by Marc Goodman
15 Millions of Americans: Michael Rushanan et al., “SoK: Security and Privacy in Implantable Medical Devices and Body Area Networks,” SP ’14 Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (2014), 524–39; Yeun-Ho Joung, “Development of Implantable Medical Devices: From an Engineering Perspective,” International Neurourology Journal 17, no. 3 (Sept. 2013): 98–106; “IMD Shield: Securing Implantable Medical Devices,” http://groups.csail.mit.edu/.
16 Malfunctioning medical devices: Thomas M. Burton, “Medical Device Recalls Nearly Doubled in a Decade,” Wall Street Journal, March 21, 2014.
17 Nearly 25 percent: H. Alemzadeh et al., “Analysis of Safety-Critical Computer Failures in Medical Devices,” IEEE Security Privacy 11, no. 4 (July 2013): 14–26, doi:10.1109/MSP.2013.49.
18 Even in hospitals: Kim Zetter, “It’s Insanely Easy to Hack Hospital Equipment,” Wired, April 25, 2014; David Talbot, “Computer Viruses Are ‘Rampant’ on Medical Devices in Hospitals,” MIT Technology Review, Oct. 17, 2012.
19 Indeed, in 2013: “Medical Devices Hard-Coded Passwords,” ICS-CERT, http://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/alerts/ICS-ALERT-13-164-01.
20 Such was the case: Paul Wagenseil, “Hackers Flood Epilepsy Web Forum with Flashing Lights,” FoxNews.com, March 31, 2008; “Anonymous Attack Targets Epilepsy Sufferers,” News.com.au, April 1, 2008.
21 After gaining unauthorized access: Barnaby J. Feder, “A Heart Device Is Found Vulnerable to Hacker Attacks,” New York Times, March 12, 2008; D. Halperin et al., “Pacemakers and Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators: Software Radio Attacks and Zero-Power Defenses,” IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2008: SP 2008 (2008): 129–42, doi:10.1109/SP.2008.31.
22 From fifty feet away: “Pacemaker Hack Can Deliver Deadly 830-Volt Jolt,” Computerworld, Oct. 17, 2012.
23 Fearing the profound risk: “Dick Cheney Once Feared Terrorists Could Manipulate His Implanted Defibrillator to Induce Heart Attack,” New York Daily News, Oct. 19, 2013.
24 Hundreds of thousands: Jim Finkle, “Medtronic Probes Insulin Pump Risks,” Reuters, Oct. 25, 2011.
25 Using a specialized radio antenna: “H@cking Implantable Medical Devices,” Info-Sec Institute, accessed Aug. 4, 2014, http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/; Jordan Robertson, “Hacker Shows Off Lethal Attack by Controlling Wireless Medical Device,” Bloomberg, Feb. 29, 2012.
26 Indeed, Europol: Lauren Walker, “First Online Murder to Occur by End of 2014, Europol Warns,” Newsweek, October 6, 2014.
27 For instance, biomedical engineers: Laura Shin, “New Wireless Medical Device Swims Through Bloodstream,” Smart Planet, June 30, 2014.
28 Physicians and forensic pathologists: Marc Goodman, “Who Does the Autopsy? Criminal Implications of Implantable Medical Devices,” Proceedings of the Second USENIX Conference on Health, Security and Privacy, August 8–12, 2011, San Francisco, California.
29 In response, the Pentagon and DARPA: “The Pentagon’s Bionic Arm,” CBS News, April 12, 2009.
30 “repository of every FDA-approved”: “The Human Bionic Project: A Data Repository for Inspector Gadget Body Parts,” Co.Exist, June 26, 2013, fastcoexist.com.
31 Even implantable bionic organs: “ ‘Bionic Pancreas’ Astonishes Diabetes Researchers,” NBC News, June 13, 2014.
32 The result is: Shaunacy Ferro, “Now You Can Control Someone Else’s Arm over the Internet,” Popular Science, May 28, 2013.
33 Given their falling costs: “Global Biometrics Technology Market: Industry Analysis Size Share Growth Trends and Forecast, 2013–2019,” KSWT, accessed Aug. 5, 2014, http://www.kswt.com/.
