A Fine Brother: The Life of Captain Flora Sandes

by Louise Miller

  16 MAS, pp. 122–26.

  17 AWS, p. 72.

  18 AWS, pp. 76–77; PTC, p. 90. See also DM/HGS.

  19 AWS, p. 77.

  20 AWS, p. 73.

  21 FBF, p. 216.

  22 See: MOMI, p. 240; FBF, p. 216; WSB, p. 143.

  23 See for example WL/ML.

  24 LI/HM, p. 824.

  25 See: ESRC/HA; NAB, p. 151; LLV, p. 196.

  26 ISL, p. 111.

  27 NAB, pp. 184, 194.

  28 APT, p. 58.

  29 Corey, Herbert, ‘Davison Is Man with Punch for Red Cross Work’, Idaho Statesman, 4th June 1917. See also SNW/APT.

  30 AWS, p. 74.

  31 AWS, p. 75.

  32 AWS, p. 80.

  33 See MO/WPI, p. 81 [illustration].

  34 AWS, p. 78.

  35 Order AD N. 83064, FSC.

  36 F.J. Calvert, ‘Woman Sergeant Wounded’, Daily Express, 30th December 1916; ‘British Nurse “Who Was Always First over the Top” Decorated with the Serbian VC’, Daily Mirror, 9th February 1917; ‘Brave Irishwoman Who Fought in the Trenches with the Serbians’, Daily Mirror, 15th February 1917; ‘Sergeant Flora Sandes’, Argus [Melbourne, Australia], 1st January 1917; ‘Salonika Front’, Mercury, [Hobart, Tasmania], 1st January 1917; NYT/WEG; II/KSS. See also ‘A Woman in the Serbian Army’, Times, 30th December 1916.

  37 MSY, p. 258.

  38 AWS, pp. 77–78.

  39 AWS, pp. 80–81.

  40 IMC, p. 26.

  41 AWS, p. 81.

  42 PTC, p. 21.

  43 IMC, p. 28.

  44 See HT/SOS, p. 840.

  45 DAB, p. 105.

  46 See: HT/SOS, p. 845; GS, pp. 134–35; FBF, p. 221.

  47 IMC, pp. 28–29.

  48 PSS, pp. 20–21.

  49 IMC, pp. 41–42; PSS, pp. 33–34.

  50 IMC, p. 26.

  51 IMC, p. 38.

  52 AWS, p. 84.

  53 FSC/LET to Sophia, 2nd May 1917.

  54 AWS, pp. 85–86.

  55 MC, p. 53.

  56 FSC/LET to Sophia, 2nd May 1917.

  57 AWS, pp. 87–88.

  Chapter 11

  1 AWS, p. 89.

  2 AWS, p. 91.

  3 See: Letter from Amelia Peabody Tileston to Mary W. Tileston, 2nd January 1917, AHL/HF; LLV, p. 202.

  4 See APT, p. 35.

  5 LI/HM, p. 824.

  6 LI/HM, p. 824. See also: NG/OMR, p. 398; EYS, p. 57.

  7 See: IWM/EA; IWM/BOS.

  8 LI/HM, p. 840. See also ESRC/HA.

  9 LI/WW.

  10 LI/HM, p. 840.

  11 See: APT, p. 74; NG/OMR, p. 398.

  12 LI/HM, p. 840.

  13 LI/WW.

  14 AWS, pp. 108–109. Flora later changed her mind, particularly following a visit after the war. See AWS, p. 106.

  15 FSC/D, 31st May 1917; AWS, p. 92.

  16 See: AWS, p. 91; MC, pp. 185–87; MOMI, p. 343.

  17 FSC/LET to Bessie Stear, 6th June 1917.

  18 TSC, p. 326; AWS, p. 92.

  19 AWS, pp. 93–99.

  20 AWS, p. 94.

  21 AWS, pp. 93, 134.

  22 AWS, p. 93.

  23 AWS, p. 95.

  24 FSC/LET to Bessie Stear, 6th June 1917.

  25 AWS, p. 98.

  26 See IWM/MM.

  27 AWS, p. 100.

  28 AWS, p. 23.

  29 See: ESRC/HA; WL/ML; IWM/LC, 17th March 1917.

  30 LI/HM, p. 824.

  31 See SNW/APT.

  32 APT, pp. 76–77.

  33 Letter from Amelia Peabody Tileston to Mary W. Tileston, 8th April 1917, AHL/HF.

  34 WMJ/ES.

  35 The doctor was almost certainly Dr Fred Burnham, from Winnipeg. WMJ/ES; SNW/APT.

  36 Letter from Amelia Peabody Tileston to Mary W. Tileston, 28th April 1917, AHL/HF.

  37 APT, p. 34.

  38 George Horton, Recollections Grave and Gay (Indianapolis, IN: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1927), p. 280.

