Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria

by Julia P. Gelardi

  Queen Marie, “A Mon Pays et à Mon Peuple”

  Maryhill Museum of Art

  Correspondence of Queen Marie to Loie Fuller

  New York Public Library Poultney Bigelow Papers

  Stanford University

  Correspondence of Princess Irene of Greece to Irina Procopiu

  Correspondence of Princess Marie of Edinburgh to Queen Victoria, Royal Archives, Windsor

  Castle, copy deposited at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University Correspondence of Queen Marie of Romania from the Queen Marie/Lavinia Small Collection

  in the George Duca Papers, Hoover Institution, Stanford University Correspondence of Queen Marie to Baroness Ines Taxis Damenstofft

  Private Collection

  Letter of Crown Princess Sophie of Greece, 26 August 1901 Queen Maud to Grand Duchess Xenia Correspondence, undated Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain to Lady Llangattock, 14 January 1907 Queen Victoria Eugenie to Mr. Paget Cooke, 5 October 1938 King Haakon VII to Grand Duchess Xenia, 16 January 1939

  Letter of Grand Duchess George of Russia (née Princess Marie of Greece) to Miss Barratt, undated

  Published Diplomatic and Political Documents

  Bourne, Kenneth, D. Cameron Watt, and John F. V. Keigers, eds. British Documents on Foreign Affairs, Part I, Series F: Europe 1848–1914. Vol. 1: The Scandinavian Peninsula and Baltic I, 1855–1907; Vol. 14: Greece, 1847–1914; Vol. 16: Montenegro, 1914; Romania, 1878–1914; Vol. 28: Spain, 1908–1914, all ed. David Stevenson and John K. V Keiger. Frederick. MD: University Publications of America, 1987.

  Butler, Rohan, and J. P. T. Bury, eds. Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939, First Series, Vol. XII. London: HMSO, 1962.

  Lieven, D. C. B., Kenneth Bourne, and D. C. Watts, eds. British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part I: From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First World War. Series A: Russia, 1859–1914; Vol. 3: 1905–1906; Vol. 4: 1906–1907, both ed. Dominic Lieven. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1983.

  Seton, Christopher, Kenneth Bourne, and D. C. Watts, eds. British Documents on Foreign Affairs, Part II. Series F: Europe, 1919–1939. Vol. 5: Italy and South-Eastern Europe, July 1921–December 1923; Vol. 8: Italy and South-Eastern Europe, January 1929–June 1931; Vol. 25: Spain, March 1919–June 1931; all ed. Antony Adamthwaite. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1990.

  The Greek White Book: Supplementary Diplomatic Documents, 1913–1917. New York: Oxford University Press, 1919.

  Parliamentary Debates, Fourth Series. Vol. LXXXIX. Edward VII. London: Wyman & Sons, 1901.

  Woodward, E. L., and Rohan Butler, eds. Documents on British Foreign Policy, First Series. Vol. VI: 1919. London: HMSO, 1956.

  Periodicals

  The Daily Mail The Family Herald Illustrated London News The New York Times The Times

  Published Letters and Memoirs

  Albany, Princess Alice of. For My Grandchildren: Some Reminiscences of H.R.H. Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone. London: Evans Brothers, 1966.

  Alexander, Grand Duke. Once a Grand Duke. Garden City, NY: Garden City Publishing Co., 1932.

  ———. Twilight of Royalty. New York: Ray Long & Richard R. Smith, 1932.

  Alexandra, Queen of Yugoslavia, For Love of a King. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1956.

  Anonymous. The Royal Family of Greece: King Constantine, Queen Sophie, Their Royal Relatives and Some Events. Toronto: Warwick Brothers & Rutter, 1914.

  ———. Russian Court Memoirs 1914–1916. Cambridge: Ian Faulkner Publishing, 1992.

  Balsan, Consuelo Vanderbilt. The Glitter and the Gold. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952.

  Benckendorff, Count Paul. Last Days at Tsarskoe Selo: Being the Personal Notes and Memories of Count Paul Benckendorff, trans. Maurice Baring. London: William Heinemann, 1927.

  Benson, Arthur Christopher, and Viscount Esher, eds. The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondence Between the Years 1837 and 1861. Vol. III. London: John Murray, 1907.

  Benson, E. F. As We Were: A Victorian Peep-Show. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1932.

  Bing, Edward J., ed. The Letters of Tsar Nicholas and Empress Marie: Being the Confidential Correspondence Between Nicholas II, Last of the Tsars, and His Mother, Dowager Empress Marie Feodorovna. London: Ivor Nicholson & Watson, 1937.

  Birtles, Bert. Exiles in the Aegean: A Personal Narrative of Greek Politics and Travel. London: Victor Gollancz, 1938.

  Botkin, Gleb. The Real Romanovs. New York: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1931.