34 with more than 500 million: Rawlson King, “500 Million Biometric Sensors Projected for Internet of Things by 2018,” Biometric Update, Jan. 31, 2014.
35 As it turns out: Editorial Board, “Biometric Technology Takes Off,” New York Times, Sept. 20, 2013.
36 Authorities in the Middle Eastern country: Neal Ungerleider, “The Dark Side of Biometrics: 9 Million Israelis’ Hacked Info Hits the Web,” Fast Company, Oct. 24, 2011.
37 The information was stolen: “Authorities Find Source That Leaked Every Israeli’s Personal Information Online,” Haaretz.com, Oct. 24, 2011.
38 By 2016, Gartner estimates: Larry Barrett, “30 Percent of Companies Will Use Biometric Identification by 2016,” ZDNet, Feb. 4, 2014.
39 Biometric sensors will be built: Andrew Moran, “990 Million Mobile Devices to Have Biometrics by 2017,” Examiner, Dec. 9, 2013.
40 Samsung’s biometric scanner: “Galaxy S5 Fingerprint Sensor Hacked,” BBC News, April 16, 2014.
41 Great in theory: Ms. Smith, “Laptop Fingerprint Reader Destroys ‘Entire Security Model of Windows Accounts,’ ” Network World, Sept. 6, 2012.
42 Gangs in Malaysia: “Malaysia Car Thieves Steal Finger,” BBC, March 31, 2005.
43 The technique is good enough: “Biometric Fact and Fiction,” Economist, Oct. 24, 2002.
44 Other hackers have used: Evan Blass, “Play-Doh Fingers Can Fool 90% of Scanners, Sez Clarkson U. Study,” Engadget, Dec. 11, 2005.
45 In Germany in 2008: Kim Zetter, “Hackers Publish German Minister’s Fingerprint,” Wired, March 31, 2008; Cory Doctorow, “Hackers Publish Thousands of Copies of Fingerprint of German Minister Who Promotes Fingerprint Biometrics,” Boing Boing, April 1, 2008.
46 Lin paid doctors: Stuart Fox, “Chinese Woman Surgically Switches Fingerprints to Evade Japanese Immigration Officers,” Popular Science, Dec. 8, 2009.
47 Japanese police report: “Japan ‘Fake Fingerprints’ Arrest,” BBC, Dec. 7, 2009.
48 Lewis created the first-ever: Kelly Jackson Higgins, “Black Hat Researcher Hacks Biometric System,” Dark Reading, March 31, 2008.
49 Back in today’s world: Mark Brown, “Japanese Billboard Recognises Age and Gender,” Wired UK, Sept. 23, 2010.
50 If one is detected: Natasha Singer, “When No One Is Just a Face in the Crowd,” New York Times, Feb. 1, 2014.
51 A similar system: Barbara De Lollis, “Houston Hilton Installs Facial Recognition,” USA Today, Oct. 1, 2010.
52 They might: “Biometric Surveillance Means Someone Is Always Watching,” Newsweek, April 17, 2014.
53 Facial-recognition technologies: Ibid.
54 All the major Internet companies: Darren Murph, “Face.com Acquired by Facebook for an Estimated $80 Million+, Facial Tagging Clearly at the Forefront,” Engadget, June 18, 2012.
55 Facebook’s automatic: Adam Clark Estes, “Facebook’s Doing Face Recognition Again and This Time America Doesn’t Seem to Mind,” Motherboard, Feb. 5, 2013.
56 More than a quarter of a trillion: Adi Robertson, “Facebook Users Have Uploaded a Quarter-Trillion Photos Since the Site’s Launch,” Verge, Sept. 17, 2013; “Biometrics and the Future of Identification,” NOVA Next, accessed Aug. 6, 2014.
57 In his series of revelations: “How Spy Scandal Unravelled,” BBC News, Nov. 7, 2013.
58 “facial recognition quality”: James Risen and Laura Poitras, “N.S.A. Collecting Millions of Faces from Web Images,” New York Times, May 31, 2014.
59 When facial-recognition is combined: Sebastian Anthony, “UK, the World’s Most Surveilled State, Begins Using Automated Face Recognition to Catch Criminals,” ExtremeTech, July 17, 2014.
