Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria

by Julia P. Gelardi

  Ibid.

  Minute to a confidential despatch by Sir Francis Elliot to Sir Edward Grey, 21 December 1909, P.R.O., F.O. 371/679/No. 98, The National Archives.

  S. Victor Papacosma, The Military in Greek Politics: The 1909 Coup d’Etat (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1977) p. 85.

  Ibid., pp. 170–71.

  Ibid., p. 172.

  Margrete, Landgravine of Hesse, to Hilda Chichester, 19 August 1910, MSS 364/38, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford.

  Margrete, Landgravine of Hesse, to Hilda Chichester, 8 November 1910, MSS 364/40, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford.

  Sir Francis Elliot and H. Beaumont to Sir Edward Grey, 8 February 1911, Annual Report on Greece for 1910, in BDFA, Part I, Series F, vol. 14, Document 58.

  Sir Francis Elliot to Sir Edward Grey, 12 February 1912, Inclosure in Document 59, Annual Report on Greece for the Year 1911, in BDFA, Part I, Series F, vol. 14, Document 60.

  Max Nord, “Sisters of the German Kaiser,” The Scrap Book, 8 (August 1908).

  Sir Francis Elliot to Sir Edward Grey, 26 February 1913, Inclosure in Document 61, Annual Report on Greece for 1912, in BDFA, Series F, vol. 14, Document 62.

  Petrie, King Alfonso XIII, p. 102.

  Sir Maurice de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey, 7 August 1909, in Kenneth Bourne, D. Cameron Watt and John F. V Keiger, eds., BDFA, Part I, Series F: Europe, 1848–1914. Vol. 28: Spain, 1908–1914, ed. David Stevenson and John F. V Keiger (Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1987), Document 25.

  The Times, 2 August 1909.

  Ferrer, Victoria Eugenia, p. 138.

  Sir Maurice de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey, 19 December 1909, in BDFA, Part I, Series F, vol. 28, Document 44.

  FOURTEEN: “LA REINA HERMOSA”

  Princess Henry of Battenberg to the Rev. William Boyd Carpenter, Bishop of Ripon, 23 December 1907, Add. MSS 46721/178, The British Library.

  Ricardo de la Cierva, Alfonso y Victoria: Las Tramas Íntimas, Secretas y Europeas de Un Reinado Desconocido (Madrid: Editiorial Fénix, 2001), p. 225.

  Ibid.

  Ibid., p. 226.

  Durland, Royal Romances, p. 11.

  Santos, Victoria Eugenia, p. 214.

  Infanta Eulalia, Memoirs of a Spanish Princess (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1936), p. 159.

  Juan Balansó, Por Razón de Estado: Las Bodas Reales en España (Barcelona: Plaza y Janés, 2002), p. 226.

  Graham, Queen of Spain, p. 189.

  Ibid., p. 200.

  Queen Victoria Eugenie to Lady Llangattock, 14 January 1907, private collection.

  Ferrer, Victoria Eugenia, pp. 112–13.

  H. R. H Princess Pilar of Bavaria and Major Desmond Chapman-Houston, Don Alfonso: XIII: A Study of Monarchy (London: John Murray, 1931), p. 346.

  Ibid., p. 347.

  Marqués de Villavieja, Life Has Been Good: Memoirs of the Marqués de Villavieja (London: Chatto & Windus, 1938), p. 213.

  The Times, 4 August 1909.

  John van der Kiste, Crowns in a Changing World: The British and European Monarchies, 1901–36 (London: Grange Books, 1993), pp. 71–73.

  Barbara Tuchman, The Guns of August (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1962), p. 1.

  Theo Aronson, Crowns in Conflict: The Triumph and the Tragedy of European Monarchy, 1910–1918 (London: John Murray, 1986), p. 11.

  Hijano, Victoria Eugenia, p. 121.

  Pakula, Last Romantic, p. 158.

  Buxhoeveden, Alexandra Feodorovna, p. 150.

  Dehn, Real Tsartitsa, p. 81.

  Buxhoeveden, Alexandra Feodorovna, p. 150.

  Ibid., p. 168.