  Bowers, Claude G. My Mission to Spain: Watching the Rehearsal for World War II New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954.

  Boyd, Rt. Rev. W. Carpenter. Further Pages of My Life. London: Williams & Norgate, 1916.

  ———. Some Pages of My Life. London: Williams & Norgate, 1911.

  Buchanan, Sir George. My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories. Vol. I. Boston: Little, Brown, 1923.

  ———. My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories. Vol. II. Boston: Little, Brown, 1923.

  Buckle, George Earle, ed. The Letters of Queen Victoria, Third Series: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondence and Journal Between the Years 1886 and 1901. Vol. I. London: John Murray, 1930.

  ———. The Letters of Queen Victoria, Third Series: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondence Between the Years 1862 and 1885 and Between the Years 1886 and 1901. Vol. II: 1891–1895. London: John Murray, 1931.

  Bulygin, Paul. The Murder of the Romanovs: The Authentic Account, including The Road to the Tragedy by Alexander Kerensky Westport, CT: Hyperion Press, 1975 [1935].

  Buxhoeveden, Baroness Sophie. The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Feodorovna, Empress of Russia. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1928.

  Callimachi, Princess Anne-Marie. Yesterday Was Mine. London: Falcon Press, 1952.

  Cambon, Paul. Correspondence 1870–1924. Vol. II. Paris: Grasset, 1940.

  Cantacuzène, Princess Juliana. Revolutionary Days: Recollections of Romanoffs and Bolsheviki, 1914–1917. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1919.

  Castellani, Aldo. Of Microbes, Men and Monarchs: A Doctor’s Life in Many Lands. London: Victor Gollancz, 1960.

  Christopher, Prince of Greece. Memoirs of H.R.H. Prince Christopher of Greece. London: The Right Book Club, 1938.

  Collier, E. C. F., ed. A Victorian Diarist: Later Extracts from the Journals of Mary, Lady Monkswell, 1895–1909. London: John Murray, 1946.

  Collier, William Miller. At the Court of His Catholic Majesty. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1912.

  Dehn, Lili. The Real Tsaritsa. London: Thornton Butterworth, 1922.

  De Schelking, Eugene. Suicide of Monarchy: Recollections of a Diplomat. Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada, 1918.

  De Vilallonga, José Luis. El Rey: Conversaciones con D. Juan Carlos I de España. Barcelona: Salvat Editores, 1995.

  Duff, David, ed. Queen Victoria’s Highland Journal. Exeter: Webb & Bower, 1980.

  Elisabeth, Queen (and Henry Howard Harper). Letters and Poems of Queen Elisabeth (Carmen Sylva). Vol. I. Boston: Bibliophile Society, 1920.

  Eulalia, Infanta. Courts and Countries After the War. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1925.

  ———. Memoirs of a Spanish Princess. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1936.

  Farmborough, Florence. With the Armies of the Tsar: A Nurse at the Russian Front, 1914–18.

  New York: Stein & Day, 1975. Fotescu, Diana, ed. Americans and Queen Marie of Romania: A Selection of Documents. Iasi:

  The Center for Romanian Studies, 1998. Fulford, Roger, ed. Beloved Mama: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German

  Crown Princess, 1878–1885. London: Evans Brothers, 1981. ———. Dearest Child: Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Princess Royal, 1858–1861.

  New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1964. ———. Dearest Mama: Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia,

 
1861–1864. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969. Fuhrmann, Joseph T., ed. The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Tsar Nicholas II and the

  Empress Alexandra, April 1914–March 1917. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999. Gilliard, Pierre. Thirteen Years at the Russian Court. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1921. Gwynne, Stephen, ed. The Letters and Friendships of Sir Cecil Spring Rice: A Record. Vol. I.

  London: Constable & Co., 1929. Hamilton, Lord Frederic. The Vanished World of Yesterday. London: Hodder & Stoughton,

  1950. Hanbury-Williams, Sir John. The Emperor Nicholas II as I Knew Him. London: Arthur L.

  Humphreys, 1922. Hardinge, Sir Charles. Old Diplomacy. London: Jonathan Cape, 1947. Hibben, Paxton. Constantine I and the Greek People. New York: The Century Co., 1920. Hibbert, Christopher, ed. Queen Victoria in Her Letters and Journals. Stroud, Glos.: Sutton

  Publishing, 2000. Hough, Richard, ed. Advice to My Grand-Daughter: Letters from Queen Victoria to Princess

  Victoria of Hesse. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1975. Howard of Penrith, Lord. Theatre of Life: Life Seen from the Pit, 1863–1905. London: Hodder