60 The program that makes this: Steve Henn, “9/11’s Effect on Tech,” Marketplace.org, Sept. 8, 2011; Tim Greene, “Black Hat: System Links Your Face to Your Social Security Number and Other Private Things,” Network World, Aug. 1, 2011.
61 In mid-2011: Amir Efrati, “Google Acquires Facial Recognition Technology Company,” Digits (blog), Wall Street Journal, July 22, 2011; Kit Eaton, “How Google’s New Face Recognition Tech Could Change the Web’s Future,” Fast Company, July 25, 2011.
62 NameTag allows users: Simson Garfinkel, “Google Glass Will Be a Huge Success—Unless People Find It Creepy,” MIT Technology Review, Feb. 17, 2014; Kashmir H
ill, “Google Glass Facial Recognition App Draws Senator Franken’s Ire,” Forbes, Feb. 5, 2014.
63 Such facial-recognition apps: Michelle Starr, “Facial Recognition App Matches Strangers to Online Profiles,” CNET, Jan. 7, 2014.
64 The FBI’s billion-dollar: Jeremy Hsu, “FBI’s Facial Recognition Database Will Include Non-criminals,” IEEE Spectrum, April 16, 2014; Mark Rockwell, “Details Emerge on Scope of FBI’s Identification System,” FCW, April 15, 2014.
65 Not only can the system: Sara Reardon, “FBI Launches $1 Billion Face Recognition Project,” New Scientist, Sept. 7, 2012.
66 Of course no biometric technology: Adam Goldman, “More Than 1 Million People Are Listed in U.S. Terrorism Database,” Washington Post, Aug. 5, 2014; Editorial Board, “The Black Hole of Terrorism Watch Lists,” New York Times, Dec. 15, 2013.
67 All it takes to defeat: John Leyden, “Laptop Facial Recognition Defeated by Photoshop,” Register, Feb. 19, 2009; Mark Saltzman, “FastAccess Anywhere: Face Recognition Replaces Password,” USA Today, June 4, 2013.
68 The same technique: Kim Zetter, “Reverse-Engineered Irises Look So Real, They Fool Eye-Scanners,” Wired, July 25, 2012.
69 The defense contractor: Noah Shachtman, “Army Tracking Plan: Drones That Never Forget a Face,” Wired, Sept. 28, 2011.
70 He was apparently: Stilgherrian, “Has Facebook Killed the Undercover Cop?,” CSO, Aug. 25, 2011.
71 Moreover, in an effort to fight fraud: Neal Ungerleider, “Banks Are Deploying Voice Biometrics So That You Don’t Have to Tell Them Your Mother’s Maiden Name Again,” Fast Company, May 27, 2014.
72 Companies such as the online education platform: Nick Anderson, “MOOCS—Here Come the Credentials,” College, Inc. (blog), Washington Post, Jan. 9, 2013.
73 Any variation from an established: Clint Boulton, “ ‘Post-Password’ Technology Verifies Users by Behavior,” Wall Street Journal, July 11, 2014.
74 Banks believe biometric tools: Rawlson King, “Biometric Research Note,” Biometric Update, Jan. 21, 2013.
75 The Nymi wristband: Somini Sengupta, “Machines Made to Know You, by Touch, Voice, Even by Heart,” Bits (blog), New York Times, Sept. 10, 2013.
76 Scientists at the U.K.’s National Physical Laboratory: “NPL Takes Step Forward with Gait Recognition System,” Engineer, Sept. 20, 2012.
77 There is, however, an even easier way: Christopher Mims, “Smart Phones That Know Their Users by How They Walk,” MIT Technology Review, Sept. 16, 2010.
78 Proteus Digital Health: Dieter Bohn, “Motorola Shows Off Insane Electronic Tattoo and Vitamin Authentication Prototype Wearables,” Verge, May 29, 2013.
79 When we know: Anthony, “UK, the World’s Most Surveilled State, Begins Using Automated Face Recognition to Catch Criminals.”
80 AR can be used: For further information on augmented reality in contact lenses, see Babak A. Parviz, “Augmented Reality in a Contact Lens,” IEEE Spectrum, Sept. 1, 2009.
