46 Ceccato and Paz (2017)
47 Gardner, Cui and Coiacetto (2017)
48 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/soraya-chemaly/for-women-rape-isnt-amom_b_9997350.html
49 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-29818435
50 https://www.itdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/8.-Beyond-the-Women-Only-Train-Car-Gender-and-Sustainable-Transport.pdf
51 Ceccato and Paz (2017)
52 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/25/world/americas/rapes-in-brazil-spur-class-and-gender-debate.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0; http://thecityfix.com/blog/women-public-safety-demands-yasmin-khan/
53 http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2016/11/improving-womens-safety-in-mexico-city
54 http://thecityfix.com/blog/women-public-safety-demands-yasmin-khan/
55 https://www.thelocal.fr/20160615/half-of-french-woman-alter-clothes-to-avoid-harassment
56 https://www.thelocal.fr/20160615/half-of-french-woman-alter-clothes-to-avoid-harassment
57 http://www.thehoya.com/metro-surveys-sexual-harassment-cases/
58 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/soraya-chemaly/for-women-rape-isnt-amom_b_9997350.html
59 http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/Man-Accused-of-Metro-Assault-Was-Indecent-Exposure-Suspect-380782091.html
60 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2017/10/20/why-the-metoo-movement-is-a-public-transportation-issue/?utm_term=.09b8335a38b6
61 Ceccato, Vania (2017), ‘Women’s transit safety: making connections and defining future directions in research and practice’, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 19:3–4 (September 2017), 276–87
62 Gardner, Cui and Coiacetto (2017)
63 http://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/Final_Report_24082015_0.pdf
64 Ceccato (2017)
65 https://twitter.com/awlilnatty/status/860142443550957568
66 http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/why-delhi-s-public-transport-is-still-a-war-zone-for-women/story-0bzla56HO3BIgI9LQqSSJI.html
67 Ceccato and Paz (2017)
68 http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2016/08/what_happens_when_sexual_assault_happens_on_a_long_haul_flight.html
69 http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/woman-masturbating-passenger-cabin-crew-american-airlines-paris-a7839186.html?cmpid=facebook-post
70 Ceccato (2017)
71 http://transweb.sjsu.edu/sites/default/files/2611-women-transportation.pdf
72 Gardner, Cui and Coiacetto (2017)
73 https://matadornetwork.com/life/make-public-transportation-safer-women/
74 https://matadornetwork.com/life/make-public-transportation-safer-women/
75 http://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/Final_Report_24082015_0.pdf T
76 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/sj.2014.9; http://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/Final_Report_24082015_0.pdf
77 http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities.pdf
78 https://matadornetwork.com/life/make-public-transportation-safer-women/
79 http://news.trust.org//spotlight/most-dangerous-transport-systems-for-women/
80 http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-victims-friend-relives-the-horrifying-84-minutes-of-december-16-night/1/309573.html
81 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/05/world/asia/death-sentence-delhi-gang-rape.html
82 http://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-rape-attack-idUSBRE8BU02E20121231
83 Goodney, Suzanne, D’Silva, Lea Elsa and Asok, Abhijith (2017), ‘Women’s strategies addressing sexual harassment and assault on public buses: an analysis of crowdsourced data’, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 19: 3–4, 227–39
84 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/oct/13/why-arent-we-designing-cities-that-work-for-women-not-just-men
85 https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/dec/05/if-women-built-cities-what-would-our-urban-landscape-look-like
86 http://www.dailytitan.com/2013/11/workout-culture-subconsciously-reinforces-sexist-norms/ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11587175/Womens-fitness-What-men-really-think-about-women-in-the-gym.html
87 Irschik, Elisabeth and Kail, Eva, ‘Vienna: Progress Towards a Fair Shared City’, in Roberts, Marion and Sánchez de Madariaga, Inés (eds.) (2013)