  & Stoughton, 1935. ———. Theatre of Life: Life Seen from the Stalls, 1905–1936. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1935. Ileana, Princess of Romania. I Live Again. New York: Rinehart & Co., 1951. Ionescu, Adrian-Silvan, ed. America Seen by a Queen: Queen Marie’s Diary of Her 1926 Voyage to the United States of America. Bucharest: Romanian Cultural Foundation, 1999. Jonescu, Také. Some Personal Impressions. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1920. Kennard, Lady. A Roumanian Diary, 1915, 1916, 1917. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1918. Kerr, Admiral Mark. Land, Sea, and Air: The Reminiscences of Mark Kerr. London: Longmans,

  Green & Co., 1927. Kokovtsov, Count V. N. Out of My Past: The Memoirs of Count Kokovtsov, trans. Laura

  Matveev, ed. H. H. Fisher. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1935. Kozlov, Vladimir A., and Vladimir M. Khrustalëv, eds., Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra, trans.

  Laura E. Wolfson. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997. Kschessinksa, Mathilde. Dancing in St. Petersburg: The Memoirs of Kschessinksa. Garden City,

  NY: Doubleday & Co., 1961. Latapie, Eugenio Vegas. Memorias Politicas: El Suicidio de la Monarquía y la Segunda

  República. Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1983. Lee, Arthur Gould, ed. The Empress Frederick. Writes to Sophie, Letters 1889–1901. London:

  Faber & Faber, 1955.

  Le Quex, William. Things I Know About Kings, Celebrities, and Crooks. London: Eveleigh Nash & Grayson, 1923.

  Lockhart, R. Bruce. Giants Cast Long Shadows. London: G. P. Putnam, 1960.

  Mackenzie, Compton. First Athenian Memories. London: Cassell & Co., 1931.

  Mallet, Victor, ed. Life with Queen Victoria: Marie Mallet’s Letters from Court, 1887–1901. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1968.

  Marie, Grand Duchess of Russia. Education of a Princess: A Memoir. New York: Viking Press, 1931.

  ———. A Princess in Exile. New York: Viking Press, 1932.

  Marie, Queen of Romania. My Country. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1916.

  ———. The Story of My Life. London: Cassell & Co., Vol. I, 1934; Vol. II, 1934; Vol. III, 1935.

  Marie Louise, Princess. My Memories of Six Reigns. London: Evans Brothers, 1956.

  Martineau, Mrs. Philip. Roumania and Her Rulers. London: Stanley Paul & Co., 1927.

  Maylunas, Andrei, and Sergei Mironenko, eds. A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas and Alexandra Their Own Story. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996.

  Ministerio de Obras Publicas, Transportes y Medio Ambiente, Secretaria General de Comunicacion Organismo Autonomo Correos y Telegrafos y Patrimonio Nacional, eds. Correspondencia Epistolar de la Princesa Victoria Eugenia de Battemberg al Rey Alfonso XIII, 1905–1906. Madrid: Patrimonio Nacional, 1993.

  Morris, Constance Lily. On Tour with Queen Marie. New York: Robert M. McBride & Co., 1927.

  Mossolov, A. A. At the Court of the Last Tsar: Being the Memoirs of A. A. Mossolov Head of the Court Chancellery, 1900–1916, trans. E. W. Dickes, ed. A. A. Pilenco. London: Methuen & Co., 1935.

  Mouchanow, Marfa. My Empress: Twenty-Three Years of Intimate Life with the Empress of All the Russias from Her Marriage to the Day of Her Exile. New York: John Lane Co., 1928.

  Narishkin-Kurakin, Elizabeth. Under Three Tsars: The Memoirs of the Lady-in-Waiting Elizabeth Narishkin-Kurakin, ed. René Fülöp-Miller. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1931.

  Nicholas, Prince of Greece. My Fifty Years. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1926.

  ———. Political Memoirs 1914–1917: Pages from My Diary. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1972 [1928].

  Nichols, Beverley. All I Could Ever Be: Some Recollections. London: Jonathan Cape, 1949.

  ———. 25: Being a Young Man’s Candid Recollections of His Elders and Betters. London: Jonathan Cape, 1926.

  Paléologue, Maurice. An Ambassador’s Memoirs. Vols. I, II, and III. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1927.

  Paley Princess. Memories of Russia, 1916–1919. London: Herbert Jenkins, 1924.

  Pantazzi, Ethel Greening. Roumania in Light and Shadow. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1920.

  Paola, Princess of Saxe-Weimar. A King’s Private Letters: Being Letters Written by King Constantine of Greece to Paola, Princess of Saxe-Weimar During the Years 1912–1923. London: Eveleigh Nash & Grayson, 1925.

  Pares, Bernard. My Russian Memoirs. New York: AMS Press, 1969 [1931].

  Ponsonby Sir Frederick, ed. Letters of the Empress Frederick. London: Macmillan and Co., 1929.

  ———. Recollections of Three Reigns. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1952.