81 It is expected: Juniper Research, “Press Release: Over 2.5 Billion Mobile Augmented Reality Apps to Be Installed Per Annum by 2017,” Aug. 29, 2012.
82 Ikea even incorporated AR: Luisa Rollenhagen, “Augmented Reality Catalog Places IKEA Furniture in Your Home,” Mashable, Aug. 6, 2013. 285 A future malicious app: Franziska Roesner, Tadayoshi Kohno, and David Molnar, “Security and Privacy for Augmented Reality Systems,” Communications of the ACM 57, no. 4 (2014): 88–96, doi:10.1145/2580723.2580730.
83 The renowned game designer: Jane McGonigal, TED Conversation, http://www.ted.com/conversations/44/we_spend_3_billion_hours_a_wee.html; Jane McGonigal, Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World (New York: Penguin Books, 2011).
84 “Strategically we want to start building”: Sarah Frier, “Facebook Makes $2 Billion Virtual-Reality Bet with Oculus,” Bloomberg, March 26, 2014.
85 Many genuinely view: “Worlds Without End,” Economist, Dec. 14, 2005.
86 But there is a downside: “A Korean Couple Let a Baby Die While They Played a Video Game,” Newsweek, July 27, 2014; “Korean Couple Let Baby Starve to Death While Caring for Virtual Child,” Telegraph, March 5, 2010.
87 Virtual worlds have their own currencies: “The Economy of Online Gaming Fraud Revealed: 3.4 Million Malware Attacks Every Day,” Kaspersky Lab, Sept. 28, 2010.
88 As strange as it may sound: Carolyn Davis, “Virtual Justice: Online Game World Meets Real-World Cops and Courts,” Philly.com, Dec. 8, 2010.
89 Even “sexual assaults”: Benjamin Duranske, “ ‘Virtual Rape’ Claim Brings Belgian Police to Second Life,” Virtually Blind, April 24, 2007. 287 These incidents might be: Anna Jane Grossman, “Single, White with Dildo,” Salon, Aug. 30, 2005.
90 A 2008 report: Sara Malm, “U.S. Intelligence Warned Terrorists Could Create Virtual Jihadist,” Mail Online, Jan. 9, 2014.
91 According to an eighty-two-page document: Mark Mazzetti and Justin Elliott, “Spies Infiltrate a Fantasy Realm of Online Games,” New York Times, Dec. 9, 2013.
92 The spies have created: James Ball, “Xbox Live Among Game Services Targeted by US and UK Spy Agencies,” Guardian, Dec. 9, 2013; Ian Sherr, “Spy Game: NSA Said to Snoop on ‘World of Warcraft,’ ” Digits (blog), Wall Street Journal, December 9, 2013.
93 “suicide martyrs”: Ibid.; Dan Costa, “This Is No Video Game,” PCMag, Sept. 26, 2007.
Chapter 15: Rise of the Machines: When Cyber Crime Goes 3-D
1 The “brothers” he introduced: Special Agent Gary S. Cacace, affidavit, Sept. 28, 2011, http://www.justice.gov/; “Muslim Pleads Guilty to Plotting to Blow Up the Pentagon and Capitol with Model Airplanes Packed with Explosives,” Mail Online, July 20, 2012; “US Man Admits Model Plane Plot,” BBC News; Brian Ballou, “Rezwan Ferdaus of Ashland Sentenced to 17 Years in Terror Plot; Plotted to Blow Up Pentagon, Capitol,” Boston.com, Nov. 1, 2012; Jess Bidgood, “Rezwan Ferdaus of Massachusetts Gets 17 Years in Terrorist Plot,” New York Times, Nov. 2, 2012.
2 The number of robotics start-up companies: “Global Industrial Robotics Market Revenues to Surpass $37 Billion by 2018,” Business Wire, Feb. 24, 2014.
3 “where bits from the digital realm”: Marcus Wohlsen, “Forget Robots. We’ll Soon Be Fusing Technology with Living Matter,” Wired, May 27, 2014.
