by Marc Goodman
27 “it can read”: Brandon Keim, “I, Nanny,” Wired, Dec. 18, 2008.
28 To help alleviate: Mai Iida, “Robot Niche Expands in Senior Care,” Japan Times, June 19, 2013.
29 Thousands of Paro units: Anne Tergesen and Miho Inada, “It’s Not a Stuffed Animal, It’s a $6,000 Medical Device,” Wall Street Journal, June 21, 2010.
30 One of the fastest-growing: “Your Alter Ego on Wheels,” Economist, March 9, 2013.
31 Robots such as the MantaroBot: Serene Fang, “Robot Care for Aging Parents,” Al Jazeera America, Feb. 27, 2014.
32 With the push of a button: Ryan Jaslow, “RP-VITA Robot on Wheels Lets Docs Treat Patients Remotely,” CBS News, Nov. 19, 2013.
33 Already Starwood hotels: “Robots Are the New Butlers at Starwood Hotels,” CNBC, Aug. 12, 2014.
34 A 2013 study: Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne, “The Future of Employment,” Oxford Martin, Sept. 17, 2013, http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/.
35 Those working in the transportation field: For an excellent discussion on the future of robots, automation, and work, see Kevin Kelly, “Better Than Human: Why Robots Will—and Must—Take Our Jobs,” Wired, Dec. 24, 2012; Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies (New York: W. W. Norton, 2014).
36 News outlets such as: Francie Diep, “Associated Press Will Use Robots to Write Articles,” Popular Science, July 1, 2014.
37 Many believe that it is the growth: Paul Krugman, “Robots and Robber Barons,” New York Times, Dec. 9, 2012.
38 In mid-2014, a young woman: Lindsey Bever, “Seattle Woman Spots Drone Outside Her 26th-Floor Apartment Window, Feels ‘Violated,’ ” Washington Post, June 25, 2014.
39 “Air is a public”: Rebecca J. Rosen, “So This Is How It Begins: Guy Refuses to Stop Drone-Spying on Seattle Woman,” Atlantic, May 13, 2013. For a detailed legal review on UAVs and privacy, see John Villasenor, “Observations from Above: Unmanned Aircraft Systems and Privacy,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 36, no. 2 (Spring 2013).
40 “Currently, no federal”: Government Accountability Office, Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Sept. 2012, http://www.gao.gov/.
41 In 2013, the FDA: Robert Langreth, “Unreported Robot Surgery Injuries Open Questions for FDA,” Bloomberg, Dec. 29, 2013.
42 In another case: “Surgical Robot da Vinci Scrutinized by FDA After Deaths, Other Surgical Nightmares,” New York Daily News, April 9, 2013.
43 Unfortunately, the power: “Robot Attacked Swedish Factory Worker,” Local, April 28, 2009. 301 According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration: John Markoff and Claire Cain Miller, “As Robotics Advances, Worries of Killer Robots Rise,” New York Times, June 16, 2014.
44 When it was all over: Gavin Knight, “March of the Terminators: But What Happens When Robot Warriors Turn Their Guns on Us?,” Mail Online, March 15, 2009.
45 According to a Washington Post report: Craig Whitlock, “When Drones Fall from the Sky,” Washington Post, June 20, 2014.
46 “just a few minutes”: Ibid.
47 Researchers at the University of Washington: “How Dangerous Could a Hacked Robot Possibly Be?,” Computerworld, Oct. 8, 2009.
48 Shia militants had figured out: Siobhan Gorman, Yochi J. Dreazen, and August Cole, “Insurgents Hack U.S. Drones,” Wall Street Journal, Dec. 18, 2009.
49 The students carried out: Colin Lecher, “Texas Students Hijack a U.S. Government Drone in Midair,” Popular Science, June 28, 2012. 305 “In five or ten years”: John Roberts, “Drones Vulnerable to Terrorist Hijacking, Researchers Say,” Fox News, June 25, 2012.
50 In reality, the Iranians: Scott Peterson and Payam Faramarzi, “Exclusive: Iran Hijacked US Drone, Says Iranian Engineer,” Christian Science Monitor, Dec. 15, 2011.
51 In 2011, a potent computer virus: Noah Shachtman, “Exclusive: Computer Virus Hits U.S. Drone Fleet,” Wired, Oct. 7, 2011.