  Pope-Hennessy, James, ed. Queen Victoria at Windsor and Balmoral: Letters from Her Grand-Daughter Princess Victoria of Prussia. London: Allen & Unwin, 1959.

  Ramm, Agatha, ed. Beloved and Darling Child: Last Letters Between Queen Victoria and Her Eldest Daughter 1886–1901. Stroud, Glos.: Alan Sutton, 1990.

  Rich, Norman, and M. H. Fisher, eds. The Holstein Papers: The Memoirs, Diaries and Correspondence of Friedrich von Holstein, 1837–1909. Diaries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Vol. I, 1957; Vol. II, 1961.

  Rodd, Sir James Rennell. Social and Diplomatic Memories, 1884–1893. London: Edward Arnold & Co., 1922.

  Rodríguez, Pedro Sainz. Testimonio y Recuerdos. Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1978.

  Rubinstein, Arthur. My Young Years. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1973.

  Saint-Aulaire, Comte de. Confession d’un Vieux Diplomate. Paris: Flammarion, 1953.

  Sazanov, Serge. Fateful Years: The Reminiscences of Serge Sazanov, Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1914. London: Jonathan Cape, 1928.

  Seymour, Charles, ed. The Intimate Papers of Colonel House. Vol. I: Behind the Political Curtain, 1912–1915. London: Ernest Benn, 1926.

  Steinberg, Mark D., and Vladimir M. Khrustalëv, eds. The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.

  Sylva, Carmen. From Memory’s Shrine: The Reminiscences of Carmen Sylva, trans. Edith Hopkir. London: Sampson, Low, Marston & Co., 1920.

  Tantzos, G. Nicholas, and Marlene A. Eilers, eds. A Romanov Diary: The Autobiography of H.I. & R.H. Grand Duchess George. New York: Atlantic International Publications, 1988.

  Victoria, Princess of Prussia. My Memoirs. London: Eveleigh Nash & Grayson, 1929.

  Vidal, Emilio Mola. Memorias. Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1977.

  Villavieja, Marqués de. Life Has Been Good: Memoirs of the Marqués de Villavieja. London: Chatto & Windus, 1938.

  Viroubova, Anna. Memories of the Russian Court. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1923.

  Vopicka, Charles J. Secrets of the Balkans: Seven Years of a Diplomatist’s Life in the Storm Centre of Europe. Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1921.

  The Widow of an American Diplomat. Intimacies of Court and Society: An Unconventional Narrative of Unofficial Days. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1912.

  William II, Kaiser. My Early Life. New York: AMS E
dition, 1971 [1926].

  Wilson, Edith Bolling. My Memoir. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1939.

  Wilton, Robert. The Last Days of the Romanovs: From 15th March, 1917, Part I—The Narrative, Part II—The Depositions of Eye-Witnesses. London: Thornton Butterworth, 1920.

  Witte, Count Sergei. The Memoirs of Count Witte, ed. Sidney Harcave. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1990.

  Yousoupoff, Prince Felix. Lost Splendour. London: Jonathan Cape, 1953.

  Zedlitz-Trützschler, Count Robert. Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court. London: Nisbet & Co., 1951.

  SECONDARY SOURCES

  Books

  Abbott, G. F Greece and the Allies, 1914–1922. London: Methuen & Co., 1922. Alastos, Doros. Venizelos: Patriot, Statesman, Revolutionary. Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International Press, 1978.

  Allsebrook, Mary. Born to Rebel: The Life of Harriet Boyd Harris. Oxford: Oxbow Books,

  1992. Almedingen, E. M. The Empress Alexandra, 1872–1918: A Study. London: Hutchinson & Co.,

  1961. Aronson, Theo. Crowns in Conflict: The Triumph and the Tragedy of European Monarchy,

  1910–1918. London: John Murray, 1986. ———. A Family of Kings: The Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark. London: Cassell &

  Co., 1976. ———. Grandmama of Europe: The Crowned Descendants of Queen Victoria. Indianapolis:

  Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1973. ———. Queen Victoria and the Bonapartes. London: Cassell & Co., 1972. Balansó, Juan. La Corona Vacilante: Historia Vida de los Borbones en España. Barcelona: Plaza

  y Janés, 1996. ———. Por Razón de Estado: Las Bodas Reales en España. Barcelona: Plaza y Janés, 2002. Barkovets, Alia, and Valentina Tenikhina. Nicholas II: The Imperial Family. St. Petersburg:

  Abris Publishers, 1999. Battiscombe, Georgina. Queen Alexandra. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969. Beavan, Arthur H. Marlborough House and Its Occupants Present and Past. London: White,

  1896. Bennett, Daphne. Vicky: Princess Royal of England and German Empress. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1971. Bergamini, John D. The Spanish Bourbons: The History of a Tenacious Dynasty. New York:

  G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1974. Betriu, Rafael Borràs. Cambio de Régimen: Caída de lea Monarquía y Proclamación de la