  “FIFTEEN: MAMMA, HELP ME!”

  Gilliard, Thirteen Years, p. 43.

  Ibid., p. 40.

  Buxhoeveden, Alexandra Feodorovna, p. 173.

  Gleb Botkin, The Real Romanovs (New York: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1931), p. 123.

  M. V. Rodzianko, The Reign of Rasputin: An Empire’s Collapse (London: A. M. Philpot, 1927), p. 24.

  W. Bruce Lincoln, The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias (New York: Dial Press, 1981), p. 681.

  King, Last Empress, p. 185.

  Count V. N. Kokovtsov, Out of My Past: The Memoirs of Count Kokovtsov, trans. Laura Matveev, ed. H. H. Fisher (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1935), pp. 295–96.

  Viroubova, Memories, p. 93.

  Tsar Nicholas II to Empress Marie, 20 October 1912, in Bing, ed., Tsar Nicholas and Empress Marie, pp. 276–77.

  Viroubova, Memories, pp. 92–93.

  Gilliard, Thirteen Years, p. 29.

  Buxhoeveden, Alexandra Feodorovna, p. 132.

  Greg King, The Man Who Killed Rasputin: Prince Felix Youssoupov and the Murder That Helped Bring Down the Russian Empire (Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press, 1995), p. 32.

  Paléologue, Ambassador’s Memoirs, p. 148.

  Viroubova, Memories, p. 94.

  Vorres, Last Grand Duchess, p. 140.

  A. A. Mossolov, At the Court of the Last Tsar: Being the Memoirs of A. A. Mossolov, Head of the Court Chancellery, 1900–1916, trans. E. W. Dickes, ed. A. A. Pilenco (London: Methuen & Co., 1935), p. 151.

  Vorres, Last Grand Duchess, p. 140.

  Alex De Jonge, The Life and Times of Grigorri Rasputin (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1982), p. 152.

  Vorres, Last Grand Duchess, p. 140.

  King, Man Who Killed Rasputin, p. 36.

  De Jonge, Grigorri Rasputin, p. 343.

  Mossolov, Court of the Last Tsar, p. 152.

  Tsarina Alexandra to the Rev. William Boyd Carpenter, Bishop of Ripon, 24 January/ 7 February 1913, Add. MSS 46721/244, The British Library.

  Ibid.

  Prince Christopher of Greece, Memoirs of H. R. H. Prince Christopher of Greece (London: The Right Book Club, 1938), p 113.

  Walter Christmas, King George of Greece (London: Eveleigh Nash, 1914), p. 359.

  Crown Prince Constantine to Paola, Princess of Saxe-Weimar, 11 November 1912, in Paola, Princess of Saxe-Weimar, A King’s Private Letters: Being Letters Written by King Constantine of Greece to Paola, Princess of Saxe-Weimar During the Years 1912–1923 (London: Eveleigh Nash & Grayson, 1925), p. 88.

  Christmas, King George, p. 363.

  Ibid., p. 368.

  The Times, 31 October 1912.

  Hugo Vickers, Alice: Princess Andrew of Greece (London: Hamish Hamilton, 2000), p. 101.

  Ibid., p. 103.

  Prince Christopher, Memoirs, p. 118.

  G. Nicholas Tantzos, The Inheritors of Alexander the Great: An Illustrated History (New York: Atlantic International Publications, 1986), p. 43.

  Van der Kiste, Kings of the Hellenes, p. 80.

  Ibid., p. 76.

  The Times, 20 March 1913.

  Sir Francis Elliot, et al., to Sir Edward Grey, 20 May 1914, Annual Report on Greece for 1913, in BDFA, Series F, vol. 14, Document 64.

  Margrete, Landgravine of Hesse, to Hilda Chichester, 3 April 1913, MSS 364, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford.

  Doros Alastos, Venizelos: Patriot, Statesman, Revolutionary (Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International Press, 1978), p. 125.

  E. P. P. Tisdall, Royal Destiny: The Royal Hellenic Cousins (London: Stanley Paul & Co., 1955), p. 113.

  Alastos, Venizelos, p. 128.

  Queen Marie, My Life, vol. II, p. 305.