88 http://www.wpsprague.com/research-1/2017/1/6/more-girls-to-parks-case-study-of-einsiedler-park-viennamilota-sidorova
89 http://civitas.eu/sites/default/files/civ_pol-an2_m_web.pdf
90 https://malmo.se/download/18.1388f79a149845ce3b9ff3/1491301765672/F%C3%B6rstudie+j%C3%A4mstalld+stadsplanering+Add+Gender+2013.pdf
91 https://malmo.se/download/18.1388f79a149845ce3b9102b/1491300931437/Presentation+20120913.pdf
92 http://webbutik.skl.se/bilder/artiklar/pdf/7164–987-4.pdf?issuusl=ignore
Chapter 3
1 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/18/gender.uk
2 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-34602822
3 https://eng.fjarmalaraduneyti.is/media/Gender_Equality_in_Iceland_012012.pdf
4 http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/health-and-wellbeing/wellbeing/what-is-life-really-like-for-women-in-iceland-the-worlds-most-womanfriendly-country-20161031-gsez8j.html
5 http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2017.pdf
6 https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2016/03/daily-chart-0
7 McKinsey Global Institute (2015), The Power of Parity: how advancing women’s equality can add $12 trillion to global growth
8 https://ourworldindata.org/women-in-the-labor-force-determinants
9 Veerle, Miranda (2011), ‘Cooking, Caring and Volunteering: Unpaid Work Around the World’, OECD Social, employment and migration working papers no.116, OECD
10 http://www.pwc.com.au/australia-in-transition/publications/understanding-the-unpaid-economy-mar17.pdf
11 Chopra, D. and Zambelli, E. (2017), ‘No Time to Rest: Women’s Lived Experiences of Balancing Paid Work and Unpaid Care Work’, Institute of Development Studies
12 Veerle (2011)
13 Dinh, Huong, Strazdins, Lyndall and Welsh, Jennifer (2017), ‘Hour-glass ceilings: Work-hour thresholds, gendered health inequities’, Social Science & Medicine 176, 42–51
14 http://www.oecd.org/dev/development-gender/Unpaid_care_work.pdf
15 https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Women-and-Dementia-A-Marginalised-Majority1.pdf
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2015/time-spent-in-leisure-activities-in-2014-by-gender-age-and-educational-attainment.htm
20 https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/articles/menenjoyfivehoursmoreleisuretimeperweekthanwomen/2018–01-09
21 Dinh, Strazdins and Welsh (2017)
22 http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR16/WEF_Global_Gender_Gap_Report_2016.pdf
23 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362–1265299949041/6766328–1270752196897/Gender_Infra-structure2.pdf
24 L. Schiebinger and S. K. Gilmartin (2010), ‘Housework is an academic issue’, Academe, 96:39–44
25 https://www.newscientist.com/article/2085396-childcare-and-housework-are-what-give-women-more-heart-problems/
26 Kilpi, F., Konttinen, H., Silventoinen, K., Martikainen, P. (2015) ‘Living arrangements as determinants of myocardial infarction incidence and survival: A prospective register study of over 300,000 Finnish men and women’, Social Science & Medicine, 133, 93–100
27 http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/husbands-create-extra-seven-hours-of-housework-a-week-a6885951.html
28 https://theconversation.com/census-2016-women-are-still-disadvantagedby-the-amount-of-unpaid-housework-they-do-76008
29 https://www.inc.com/tom-popomaronis/science-says-you-shouldnt-work-more-than-this-number-of-hours-a-day.html?cid=cp01002wired
30 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/jan/15/is-28-hours-ideal-working-week-for-healthy-
life
31 http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/stress/stress.pdf?pdf=stress
32 http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C030
33 Virtanen, M., Ferrie, J. E., Singh-Manoux, A. et al. (2011), ‘Long working hours and symptoms of anxiety and depression: a 5-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study’, Psychological Medicine, 41:12, 2485–94
34 Shields, M. (1999) ‘Long working hours and health’, Health Reports, 11:2, 33–48
35 Dinh, Strazdins and Welsh (2017)
36 Dembe, Allard E. and Yao, Xiaoxi (2016), ‘Chronic Disease Risks From Exposure to Long-Hour Work Schedules Over a 32-Year Period’, MPH Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 58:9, 861–7
