46 https://hbr.org/2016/09/why-hillary-clinton-gets-interrupted-more-than-donald-trump
47 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/mar/28/hillary-clinton-honest-transparency-jill-abramson
48 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-13211577
49 http://archive.ipu.org/pdf/publications/issuesbrief-e.pdf
50 https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/feb/09/fawzia-koofi-afghanistan-mp-turn-off-microphones
51 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/datablog/ng-interactive/2016/jun/27/from-julia-gillard-to-hillary-clinton-online-abuse-of-politicians-around-the-world
52 http://archive.ipu.org/pdf/publications/issuesbrief-e.pdf
53 Ibid.
54 http://www.medicamondiale.org/fileadmin/redaktion/5_Service/Media-thek/Dokumente/English/Documentations_studies/medica_mondiale_-_Report_on_Women__Peace_and_Security_-_October_2007.pdf
55 https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/feb/09/fawzia-koofi-afghanistan-mp-turn-off-microphones
56 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-women/bomb-attack-in-eastern-afghanistan-kills-female-politician-idUSKBN0LK1EI20150216
57 O’Brien and Rickne (2016)
58 Ibid.
59 http://archive.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm
60 Kanthak, Kristin and Krause, George A. (2012), The Diversity Paradox: Political Parties, Legislatures, and the Organizational Foundations of Representation in America, New York http://www.pitt.edu/~gkrause/Kanthak%20&%20Krause.Diversity%20Paradox.Book%20Manuscript.09–10-10.pdf
61 O’Brien and Rickne (2016)
62 Kanthak and Krause (2012) – once women threaten the majority, there is a male backlash
63 Wittmer, Dana and Bouche, Vanessa (2010), ‘The Limits of Gendered Leader ship: The Public Policy Implications of Female Leadership on Women’s Issues’, The Limits of Gendered Issues, APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper
64 http://archive.ipu.org/pdf/publications/issuesbrief-e.pdf
65 http://www.medicamondiale.org/fileadmin/redaktion/5_Service/Media-thek/Dokumente/English/Documentations_studies/medica_mondiale_-_Report_on_Women__Peace_and_Security_-_October_2007.pdf
66 http://archive.ipu.org/pdf/publications/issuesbrief-e.pdf
67 https://www.cfr.org/article/violence-against-female-politicians
68 http://archive.ipu.org/pdf/publications/issuesbrief-e.pdf
69 https://www.cfr.org/article/violence-against-female-politicians
70 https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/not-the-cost-program-guidancefinal.pdf
71 https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/not-the-cost-program-guidance-final.pdf
72 https://www.cfr.org/article/violence-against-female-politicians
73 Jacobi, Tonja and Schweers, Dylan (2017), ‘Justice, Interrupted: The Effect of Gender, Ideology and Seniority at Supreme Court Oral Arguments’ (14 March 2017), Virginia Law Review, 1379, Northwestern Law & Econ Research Paper No. 17–03
74 http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20170622-why-women-should-interrupt-men
75 http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20160906-how-rude-the-secret-to-smart-interrupting
76 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/us/politics/kamala-harris-interrupted-jeff-sessions.html
77 http://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/13/politics/powers-miller-kamala-harris-hysterical-sessions-hearing-ac360-cnntv/index.html
78 http://interactions.acm.org/archive/view/january-february-2014/are-you-sure-your-software-is-gender-neutral
79 Tali Mendelberg, a Princeton University professor who is co-author of The Silent Sex: Gender, Deliberation and Institutions, https://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/10/27/upshot/speaking-while-female-and-at-a-disadvantage.html?em_pos=small&emc=edit_up_20161028&nl=upshot&nl_art=3&nlid=67555443&ref=headline&te=1&_r=0&referer=http://m.facebook.com
80 http://time.com/3666135/sheryl-sandberg-talking-while-female-manterruptions/
81 Mendelberg
82 Karpowitz, C., Mendelberg, T. and Shaker, L. (2012) ‘Gender Inequality in Deliberative Participation’, American Political Science Review, 106:3, 533–47
83 https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=2e149e34-9c26-4984-bf64-8989db41a6ad