  Ibid., p. 309.

  Pakula, Last Romantic, p. 167.

  SIXTEEN: BEFORE THE STORM

  Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, p. 361.

  Viroubova, Memories, p. 100.

  Buxhoeveden, Alexandra Feodorovna, p. 166.

  Ibid., p. 173.

  Mossolov, Court of the Last Tsar, p. 63.

  Buxhoeveden, Alexandra Feodorovna, p. 153.

  Dehn, Real Tsaritsa, p. 75.

  Paul and Beatrice Grabbe, eds., The Private World of the Last Tsar: In the Photographs and Notes of General Count Alexander Grabbe (Boston: Little, Brown, 1984), p. 60.

  Ibid., p. 63.

  Mossolov, Court of the Last Tsar, p. 64.
<
br />   Buxhoeveden, Alexandra Feodorovna, p. 155.

  Mossolov, Court of the Last Tsar, p. 64.

  Grabbe, eds., Private World, p. 69.

  Dehn, Real Tsaritsa, p. 82.

  Ibid., p. 83.

  Tsarina Alexandra to the Rev. William Boyd Carpenter, Bishop of Ripon, 24 January/ 7 February 1913, Add. MSS 46721/244, The British Library.

  Elseberry, Marie of Romania, p. 92.

  Ibid., p. 95.

  Queen Marie, My Life, vol. II, p. 327.

  Ibid., p. 326.

  Ibid., p. 330.

  Ibid., p. 332.

  Grabbe, eds., Private World, p. 75.

  N. N. Ralinin, The Romanovs and the Crimea, trans. Yekaterina Tabidze (Moscow: Kruk, 1993), p. 160.

  Interview with Dmitri Likhachev in The Last of the Czars: Part Two—The Shadow of Rasputin, The Discovery Channel, 1996.

  Gilliard, Thirteen Years, p. 94.

  Queen Marie, My Life, vol. II, p. 337.

  Ibid.

  Eugene de Schelking, Suicide of Monarchy: Recollections of a Diplomat (Toronto: Macmil-lan Company of Canada, 1918), p. 309.

  Gilliard, Thirteen Years, p. 95.

  Ibid. p. 96.

  Lieven, Nicholas II, p. 198.

  Serge Sazanov, Fateful Years: The Reminiscences of Serge Sazanov, Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1914 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1928), p. 110.

  Ibid.

  Edvard Radzinsky, The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II (New York: Double-day, 1992), p. 117.

  Sazanov, Fateful Years, p. 110.

  Interview with Lady Katherine Brandram, 2 May 2001, Marlow, Bucks.

  Vickers, Alice, p. 108.

  Interview with Lady Katherine Brandram, 2 May 2001.

  Copy of a copy, unsigned and undated but written by King Haakon VII from Christiana about 2 May 1907 to Francis Knollys, MSS 21M69/32/13, Knollys Papers, Hampshire Record Office.

  Colonel Sir Henry Knollys to King Haakon VII, 8 May 1907, MSS 21M69/32/14, Knollys Papers, Hampshire Record Office.

  Colonel Sir Henry Knollys to King Haakon VII, 10 May 1907, MSS 21/M65/32/15, Knollys Papers, Hampshire Record Office.

  Colonel Sir Henry Knollys to King Haakon VII, 27 September 1911, MSS 21M69/32/48, Knollys Papers, Hampshire Record Office.

  Ibid.

  Precis of Draught of Letter from King Haakon to King George, 17 September 1911, MSS 21M69/32/45, Knollys Papers, Hampshire Record Office.

  Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, p. 483.

  Arthur Gould Lee, Helen: Queen Mother of Rumania (London: Faber & Faber, 1956), p. 34.

  PART III

  SEVENTEEN: BALKAN CAULDRON

  Tsar Nicholas II to King George V, 2 August 1914, in Van der Kiste, Crowns in a Changing World, p. 103.

  Nicolson, King George V: His Life and Reign (London: Constable & Co., 1952), p.247.

  Gilliard, Thirteen Years, p. 105.

  Ibid., p. 106.

  Viroubova, Memories, p. 107.