37 Ibid.
38 https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2017/01/08/ryangosling-golden-globes-acceptance-speech-eva-mendes/96330942/
39 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/mar/03/spot-working-mother-happy-busy-caretaker
40 http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Closing-the-Pensions-Gap-Web.pdf
41 Fawcett Society (2018), Sex Discrimination Law Review
42 http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Closing-the-Pensions-Gap-Web.pdf
43 https://www.closethegap.org.uk/content/gap-statistics/
44 https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/bulletins/annualsurveyofhoursandearnings/2017provisionaland2016revisedresults
45 https://www.statista.com/statistics/280691/median-hourly-earnings-for-part-time-employees-in-the-uk-since-2006/
46 Levanon, Asaf, England, Paula and Allison, Paul (2009) ‘Occupational Feminization and Pay: Assessing Causal Dynamics Using 1950–2000 U.S. Census Data’, Social Forces, 88:2, 865–891
47 Pan, Jessica (2015), ‘Gender Segregation in Occupations: The Role of Tipping and Social Interactions’, Journal of Labor Economics, 33:2, 365–408
48 https://www.oecd.org/dev/development-gender/Unpaid_care_work.pdf
49 Fawcett Society (2018), Sex Discrimination Law Review
50 Ibid.
51 http://newlaborforum.cuny.edu/2017/03/03/recognize-reduce-redistribute-unpaid-care-work-how-to-close-the-gender-gap/
52 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf
53 Ibid.
54 Ibid.
55 https://www.unisa.edu.au/Global/EASS/HRI/Austen,%20Sharp%20and%20Hodgson%202015.pdf
56 http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Closing-the-Pensions-Gap-Web.pdf
57 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-39040132
58 http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Closing-the-Pensions-Gap-Web.pdf
59 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf
60 http://newlaborforum.cuny.edu/2017/03/03/recognize-reduce-redistribute-unpaid-care-work-how-to-close-the-gender-gap/
61 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf
62 Kalb, Guyonne (2018), ‘Paid Parental Leave and Female Labour Supply: A Review’, Economic Record, 94:304, 80–100; Strang, Lucy and Broeks, Miriam (2016), ‘Maternity leave policies: Trade-offs between labour market demands and health benefits for children’, European Union; https://www.dol.gov/wb/resources/paid_parental_leave_in_the_united_states.pdf (2014)
63 Rossin-Slater, Maya, Ruhm, Christopher J. and Waldfogel, Jane (2011), ‘The Effects of California’s Paid Family Leave Program on Mothers’ Leave-Taking and Subsequent Labor Market Outcomes’, NBER Working Paper No. 17715; Kalb (2018)
64 Kalb (2018)
65 Strang and Broeks (2016)
66 https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/technology/in-googles-inner-circle-a-falling-number-of-women.html
67 https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.pdf
68 Kalb (2018)
69 https://www.maternityaction.org.uk/2017/03/the-truth-is-that-uk-maternity-pay-is-amongst-the-lowest-in-europe/
70 https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.pdf
71 https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/twt/brexit-isn-t-just-blokes
72 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2016/593543/EPRS_ATA(2016)593543_EN.pdf
73 https://politicalscrapbook.net/2017/10/mays-new-brexit-minister-wants-to-ditch-eu-laws-protecting-pregnant-women-and-vulnerable-workers/#more-67848
74 https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=0de4f7f0-d1a0-4e63-94c7-5e69081caa5f
75 https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/councillor-dumped-from-authority-over-time-off-after-giving-birth-prematurely-10122410.html
76 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/08/these-10-countries-have-the-best-parental-leave-policies-in-the-world
77 http://uk.businessinsider.com/maternity-leave-worldwide-2017–8/#us-the-family-and-medical-leave-act-provides-up-to-12-weeks-unpaid-leave-but-itdoesnt-apply-to-everyone-5
78 https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/es_20170606_paidfamilyleave.pdf
79 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017–11-09/malaysia-s-giving-working-moms-a-better-maternity-deal-than-u-s
80 http://prospect.org/article/beware-paid-family-leave-fig-leaf-gop-tax-plan
81 https://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/benefits/2017/ebbl0061.pdf
82 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/paid-maternity-leave-us-worst-countres-world-donald-trump-family-leave-plan-women-republican-social-a7606036.html
83 Blau, Francine D. and Kahn, Lawrence M. (2013), ‘Female Labor Supply: Why is the US Falling Behind?’, The American Economic Review, 103:3, 251–256
84 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/20/upshot/why-a-republican-plan-for-paid-leave-has-stirred-concern-about-social-security.html