84 https://www.bindmans.com/insight/updates/when-can-the-law-remove-a-councillor-without-an-election; http://localgovernmentlawyer.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17463%3Acouncil-blames-localism-act-for-inability-to-remove-councillor-from-office&catid=59%3Agovernance-a-risk-articles&Itemid=27
85 https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=2e149e34-9c26-4984-bf64-8989db41a6ad
Chapter 15
1 http://www.makers.com/once-and-for-all
2 https://www.globalfundforwomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/11/disaster-report.pdf
3 https://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/gbv/firewood
4 http://gdnonline.org/resources/women_will_rebuild_miami.pdf
5 Murakami-Ramalho, E. and Durodoye, B. (2008), ‘Looking Back to Move Forward: Katrina’s Black Women Survivors Speak’, NWSA Journal, 20(3), 115–37
6 https://iwpr.org/wp-content/uploads/wpallimport/files/iwpr-export/publications/D506_GetToTheBricks.pdf
7 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jan/22/women-rights-war-peace-un-resolution-1325
8 http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/NationalActionPlans/miladpournikanalysisdocs/igis_womeninpeaceandsecuritythroughunsr1325_millerpournikswaine_2014.pdf;Data2x
9 https://www.cfr.org/interactive/interactive/womens-participation-in-peace-processes/explore-the-data
10 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNW-GLOBAL-STUDY-1325–2015.pdf
11 United Nations Security Council (2017) ‘Report of the Secretary-General on women and peace and security’
12 Clare Castillejo (2016), ‘Women political leaders and peacebuilding’, Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre
13 Ibid.
14 http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/peace-and-security/facts-and-figures#sthash.vq3NnLEu.dpuf; O’Reilly, Marie, Súilleabháin, Andrea Ó and Paffenholz, Thania (2015), ‘Reimagining Peacemaking: Women’s Roles in Peace Processes’, International Peace Institute, New York
15 Castillejo (2016)
16 O’Reilly, Súilleabháin and Paffenholz (2015)
Chapter 16
1 http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/WPS%202010%20Sidebar2.pdf
2 http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/about/bgsexualviolence.shtml
3 O’Reilly, Marie, Súilleabháin, Andrea Ó and Paffenholz, Thania (2015), ‘Reimagining Peacemaking: Women’s Roles in Peace Processes,’ International Peace Institute, New York, June 2015, https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/IPI-E-pub-Reimagining-Peacemaking.pdf
4 http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/about/bgsexualviolence.shtml
5 O’Reilly, Súilleabháin and Paffenholz (2015)
6 http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/peace-and-security/facts-and-figures#sthash.vq3NnLEu.dpuf
7 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/world/asia/effort-to-help-filipino-women-falters-un-says.html
8 http://www.unfpa.org/press/women%E2%80%99s-health-critical-recovery-aftermath-typhoon-haiyan-says-unfpa-executive-director
9 Ibid.
10 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/world/asia/effort-to-help-filipino-women-falters-un-says.html
11 O’Reilly, Súilleabháin and Paffenholz (2015)
12 http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/oecd-members/maternal-mortality-ratio
13 https://www.unicef.org/childsurvival/sierraleone_91206.html
14 http://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/?p=16261
15 https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/2014/08/14/3e08d0c8-2312-11e4-8593-da634b334390_story.html?utm_term=.51eb39dc57dc
16 Ibid.
17 http://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(15)00065–0/fulltext
18 http://www.wpro.who.int/topics/gender_issues/Takingsexandgenderintoaccount.pdf
19
http://theconversation.com/zika-and-ebola-had-a-much-worse-effect-on-women-we-need-more-research-to-address-this-in-future-64868
20 Ibid.
21 http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/08/20/why-are-so-many-women-dying-from-ebola/
22 http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2016/5/ed-statement-on-whs#sthash.xmKEsOBX.dpuf
23 https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/2014/08/14/3e08d0c8-2312-11e4-8593-da634b334390_story.html?utm_term=.51eb39dc57dc
24 https://www.buzzfeed.com/jinamoore/ebola-is-killing-women-in-far-greater-numbers-than-men?utm_term=.gpzKwwzJze#.wce6ww292m