52 The software, dubbed SkyJack: Dan Goodin, “Flying Hacker Contraption Hunts Other Drones, Turns Them into Zombies,” Ars Technica, Dec. 3, 2013.
53 Hackers have already created: Andy Greenberg, “PIN-Punching Robot Can Crack Your Phone’s Security Code in Less Than 24 Hours,” Forbes, July 22, 2013.
54 Robots can also be a criminal’s best friend: “Drug Dealer Arrested in Spite of Home Robotic Protection: Police,” China Post, Aug. 10, 2014.
55 As we saw in the opening: Charlemagne, “Afghanistan—the Biggest Bomb Yet,” Intel MSL, March 15, 2013, http://intelmsl.com/.
56 Moments later numerous rounds: Noah Shachtman, “Iraq Militants Brag: We’ve Got Robotic Weapons, Too,” Wired, Oct. 4, 2011.
57 Officials predicted that robotic conveyances: Harris, “FBI Warns Driverless Cars Could Be Used as ‘Lethal Weapons,’ ” Guardian, July 16, 2014.
58 Sure, others had beaten Bezos: Jathan Sadowski, “Delivered by Drones: Are Tacocopters and Burrito Bombers the Next Pony Express?,” Slate, Aug. 6, 2013; Laura Stampler, “This Club Is Offering Poolside Drone Bottle Service,” Time, June 19, 2014.
59 Dubbed Project Wing: “Google Is Testing Delivery Drone System,” Wall Street Journal, Aug. 29, 2014.
60 Real estate agents: Sarah Zhang, “Drones That Aren’t Out to Kill You,” Mother Jones, Dec. 6, 2012.
61 The Royal Canadian Mounted Police: “Canadian Mounties Claim First Person’s Life Saved by a Police Drone,” Verge, May 10, 2013.
62 The fake cell tower: Andy Greenberg, “Flying Drone Can Crack Wi-Fi Networks, Snoop on Cell Phones,” Forbes, July 28, 2011.
63 The so-called Occu-copter: Spencer Ackerman, “Occupy the Skies! Protesters Could Use Spy Drones,” Wired, Nov. 17, 2011.
64 At the Provisional Detention Center: “Drone Is Caught Delivering Cocaine in Prison São Paulo Brazil,” Live Leak, March 10, 2014; “Heroin by Helicopter,” Voice of Russia, Feb. 1, 2011; Nick Evershed, “Drone Used in Attempt to Smuggle Drugs into Melbourne Prison, Say Police,” Guardian, March 10, 2014; Mary-Ann Russon, “Drones Used to Deliver Drugs to Prisoners in Canada,” International Business Times, Nov. 29, 2013; “Greece: Drone Drops Mobile Phones over Prison Walls,” BBC News, Aug. 19, 2014; “Crooks Get Creative to Smuggle Contraband,” WALB News, Nov. 22, 2013.
65 Since 2012, the DEA: Meghan Neal, “Cartels Are Reportedly Building DIY Drones to Fly Drugs over the Border,” Motherboard, June 2, 2014; Doris Gómora, “Fabrican narcos sus propios drones, alerta la DEA,” El Universal, July 9, 2014.
66 Apart from drugs: Mark Frauenfelder, “Man Arms DIY Drone with Paintball Handgun and Shoots Human Cardboard Cutouts,” Boing Boing, Dec. 12, 2012.
67 Other videos show: Colin Lecher, “Watch a Stun Gun Drone Tase an Intern,” Popular Science, March 7, 2014.
68 The earliest video: “R/C Helicopter with .45 Caliber Handgun,” Live Leak, Dec. 10, 2008. 310 Since then, numerous other videos: Annalee Newitz, “This Video of a Drone with a Gun Will Freak You the Hell Out,” io9, June 14, 2013; “Viral Video Straps Colt .45 Handgun to a Home-Use Drone,” comments, Live Leak, June 18, 2013.
69 With so-called automatic: Jason Koebler, “ ‘Follow Me’ Drones Will Hover by Your Side on a Digital ‘Leash,’ ” Motherboard, June 16, 2014.
70 Several YouTube videos: Radio-Controlled Crop Dusting in Fukuoka, Japan, 2011, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N28KKb6i9hs.