  39 See OWW, pp. 134–35.

  40 See CLM/FTL.

  41 CLM/FTL, Notebook IV.

  42 Letter dated 24th June 1917, AHL/HF.

  43 LI/HM, p. 824.

  44 See LSW, p. 139.

  45 G. Ward Price, The Story of the Salonika Army (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1918), p. 177.

  46 FSC/D, 26th February 1917; IWM/LC; R.A. Reiss, Lettres du front macédono-serbe (Geneva: Éditions d’Art Boissonnas, 1921), p. 71.

  47 DAB, p. 96.

  48 IWM/LC, 24th February 1917.

  49 FSC/D, 26th February, 7th March 1917; IWM/LC; WWU, p. 104; DAB, p. 108; ISL, p. 105; Ethel Daniels Hubbard, Lone Sentinels in the Near East (Boston, MA: Woman’s Board of Missions, 1920), pp. 30–31.

  50 ISL, p. 105.

  51 FSC/D, 27th July 1917.

  52 FSC/D, 4th August 1917.

  53 IMC, p. 10.

  54 Handwritten account for a speech, IWM/KM.

  55 See IWM/KM, 8th May, 1st June 1916.

  56 Diary of Miss C.U. Barnett, IWM [Documents.10778].

  57 See EYS, pp. 51–52.

  58 See: ‘Serbia’s Suffering’, British Journal of Nursing, 19th July 1919, p. 48; EYS, p. 57.

  59 IWM/EA.

  60 Letter from Amelia Peabody Tileston to Mary W. Tileston, 14th August 1917, AHL/HF.

  61 FSC/LET to Bessie Stear, 6th June 1917.

  62 AWS, p. 106.

  63 H. Collinson Owen, ‘I saw Salonika Burn’, Hammerton, Sir John, ed., The Great War… I Was There!, No. 29, 18th April 1939 (London: Amalgamated Press, 1938–39), p. 1147. See also: SF, p. 16; MOMII, p. 22; UDE, p. 162; WSB, p. 35.

  64 WWU, p. 121; HSWH, p. 343.

  65 FSC/D, 20th–23rd August 1917.

  66 FSC/D, 3rd September 1917.

  67 AWS, pp. 114–15.

  Chapter 12

  1 AWS, p. 116.

  2 ‘Sergeant Major Sandes in London’, Daily Mirror, 19th December 1917; ‘Woman Sergeant Major in the Trenches’, Daily Mail, December 1917; DX/WSM.

  3 AWS, p. 120.

  4 See: ‘Explanatory Notes’, WL/VH; WL/VHI.

  5 Flora Sandes, ‘Serbia’s Skeleton Army’, Weekly Dispatch, 23rd December 1917. See also DX/WSM.

  6 See: HSWH, pp. 244, 257; APT, p. 74.

  7 Its full name was “The Hon. Evelina Haverfield’s and Sergt. Major Flora Sandes’s Comforts Fund for Serbian Soldiers and Prisoners”.

  8 AWS, p. 117.

  9 [Article], Sunday Times, 20th January 1918, IWM/FS.

  10 Untitled, undated article, IWM/FS.

  11 AWS, pp. 118–19.

  12 See: ‘A York Heroine’, Yorkshire Herald, 21st March 1918, IWM/FS; ‘An Appeal for the Serbians’, Belfast News-Letter, 16th February 1918, IWM/FS; ‘Serbia Heroine Visits Brixton’, South London Press, 8th March 1918, IWM/FS; ‘Serbia’s Joan of Arc’, Daily Mirror, 23rd February 1918; ‘Sergeant Flora Sandes on Vacation from Trenches’, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 27th February 1918.

  13 CT/SS.

  14 AWS, pp. 119–20.

  15 LET/DSAB.

  16 AWS, pp. 116–18.

  17 AWS, pp. 121–22.

  18 Letter dated 15th February 1918, AHL/HF.

  19 APT, p. 89.

  20 See AHL/HF.

  21 APT, pp. 99–100.

  22 See CLM/FTL, Notebooks III, IV, VI.

  23 See CLM/FTL, Notebooks III, IV.

  24 See: ‘Red Cross Nurse Makes Appeal for Serbia’, New York Times, 15th July 1917; ‘Red Cross Will Aid Serbia Victims’, Trenton Evening Times [Trenton, NJ], 28th August 1917; ‘Red Cross Sends Commission to Serbia’, Wichita Daily Times, 30th August 1917.