25 Ibid.
26 https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/2014/08/14/3e08d0c8-2312-11e4-8593-da634b334390_story.html?utm_term=.51eb39dc57dc
27 https://www.chathamhouse.org/publication/ia/gendered-human-rights-analysis-ebola-and-zika-locating-gender-global-health# https://www.chathamhouse.org/publication/ia/gendered-human-rights-analysis-ebola-and-zika-locating-gender-global-health
28 http://theconversation.com/zika-and-ebola-had-a-much-worse-effect-on-women-we-need-more-research-to-address-this-in-future-64868
29 https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2014/jul/14/8-charts-climate-change-world-more-dangerous
30 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/07/25/how-climate-disasters-can-drive-violent-conflict-around-the-world/?utm_term=.8b5c33ad65e7
31 https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/another-deadly-consequence-of-climate-change-the-spread-of-dangerous-diseases/2017/05/30/fd3b8504-34b1-11e7-b4ee-434b6d506b37_story.html?utm_term=.e49b6bd86143
32 http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(17)30082–7/fulltext?elsca1=tlpr
33 http://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/04/health/climate-change-weather-disasters-europe/index.html
34 Neumayer, Eric and Plümper, Thomas (2007) ‘The gendered nature of natural disasters: the impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap in life expectancy, 1981–2002’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97:3, 55–66
35 Ibid.
36 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/mar/26/internationalaidanddevelopment.indianoceantsunamidecember2004
37 http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/3040/1/Gendered_nature_of_natural_disasters_%28LSERO%29.pdf
38 Ibid.
39 https://thewire.in/66576/economic-growth-bangladesh-challenge-change-women/
40 http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/sites/bridge.ids.ac.uk/files/reports/Climate_Change_DFID.pdf
41 https://www.globalfundforwomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/11/disaster-report.pdf
42 Ibid.
43 https://iwpr.org/wp-content/uploads/wpallimport/files/iwpr-export/publications/D506_GetToTheBricks.pdf
44 https://qz.com/692711/the-radically-simple-way-to-make-female-refugees-safer-from-sexual-assault-decent-bathrooms/
45 https://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/facts-and-figures
46 https://www.globalone.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/SYRIA-REPORT-FINAL-ONLINE.pdf
47 https://www.amnesty.ie/greece-refugee-women-coping-fear-violence-camps/ https://blogs.cdc.gov/global/2014/11/17/implications-of-latrines-onwomens-and-girls-safety/
48 http://refugeerights.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/RRDP_Hidden-Struggles.pdf
49 http://www.wame2015.org/case-study/1124/ https://blogs.cdc.gov/global/2014/11/17/implications-of-latrines-on-womens-and-girls-safety/
50 https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/wrdsanitation0417_web_0.pdf
51 http://refugeerights.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/RRDP_Hidden-Struggles.pdf
52 https://qz.com/692711/the-radically-simple-way-to-make-female-refugees-safer-from-sexual-assault-decent-bathrooms/
53 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/jul/09/i-couldnt-even-wash-after-giving-birth-how-showers-are-restoring-the-dignity-of-female-refugees
54 IRIN and women’s refugee council
55 https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/wrdsanitation0417_web_0.pdf
56 Ibid.
57 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-36804714
58 https://www.irinnews.org/investigations/2017/05/10/women-refugees-risk-sexual-assault-berlin-shelters
59 https://www.buzzfeed.com/jinamoore/women-refugees-fleeing-through-europe-are-told-rape-is-not-a?utm_term=.lmMmNv6vBq#.tgnEGvDv89
60 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/28/refugee-women-and-children-beaten-raped-and-starved-in-libyan-hellholes
61 https://www.irinnews.org/investigations/2017/05/10/women-refugees-risk-sexual-assault-berlin-shelters