71 “what it’s like to be”: Sean Gallagher, “German Chancellor’s Drone ‘Attack’ Shows the Threat of Weaponized UAVs,” Ars Technica, Sept. 18, 2013.
72 There are already numerous reports: Jon Fingas, “Near Collision with Airliner Prompts US to Crack Down on Drone Use,” Engadget, May 12, 2014; Alwyn Scott, “U.S. Passenger Jet Nearly Collided with Drone in March,” Reuters, May 9, 2014.
73 Already great advances: John W. Whitehead, “Roaches, Mosquitoes, and Birds: The Coming Micro-Drone Revolution,” Huffington Post, April 17, 2013.
74 The devices, some small enough: Tom Leonard, “US Accused of
Making Insect Spy Robots,” Telegraph, Oct. 10, 2007.
75 Dragonfly drones: Whitehead, “Roaches, Mosquitoes, and Birds”; Emily Singer, “TR10: Biological Machines,” MIT Technology Review, March/April 2009; Erico Guizzo, “Moth Pupa + MEMS Chip = Remote Controlled Cyborg Insect,” IEEE Spectrum, Feb. 17, 2009; Charles Q. Choi, “Military Developing Robot-Insect Cyborgs,” NBC News, July 14, 2009.
76 Much progress is being made: Robert Lee Hotz, “Harvard Scientists Devise Robot Swarm That Can Work Together,” Wall Street Journal, Aug. 15, 2014.
77 The BAE Systems Taranis: Jon Cartwright, “Rise of the Robots and the Future of War,” Guardian, Nov. 20, 2010.
78 Though the border bots: Tim Hornyak, “Korean Machine-Gun Robots Start DMZ Duty,” CNET, July 14, 2010; Keith Wag staff, “Future Tech? Autonomous Killer Robots Are Already Here,” NBC News, May 14, 2014.
79 Goldman Sachs has noted: Goldman Sachs, 2013 Annual Report, http://www.goldmansachs.com/; Matt Clinch, “3-D Printing Market to Grow 500% in 5 Years,” CNBC, April 1, 2014. 314 Digital fabrication: Jessica Leber, “This Man Thinks He Can 3-D Print an Entire House,” Co.Exist, Nov. 12, 2013.
80 Bio-fabricating printers: Lyndsey Gilpin, “New 3D Bioprinter to Reproduce Human Organs, Change the Face of Healthcare,” Tech-Republic, Aug. 1, 2014; Melissa Davey, “3D Printed Organs Come a Step Closer,” Guardian, July 4, 2014; Kate Lyons, “Humans Could Be Fitted with Kidneys Made on 3D Printers,” Mail Online, May 23, 2014.
81 Today most 3-D printers: Ben Rooney, “The 3D Printer That Prints Itself,” Wall Street Journal, June 10, 2011; Brad Hart, “Will 3D Printing Change the World?,” Forbes, March 6, 2012.
82 The Gartner group: Gartner, “Gartner Says Uses of 3D Printing Will Ignite Major Debate on Ethics and Regulation,” Gartner.com, Jan. 29, 2014.
83 Digital manufacturing will also be a boon: Drew Prindle, “KeyMe Joins Forces with Shapeways to Bring You Custom 3D-Printed Key Copies,” Digital Trends, Dec. 17, 2013.
84 There are apps too: Ann Givens and Chris Glorioso, “New Technology Could Let Thieves Copy Keys,” NBC New York, May 21, 2014.
85 In 2012, cops uncovered: Andy Greenberg, “Hacker Opens High Security Handcuffs with 3D-Printed and Laser-Cut Keys,” Forbes, July 16, 2012.
86 While the potential humanitarian benefits: Tim Adams, “The ‘Chemputer’ That Could Print Out Any Drug,” Guardian, July 21, 2012.
87 Wilson created the Wiki Weapon Project: Carole Cadwalladr, “Meet Cody Wilson, Creator of the 3D-Gun, Anarchist, Libertarian,” Guardian, Feb. 8, 2014.
88 The lower receiver: Andy Greenberg, “Here’s What It Looks Like to Fire a (Partly) 3D-Printed Gun,” Forbes, Dec. 3, 2012.
