships between, 83–84
religious ceremonies of, 43
rented out, 34
restrictions on liberties of, 174
return on investment in, 80
runaway, 62, 63, 88, 182–83
skin color of, 84
smuggled in by pirates, 175–76
socializing, 20–21, 34, 35
in specific national groups, 36
torture devices used on, 79
trials of, 153–56, 157–59, 160
and U.S. Civil War, 190–98
vegetable gardens of, 19–20
white owners having sex with, 84
women, 30, 81, 83, 84
Smillet (slave), 127
Spain
Adams-Onis Treaty with, 184
civil unrest in, 62
colonies of, 182, 183
French conquest of, 62, 63
militia attack on maroon insurrection, 88–89
territories usurped by U.S., 183–84
and West Florida, 61–63, 68, 182, 183
Stevenson, Adlai E., 216
sugar
price of, 32
production process of, 74–76
sugar cane, 76–77
sugar mill, 76
sugar plantations
and emancipation, 193–94
expansion of the system, 177–78
as factories, 72, 73
mansions of, 71–72
as military-style camps, 78
overseers of, 73–74
slave quarters of, 73
and U.S. Civil War, 191
sugar planters, 14–18
compensation for property losses, 174–76
counterattack by, 121–22, 128, 129–30, 136–42, 143
daily routine of, 16–17
fleeing the slave revolt, 104–6, 108, 123, 128
in Louisiana, 47–48, 52
meeting with Claiborne, 168–71
newspaper critiques of, 161
profits of, 15, 16, 18, 32, 41, 49
reprisals of, 142–44, 147–49, 205
and slavery, 15–16, 17–18
and slave trials, 152–57, 162
volunteer corps of, 170–71, 180
and War of 1812, 180–82
and white supremacy, 205, 207
Tacky (Coromantee slave), 150
Taney, Robert, 197
Texas
and Adams-Onis Treaty, 184, 185
U.S. annexation of, 185
Theodore (slave), 158
Thomassin, M., murder of, 142
Thompson, Charles, 120
Thrasher, Albert, On to New Orleans!, 202–3
Toussaint L’Ouverture, François-Dominique, 44, 45
Trail of Tears, 186
Trask estate, 156
Trépagnier, François
death of, 109, 110, 128, 142, 154, 155, 206
Gayarré’s story about, 205–6
grave of, 125, 206
and slave revolt, 108
standing to fight, 108–9, 136
Trépagnier estate
Deslondes’ travel to, 80–81, 83, 86
Dominique’s warning at, 107–8
slave revolt at, 107–9, 110, 126
Trépagnier family, 32, 108
Trouard, Achille, 103
Trouard estate, 158
Troxler family, 136
Trudeau, René
and Jacob (slave), 122
staying to fight, 121
Turner, Nat, 209
Twi dialect, 22
Union League, 216
United States (schooner), 23
Universal African Legion, 216
U.S. Army
Bureau of Colored Troops, 195
and slave revolt, 161
slave volunteers to, 190–98
U.S. Navy, 188–90
U.S. Supreme Court:
Brown v. Board of Education, 211
Dred Scott, 197
and integration, 214
Vaudreuil, Marquis de, 14
War of 1812, Battle of New Orleans, 179–82
Washington, D.C., in War of 1812, 180, 182
Waters, Leon, 201–2
West Florida, 61–70
Claiborne’s plan to topple, 61, 62–64, 66–68, 183
and Louisiana Purchase, 63
Republic of, 66, 69
resistance in, 69–70
Skipwith’s takeover of, 64–67
as Spanish territory, 61–63
U.S. annexation of, 68–69, 117, 160, 168–69, 183
U.S. military force in, 120, 143
Wykoff’s plan for, 63–64
Wilkes, Joe, 124
Wilkinson, James, 55, 56
Williams, Mabel, 211
Williams, Robert F., 211–16, 217
Wimprenn, Hans, 142
Windward Coast, slaves from, 23
Wykoff, William Jr., 63–64
Zamora family, 136
Zenon (slave), 154, 240n15
Copyright
AMERICAN UPRISING. Copyright © 2011 by Daniel Rasmussen. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
FIRST EDITION
Maps by Nick Springer, Springer Cartographics LLC.
* * *
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rasmussen, Daniel.
American uprising : the untold story of America’s largest slave revolt / Daniel Rasmussen. — 1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-06-199521-7
EPu
b Edition © 2010 ISBN: 9780062084354
1. Slave insurrections—Louisiana—New Orleans Region—History—19th century. 2. New Orleans Region (La.)—History—19th century. 3. Slavery—Louisiana—New Orleans Region—History—19th century. 4. African Americans—Louisiana—New Orleans Region—History—19th century. 5. New Orleans Region (La.)—Race relations. I. Title.
F379.N557R37 2011
976.'03—dc22
2010017855
* * *
11 12 13 14 15 OV/RRD 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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