62 Ibid.
63 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/soraya-chemaly/women-and-disaster-relief_b_5697868.html
64 http://odihpn.org/magazine/linking-food-security-food-assistance-and-protection-from-gender-based-violence-wfp%C2%92s-experience/
65 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/17/oxfam-warned-decade-ago-crisis-sex-abuse-among-worlds-aid-workers/
66 https://wssagwales.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/asawoman.pdf
67 https://phys.org/news/2017–04-uk-hidden-homeless-lone-women.html
68 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/dec/14/homelessness-women-seeking-support-outnumber-men-for-first-time?CMP=share_btn_tw
69 https://phys.org/news/2017–04-uk-hidden-homeless-lone-women.html
70 http://www.feantsa.org/download/feantsa-ejh-11–1_a1-v045913941269604492255.pdf
71 https://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/commentary/fast-facts-4-things-know-about-women-and-homelessness-canada
72 http://www.feantsa.org/download/feantsa-ejh-11–1_a1-v045913941269604492255.pdf
73 https://phys.org/news/2017–04-uk-hidden-homeless-lone-women.html
74 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/19/sex-rent-logical-extension-leaving-housing-to-market
75 https://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/commentary/fast-facts-4-things-know-about-women-and-homelessness-canada
76 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/088626001016008001
77 https://www.bustle.com/articles/190092-this-is-how-homeless-women-cope-with-their-periods
78 https://www.theguardian.com/housing-network/2016/aug/22/sex-in-return-for-shelter-homeless-women-face-desperate-choices-government-theresa-may
79 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-health/11508497/TheHomelessPeriod-Campaign-for-homeless-women-to-have-free-tampons.html
80 http://thehomelessperiod.com/
81 https://www.change.org/p/help-the-homeless-on-their-period-thehomelessperiod/u/19773587
82 https://www.thecut.com/2016/06/nyc-will-provide-tampons-in-schools-shelters.html
83 http://www.unhcr.org/uk/news/latest/2008/4/4815db792/corporate-gift-highlights-sanitation-problems-faced-female-refugees.html; http://www.reuters.com/article/us-womens-day-refugees-periods-feature-idUSKBN16F1UU
84 https://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/images/zdocs/Refugee-Women-on-the-European-Route.pdf; https://www.globalone.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2017/03/SYRIA-REPORT-FINAL-ONLINE.pdf; https://globalone.org.uk/2017/05/a-14-year-olds-heart-wrenching-tale/
85 http://www.ifrc.org/en/news-and-media/news-stories/africa/burundi/upholding-women-and-girls-dignity-managing-menstrual-hygiene-in-emergency-situations-62536/
86 January 2016, https://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/images/zdocs/Refugee-Women-on-the-European-Route.pdf; http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/world/asia/effort-to-help-filipino-women-falters-un-says.html
87 http://www.ifrc.org/en/news-and-media/news-stories/africa/burundi/upholding-women-and-girls-dignity-managing-menstrual-hygiene-in-emergency-situations-62536/
88 http://www.reuters.com/article/us-womens-day-refugees-periods-feature-idUSKBN16F1UU
89 https://www.globalone.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/SYRIA-REPORT-FINAL-ONLINE.pdf
Afterword
1 http://discovermagazine.com/2006/mar/knit-theory
2 http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/16/crocheting.php
3 https://www.brainpickings.org/2009/04
/24/margaret-wertheim-institute-for-figuring/
4 http://discovermagazine.com/2006/mar/knit-theory
5 Ibid.
6 http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/16/crocheting.php
7 https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/11/nyregion/professor-lets-her-fingers-do-the-talking.html
8 Cikara, Mina and Fiske, Susan T. (2009), ‘Warmth, competence, and ambivalent sexism: Vertical assault and collateral damage’, in Barreto, Manuela, Ryan, Michelle K. and Schmitt, Michael T. (eds.), The glass ceiling in the 21st century: Understanding barriers to gender equality, Washington DC
9 https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00004-000-0015-0.pdf
10 https://www.wired.com/2008/06/pb-theory/
11 http://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/2016_Celluloid_Ceiling_Report.pdf
12 http://wmc.3cdn.net/dcdb0bcb4b0283f501_mlbres23x.pdf
13 http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2016/01/popular_history_why_are_so_many_history_books_about_men_by_men.html?via=gdpr-consent#methodology
14 https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-onhistory/may-2010/what-the-data-reveals-about-women-historians
15 https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/december-2015/the-rise-and-decline-of-history-specializations-over-the-past-40-years
16 http://duckofminerva.com/2015/08/new-evidence-on-gender-bias-in-irsyllabi.html
17 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/jan/23/gender.uk
18 Sex Discrimination Law Review (January 2018), www.fawcettsociety.org.uk
19 Nielsen, Mathias Wullum, Andersen, Jens Peter, Schiebinger, Londa and Schneider, Jesper W. (2017), ‘One and a half million medical papers reveal a link between author gender and attention to gender and sex analysis’, Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 791–6
20 https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/7/18/15991020/3-gop-women-tank-obamacare-repeal
21 Ransby, B. (2006), ‘Katrina, Black Women, and the Deadly Discourse on Black Poverty in America’, Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 3:1, 215–22, DOI:10.1017/S1742058X06060140
22 https://grist.org/article/hurricane-maria-hit-women-in-puerto-rico-the-hardest-and-theyre-the-ones-building-it-back/
Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men Page 39