89 In May 2013: Andy Greenberg, “Meet the ‘Liberator’: Test-Firing the World’s First Fully 3D-Printed Gun,” Forbes, May 5, 2013.
90 Wilson’s efforts have left: Andy Greenberg, “How 3-D Printed Guns Evolved into Serious Weapons in Just One Year,” Wired, May 15, 2014. 316 These plastic firearms: Cheryl K. Chumley, “Israeli TV Crew Sneaks Printed 3-D Gun into Knesset—Twice,” Washington Times, July 4, 2013.
91 Other repositories: Greenberg, “How 3-D Printed Guns Evolved into Serious Weapons in Just One Year.”
92 The FBI’s Terrorist Explosive Device Analytical Center: Aliya Sternstein, “The FBI Is Getting Its Own, Personal 3D Printer for Studying Bombs,” Next gov, June 13, 2014.
Chapter 16: Next-Generation Security Threats: Why Cyber Was Only the Beginning
1 “had become so fragmented”: Nina Golgowski, “ ‘Syrian Hackers’ Tweet FALSE Report of Explosions at White House and Send Panicked DOW Jones Plunging 100 Points,” Mail Online, April 23, 2013; Jim McTague, “Why High-Frequency Trading Doesn’t Compute,” Barron’s, Aug. 11, 2012; Shan Carter and Amanda Cox, “One 9/11 Tally,” New York Times, Sept. 8, 2011; Doug Stanglin and David Jackson, “Timeline of AP Hacking, Reaction,” USA Today, April 23, 2013; Will Oremus, “Would You Click the Link in This Email That Apparently Tricked the AP,” Slate, April 23, 2013; Tom Lauricella, Kara Scanell, and Jenny Strasburg, “How a Trading Algorithm Went Awry,” Wall Street Journal, Oct. 2, 2010; Bernard Condon, “Stocks Stumble After a Fake Tweet Announced White House Attack,” Associated Press, April 25, 2013; Nick Baumann, “Too Fast to Fail: Is High-Speed Trading the Next Wall Street Disaster?,” Mother Jones, Jan/Feb. 2013.
2 The legendary Silicon Valley entrepreneur: Vinod Khosla, “Do We Need Doctors or Algorithms?,” TechCrunch, Jan. 10, 2012.
3 Today, artificial intelligence e-discovery: Rachael King, “Artificial Intelligence May Reduce Soaring E-discovery Costs,” CIO Journal, Oct. 29, 2013.
4 Just one algorithm alone: Amy Biegelsen, “Unregulated FICO Has Key Role in Each American’s Access to Credit,” Center for Public Integrity, May 17, 2011.
5 In a study: Adam D. I. Kramer, Jamie E. Guillory, and Jeffrey T. Hancock, “Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion Through Social Networks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 24 (2014): 8788–90, doi:10.1073/pnas.1320040111.
6 Facebook never explicitly: Reed Albergotti and Elizabeth Dwoskin, “Facebook Study Sparks Soul-Searching and Ethical Questions,” Wall Street Journal, June 30, 2014.
7 Though Facebook updated: Kashmir Hill, “Facebook Added ‘Research’ to User Agreement 4 Months After Emotion Manipulation Study,” Forbes, June 30, 2014; Michelle N. Meyer, “Everything You Need to Know About Facebook’s Controversial Emotion Experiment,” Wired, June 30, 2014.
8 The lack of algorithmic transparency: Gabriel Hallevy, “The Criminal Liability of Artificial Intelligence Entities,” Social Science Research Network scholarly paper, Feb. 15, 2010, http://papers.ssrn.com/.
9 The attack was successful: Chris Greenwood, “Will Russia Hand Over Man Behind the Gameover Zeus Ransom Virus? FBI Issues Warrant for $100M Cybercrime Mastermind,” Mail Online, June 2, 2014.
10 The unparalleled levels: McAfee, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Net Losses: Estimating the Global Cost of Cybercrime, June 2014.
11 There is another way: Jenny Awford, “Student Accused of Murder ‘Asked Siri Where to Hide Body,’ Say Police,” Mail Online, Aug. 13, 2014.
12 Just three years: “IBM Watson,” IBM Web site, http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/presskit/27297.wss.