  Anonymous, Russian Court Memoirs 1914–1916 (Cambridge: Ian Faulkner Publishing, 1992), p. 46.

  Diary entry of 1 August 1914 in Paléologue, Ambassador’s Memoirs, p. 52.

  The Times, 3 August 1914.

  Buxhoeveden, Alexandra Feodorovna, p. 189.

  Gilliard, Thirteen Years, pp. 107–10.

  Viroubova, Memories, p. 105.

  Kaiser Wilhelm II to King Constantine I, 31 July 1914, in S. P. P. Cosmetatos, The Tragedy of Greece (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1928), p. 4.

  King Constantine I to Kaiser Wilhelm II, 2 August 1914, in ibid., p. 5.

  G. F Abbott, Greece and the Allies, 1914–1922 (London: Methuen & Co., 1922), p. 9.

  Prince Nicholas, Fifty Years, pp. 259–60.

  Queen Marie, My Life, vol. II, p. 341.

  Ibid.

  Ibid., p. 349.

  Ibid., p. 353.

  Lincoln, Romanovs, p. 685.

  Bernard Pares, My Russian Memoirs (New York: AMS Press, 1969 [1931]), p. 355.

  Salisbury, Black Night, p. 269.

  De Schelking, Suicide of Monarchy, p. 118.

  Diary entry of 24 July 1915 in Maurice Paléologue, An Ambassador’s Memoirs, vol. II (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1927) pp. 35–36.

  De Schelking, Suicide of Monarchy, p. 312.

  Elsberry Marie of Romania, p. 116.

  Ibid., p. 113.

  Prince Nicholas of Greece, Political Memoirs, 1914–1917: Pages from My Diary (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1972 [1928]), p. 98.

  Cosmetatos, Tragedy of Greece, pp. 118–19.

  Aronson, Crowns in Conflict, p. 135.

  Alexander S. Mitrakos, France in Greece During World War I: A Study in the Politics of Power (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1982), p. ix.

  Cosmetatos, Tragedy of Greece, p. 108.

  Christos Theodolou, Greece and the Entente: August 1, 1914–September 25, 1916 (Thessa-loniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1971), p. 218.

  Admiral Mark Kerr, Land, Sea, and Air: The Reminiscences of Mark Kerr (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1927), p. 194.

  Ibid., pp. 194–95.

  Prince Nicholas, Political Memoirs, p. 96.

  Van der Kiste, Kings of the Hellenes, p. 99.

  Daggett, Marie of Roumania, p. 221.

  Queen Marie of Romania, The Story of My Life. Vol. III (London: Cassell & Co., 1935), p. 39.

  Aronson, Crowns in Conflict, p. 131.

  Elsberry, Marie of Romania, p. 118.

  Queen Marie, My Life, vol. III, pp. 8, 10, and 11.

  Daggett, Marie of Roumania, p. 224.

  Van der Kiste, Crowns in a Changing World, pp. 118, 120.

  Princess Marthe Bibesco, Royal Portraits (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1928), p. 70.

  EIGHTEEN: HOLD MY HAND THAT I MAY HAVE COURAGE

  Tsarina Alexandra to the Rev. William Boyd Carpenter, Bishop of Ripon, 20 January/ 2 February 1915, Add. MSS 46721/246, The British Library.

  Diary entry of 15 August 1915 in Paléologue, Ambassador’s Memoirs, vol. II, p. 52.

  Diary entry, 25 December 1915 in ibid., p. 135.

  Ethel Greening Pantazzi, Roumania in Light and Shadow (Toronto: The Ryerson Press, n.d.), p. 150.

  Comte de Saint-Aulaire, Confession d’un Vieux Diplomate (Paris: Flammarion, 1953), p. 339.

  Charles J. Vopicka, Secrets of the Balkans: Seven Years of a Diplomatist’s Life in the Storm Centre of Europe (Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1921), p. 100.

  Queen Marie, My Life, vol. III, p. 67.

  Pakula, Last Romantic, p. 205.

  Patanzzi, Roumania, p. 167.

  Mrs. Will Gordon, Roumania: Yesterday and To-Day (London: John Lane Co., 1919), p. xxii.

  Pantazzi, Roumania, p. 167.