4 Despite the costs: Industrial Federation of Robotics, http://www.ifr.org/industrial-robots/statistics/.
5 In just one Hyundai factory: “Car, Airbag, Money: Robots Make Cars,” video, http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/; Tamara Walsh, “Rise of the Robots: 2 Industries Increasingly Turning to Robotics for Innovation,” Motley Fool, Aug. 24, 2014.
6 Not to be outdone: Katie Lobosco, “Army of Robots to Invade Amazon Warehouses,” CNNMoney, May 22, 2014.
7 More impressive is the fact: Rodney Brooks, “Robots at Work,” World Future Society, Futurist, May–June 2013.
8 In more than 150 medical centers: “The Invisible Unarmed,” Economist, March 29, 2014. 293 Over 500,000 such operations: Stewart Pinkerton, “The Pros and Cons of Robotic Surgery,” Wall Street Journal, Nov. 17, 2013.
9 Using similar technology: Jacques Marescaux et al., “Transcontinental Robot-Assisted Remote Telesurgery: Feasibility and Potential Applications,” Annals of Surgery 235, no. 4 (2002): 300–301.
10 Though the gains: For a definitive view into the world of military robotics, see Peter W. Singer’s seminal Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century (New York: Penguin Books, 2009).
11 In 2003: Mitch Joel, “The Booming Business of Drones,” Harvard Business Review, Jan. 4, 2013.
12 Today the United States: Michael C. Horowitz, “The Looming Robotics Gap,” Foreign Policy, May 5, 2014.
13 These machines are well armed: Craig Whitlock, “Drone Strikes Killing More Civilians Than U.S. Admits,” Washington Post, Oct. 22, 2013.
14 In 2011, it was estimated: David Axe, “One in 50 Troops in Afg
hanistan Is a Robot,” Wired, Feb. 7, 2011; Sharon Gaudin, “U.S. Military May Have 10 Robots per Soldier by 2023,” Computerworld, Nov. 14, 2013.
15 The company has also created: Mark Prigg, “Google-Owned ‘Big Dog’ Robot in First Live Trial with Marines,” Mail Online, July 14, 2014.
16 Other UGVs: “Cheetah Robot ‘Runs Faster Than Usain Bolt,’ ” BBC News, Sept. 6, 2012; “March of the Robots,” Economist, June 2, 2012.
17 Remote pilots sitting: “Rise of the Drones,” NOVA, PBS, Jan. 23, 2013.
18 UAVs have become central: Teal Group, “Teal Group Predicts Worldwide UAV Market Will Total $89 Billion,” June 17, 2013; Michael C. Horowitz, “The Looming Robotics Gap,” Foreign Policy, May 5, 2014.
19 Drones such as the MQ-9 Reaper: Ratnesar Romesh, “Five Reasons Why Drones Are Here to Stay,” Bloomberg Businessweek, May 23, 2013.
20 The images are of such high quality: “Rise of the Drones.”
21 The search giant: John Markoff, “Google Puts Money on Robots, Using the Man Behind Android,” New York Times, Dec. 4, 2013; Adam Clark Estes, “Meet Google’s Robot Army. It’s Growing,” Gizmodo, Jan. 27, 2014.
22 In a seminal article: Bill Gates, “A Robot in Every Home,” Scientific American, Jan. 2007.
23 There are signs: See the iRobot Web site, http://www.irobot.com/; the Droplet Web site, http://smartdroplet.com; the Grillbot Web site, http://grillbots.com; Mark Prigg, “Forgotten to Feed the Dog? Don’t Panic, There’s an App for That (and It Will Even Tweet to Tell You How Much They’ve Eaten,” Mail Online, Jan. 4, 2013.
24 Even the homemaker extraordinaire: David McCormack, “ ‘I Love My Drone’: Martha Stewart Shares Incredible Aerial Images of Her Estate as She Reveals Her Latest Must-Have Accessory for the Summer,” Mail Online, July 30, 2014.
25 The market for consumer: Marcelo Ballve, “The Market for Home Cleaning Robots Is Already Surprisingly Big, and There’s Plenty of Room for Growth,” Business Insider, June 5, 2014.
26 Willow Garage’s PR2: Erico Guizzo, “So, Where Are My Robot Servants?,” IEEE Spectrum, May 29, 2014.