13 The M. D. Anderson Cancer Center: “IBM Watson Hard at Work,” Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Feb. 8, 2013; Larry Greenemeier, “Will IBM’s Watson Usher in a New Era of Cognitive Computing,” Scientific American, Nov. 13, 2013.
14 Ray Kurzweil has popularized: Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (New York: Penguin Books, 2006), 7.
15 In 2014, Google purchased: Catherine Shu, “Google Acquires Artificial Intelligence Startup DeepMind,” TechCrunch, Jan. 26, 2014.
16 “Whereas the short-term impact”: Stephen Hawking et al., “Stephen Hawking: ‘Transcendence Looks at the Implications of Artificial Intelligence—but Are We Taking AI Seriously Enough?,’ ” Independent, May 1, 2014.
17 Tens of millions of dollars: Reed Albergotti, “Zuckerberg, Musk Invest in Artificial Intelligence Company,” Wall Street Journal, March 21, 2014.
18 In April 2013: “Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies,” Aug. 25, 2014, http://www.nih.gov/science/brain/; Susan Young Rojahn, “The BRAIN Project Will Develop New Technologies to Understand the Brain,” MIT Technology Review, April 8, 2013.
19 Though such a machine: Priya Ganapati, “Cognitive Computing Project Aims to Reverse-Engineer the Mind,” Wired, Feb. 6, 2009; Vincent James, “Chinese Supercomputer Retains ‘World’s Fastest’ Title, Beating US and Japanese Competition,” Independent, Nov. 19, 2013.
20 As far-fetched as the idea: Ray Kurzweil, How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed (New York: Penguin Books, 2013); Michio Kaku, The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower th
e Mind (New York: Doubleday, 2014).
21 Though many have dismissed: Joseph Brean, “Build a Better Brain,” National Post, March 31, 2012; Cade Metz, “IBM Dreams Impossible Dream,” Wired, Aug. 9, 2013.
22 Under laboratory conditions: Kaku, Future of the Mind, 80–103, 108–9, 175–77.
23 The chip has an unprecedented: Peter Clarke, “IBM Seeks Customers for Neural Network Breakthrough,” Electronics360, Aug. 7, 2014. 328 “a major step”: Paul A. Merolla et al., “A Million Spiking-Neuron Integrated Circuit with a Scalable Communication Network and Interface,” Science, Aug. 8, 2014, 668–73, doi:10.1126/science.1254642; Robert F. Service, “The Brain Chip,” Science, Aug. 8, 2014, 614–16, doi:10.1126/science.345.6197.614; John Markoff, “IBM Develops a New Chip That Functions Like a Brain,” New York Times, Aug. 7, 2014.
24 Perhaps one of the most consequential: Ray Kurzweil, “The Coming Merging of Mind and Machine,” Scientific American 18 (2008): 20–25, doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0208-20sp.
25 We now also have a plethora: Gary Marcus and Christof Koch, “The Future of Brain Implants,” Wall Street Journal, March 14, 2014. 329 Jan Scheuermann: Leigh R. Hochberg et al., “Reach and Grasp by People with Tetraplegia Using a Neurally Controlled Robotic Arm,” Nature, May 17, 2012, 372–75, doi:10.1038/nature11076.
26 There are even consumer-grade: Robert McMillan, “This Guy Just Built a Mind-Controlled Robot,” Wired, Aug. 22, 2014.
27 A U.K.-based company: Dave Lee, “Google Glass Hack Allows Brainwave Control,” BBC News, July 9, 2014; Ingrid Lunden, “Forget ‘OK Glass,’ MindRDR Is a Google Glass App You Control with Your Thoughts,” TechCrunch, July 9, 2014.
28 Wearing a transcranial: Sebastian Anthony, “First Human Brain-to-Brain Interface Allows Remote Control over the Internet, Telepathy Coming Soon,” ExtremeTech, Aug. 28, 2013.
29 In a groundbreaking experiment: Alan S. Cowen, Marvin M. Chun, and Brice A. Kuhl, “Neural Portraits of Perception: Reconstructing Face Images from Evoked Brain Activity,” NeuroImage, forthcoming, http://camplab.psych.yale.edu/; Mark Prigg, “Mind Reading Experiment Reconstructs Faces from Brain Scans,” Mail Online, March 28, 2014.