  R. Bruce Lockhart, Giants Cast Long Shadows (London: Putnam, 1960), p. 106.

  Gordon, Roumania, pp. 179–81.

  Viroubova, Memories, pp. 109–10.

  Ibid., p. 109.

  Ibid., p. 110.

  Tsarina Alexandra to Tsar Nicholas II, 1 October 1915, in Joseph T. Fuhrmann, ed., The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Tsar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra, April 1914–March 1917 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), no. 504, p. 257.

  Tsarina Alexandra to Tsar Nicholas II, 17 November 1914, in ibid., no. 57, p. 41.

  19.Sir John Hanbury-Williams, The Emperor Nicholas as I Knew Him (London: Arthur L. Humphreys, 1922), p. 145.

  Lieven, Nicholas II, p. 208.

  Tsarina Alexandra to the Rev. William Boyd Carpenter, Bishop of Ripon, 20 January/ 2 February 1915, Add. MSS 46721/248, The British Library.

  Tsarina Alexandra to Tsar Nicholas II, 15 September 1915, in Furhmann, ed., Complete Wartime Correspondence, no. 460, p. 228.

  Note 219 in ibid., no. 811, p. 384.

  Tsar Nicholas II to Tsarina Alexandra, 6 February 1916, in ibid., no. 811, p. 384.

  Queen Marie, My Life, vol. III, p. 98.

  Elsberry Marie of Romania, p. 134.

  Pantazzi, Roumania, p. 1
69.

  Comte de Saint-Aulaire, Confession, p. 360.

  Gordon, Roumania, pp. 152–53.

  NINETEEN: NEUTRAL NORTH AND SOUTH

  Francisco Romero, “Spain and the First World War,” in Sebastian Balfour and Paul Preston, eds., Spain and the Great Powers in the Twentieth Century (New York: Routledge, 1999), pp. 32, 54.

  Petrie, King Alfonso XIII, p. 122.

  Charles Seymour, ed., The Intimate Papers of Colonel House. Vol. I: Behind the Political Curtain, 1912–1915 (London: Ernest Benn, 1926), p. 417.

  Princess Pilar and Chapman-Huston, Don Alfonso XIII, p. 160.

  Sencourt, Queen of Spain, p. 243.

  Van der Kiste, Crowns in a Changing World, pp. 111.

  Arthur Rubinstein, My Young Years (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1973), p. 463.

  Ibid., p. 472.

  Ibid., p. 473.

  Sir Maurice de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey, 25 January 1910, Inclosure, Document 46 in Annual Report on Spain for the Year 1909, in BDFA, Part I, Series F, vol. 28, Document 45, p. 111. (80,000 L is the old way of writing £ 80,000.)

  Princess Pilar and Chapman-Huston, Don Alfonso XIII, p. 190.

  Infanta Eulalia, Memoirs, p. 220.

  Petrie, King Alfonso XIII, p. 125.

  Van der Kiste, Edward VII’s Children, p. 142.

  Ibid., p. 140.

  Marlene A. Eilers, Queen Victoria’s Descendants (Falköping, Sweden: Rosvall Books, 1997), p. 87.

  Noel, Ena, p. 167.

  Ferrer, Victoria Eugenia, p. 164.

  Graham, Queen of Spain, pp. 231, 245.

  Romero, “Spain and the First World War,” in Balfour and Preston, eds., Spain and the Great Powers, p. 39.

  TWENTY: BELEAGUERED AND BETRAYED

  Crown Princess Margrethe of Sweden to Lady Edward Cecil, 23 November 1915, MSS C630/4, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford.

  Margrete, Landgravine of Hesse, to Hilda Cochrane, 30 December 1915, MSS 364/145, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford.

  Tsarina Alexandra to Tsar Nicholas II, 3 April 1916, in Fuhrmann, ed., Complete Wartime Correspondence, no. 928, p. 434.

  Tsarina Alexandra to Tsar Nicholas II, 9 June 1916, in ibid., no. 1119, p. 498.

  Tsarina Alexandra to Tsar Nicholas II, 22 September 1916, in ibid., no. 1439, p. 600.