85 http://crr.bc.edu/working-papers/how-much-does-motherhood-cost-women-in-social-security-benefits/
86 See Chapter 10
87 http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2017/05/17/cdc_data_says_women_in_their_thirties_are_having_more_babies_than_women.html
88 https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/07/for-female-scientists-theres-no-good-time-to-have-children/278165/
89 http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2013/06/female_academics_pay_a_heavy_baby_penalty.html
90 http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2013/06/female_academics_pay_a_heavy_baby_penalty.html
91 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/business/tenure-extension-policies-that-put-women-at-a-disadvantage.html
92 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/business/tenure-extension-policies-that-put-women-at-a-disadvantage.html
93 https://hardsci.wordpress.com/2016/06/28/dont-change-your-family-friendly-tenure-extension-policy-just-yet/
94 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/images/3/39/Employment_rate_by_sex%2C_age_group_20–64%2C_1993–2016_%28%25%29.png
95 https://qz.com/266841/economic-case-for-paternity-leave/
96 https://www.oecd.org/policy-briefs/parental-leave-where-are-the-fathers.pdf
97 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/28/swedish-fathers-paid-paternity-parental-leave
98 https://www.oecd.org/policy-briefs/parental-leave-where-are-the-fathers.pdf
99 https://www.theguardian.com/money/2017/mar/22/force-men-to-take-fater-only-parental-leave-experts-urge-mps
100 https://qz.com/266841/economic-case-for-paternity-leave/
101 https://www.ft.com/content/f3154b96-e0c5-11e5-8d9b-e88a2a889797
102 https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/upshot/paternity-leave-the-rewards-and-the-remaining-stigma.html
103 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/world/europe/10iht-sweden.html
104 http://fortune.com/2014/10/25/7-companies-with-the-best-perks-for-parents/
105 https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/technology/in-googles-inner-circle-a-falling-number-of-women.html
106 http://www.businessinsider.com/evernote-pays-for-its-employees-to-have-their-houses-cleaned-2012–10?IR=T
107 https://www.
elle.com/culture/career-politics/g28143/the-best-lactation-rooms-across-america/
108 http://time.com/money/4972232/12-companies-with-the-most-luxurious-employee-perks/
109 http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2017/05/16/apple_s_new_head-quarters_apple_park_has_no_child_care_center_despite_costing.html
110 http://www.kff.org/other/poll-finding/kaiser-family-foundationnew-york-timescbs-news-non-employed-poll/
111 https://www.flexjobs.com/blog/post/stats-about-remote-and-flexible-work-2017-predictions/
112 https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/why-are-big-companies-calling-their-remote-workers-back-office-n787101
113 https://timewise.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Timewise-Flexible-Jobs-Index-2017.pdf
114 Goldin, Claudia (2014), ‘A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter,’ American Economic Review, American Economic Association, 104:4, 1091–119
115 https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-women-are-no-longer-catching-up-to-men-on-pay/
116 European Parliament (2017), Gender Equality and Taxation in the European Union
117 http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/gender/Gender%20and%20Poverty%20Reduction/Taxation%20English.pdf
118 Schiebinger and Gilmartin (2010)
119 https://www.ft.com/content/60729d68-20bb-11e5-aa5a-398b2169cf79
120 http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21599763-womens-lowly-status-japanese-workplace-has-barely-improved-decades-and-country
121 http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=54757
122 http://money.cnn.com/2016/10/16/news/economy/japan-companies-women-careers-nissan/index.html
123 http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21599763-womens-lowly-status-japanese-workplace-has-barely-improved-decades-and-country
124 https://www.oecd.org/japan/japan-improving-the-labour-market-outcomes-of-women.pdf
125 https://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/structural-changes-final-report_en.pdf
126 https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/07/for-female-scientists-theres-no-good-time-to-have-children/278165/
127 https://work.qz.com/1156034/nobel-prize-winner-christiane-nussleinvolhard-is-helping-women-scientists-pay-to-outsource-household-chores/
128 http://genderpolicyreport.umn.edu/tax-proposals-a-missed-opportunityfor-addressing-implicit-gender-bias/; European Parliament (2017), Gender Equality and Taxation in the European Union
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