  25 See CLM/FTL, Notebook IV.

  26 See CLM/FTL, Notebook III.

  27 See CLM/FTL, Notebook IV.

  28 Elizabeth H. Ashe, Intimate Letters from France (San Francisco, CA: Philopolis Press, 1918), p. 41.

  29 See: ESRC/LET from Clara D. Noyes, 16th July 1934; ESRC/LET, 22nd July 1934.

  30 SNW/TYE; Charles M. Bakewell, The Story of the American Red Cross in Ita
ly (New York, NY: Macmillan, 1920), p. 243.

  31 Letters dated 21st January, 15th February 1918, AHL/HF.

  32 See ESRC/HA.

  33 AWS, p. 122.

  34 See IWM/FS.

  35 AWS, p. 124.

  36 AWS, p. 125.

  37 ‘A Serbian Infantrywoman’, Times, 7th May 1918.

  38 See: APT, pp. 34–36, 114; letter dated 15th February 1918, AHL/HF.

  39 FSC/LET to the Hon. Evelina Haverfield, 15th June 1918.

  40 APT, p. 122.

  41 See: MC, pp. 207, 224; UDE, pp. 200, 224; BAL, p. 335; CE, p. 355.

  42 See: SF, pp. 133–34; FBF, p. 235; MC, pp. 192–94; MOMII, p. 68.

  43 See: GS, p. 192; MC, p. 216; TSC, p. 332.

  44 AWS, pp. 135–36.

  45 LU/LPS.

  46 Letter of Thanks from General Boiovitch, commanding First Serbian Army, in The Hon. Evelina Haverfield & Sergeant Major Flora Sandes: Comfort Fund for Serbian Soldiers and Prisoners, Annual Report, IWM [Serbia 11/18]. See also AWS, p. 120.

  Chapter 13

  1 See: GS, pp. 185–86; HFWW/DB, p. 2981; CE, p. 355.

  2 See MOMII, pp. 113, 329.

  3 AWS, p. 136.

  4 TSC, p. 335; HFWW/DB, p. 2983.

  5 HFWW/DB, p. 2981.

  6 TSC, p. 342.

  7 AWS, p. 138.

  8 See: HFWW/DB, p. 2983; MOMII, pp. 124–25; UDE, p. 198; TSC, p. 330; MC, p. 214.

  9 FSC/D, 5th September 1918. Between 31st August [13th September] and 14th [27th] October 1918 Flora followed the Julian calendar used by the Serbs at the time. The Western date is 18th September.

  10 FSC/D, 6th [19th] September 1918.

  11 ISL, p. 27.

  12 AWS, p. 139.

  13 AWS, p. 139.

  14 AWS, p. 152; FSC/D, 10th [23rd] September 1918.

  15 FSC/D, 10th [23rd] September 1918.

  16 AWS, pp. 150–53; FSC/D, 15th [28th] September 1918.

  17 FSC/D, 7th [20th] September 1918.

  18 AWS, p. 140.

  19 FSC/D, 9th [22nd] September 1918.

  20 MOMII, p. 199.

  21 MC, pp. 244–46. See also: H. Collinson Owen, Salonika and After (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1919), p. 287; FBF, p. 249; MOMII, pp. 202, 206; UDE, pp. 220–21; BAL, p. 354; GS, pp. 213–14; HFWW/DB, p. 2985; MC, p. 233.

  22 HFWW/DB, p. 2,987.

  23 Mention in dispatches, 8th December 1918, FSC.

  24 AWS, p. 155.

  25 See: ‘Fiendish Massacres’, Weekly Dispatch, 3rd June 1917; MOMI, p. 300.

  26 AWS, p. 156.

  27 See: J. Purves-Stewart, Sands of Time (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1939), p. 158; WWU, p. 97; ASF, pp. 117–18; FSC/D, 17th [30th] September 1918.

  28 Aubrey Herbert, Ben Kendim: A Record of Eastern Travel (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1924), p. 26.

  29 AWS, pp. 158–59; FSC/D, 26th September [9th October] 1918. See also RCS, p. 160.

  30 FSC/D, 29th September [12th October] 1918.

  31 AWS, pp. 158–59.

  32 FSC/D, 26th September [9th October] 1918.

  33 AWS, p. 158.

  34 AWS, pp. 159–60.

  35 FSC/D, 29th September [12th October] 1918.

  36 AWS, p. 164; FSC/D, 2nd [15th] October 1918.

  37 MOMII, p. 274; TSC, p. 359; APT, p. 11.

  38 MC, p. 250.

  Chapter 14

  1 AWS, pp. 165–66; FSC/D, 7th–11th [20th–24th] October 1918.

  2 FSC/D, 7th–11th [20th–24th] October 1918.

  3 AWS, p. 172.

  4 MOMII, p. 276.

  5 AWS, p. 173.

  6 FSC/D, 12th [25th] October 1918.

  7 AWS, pp. 173–74.

  8 AWS, p. 175.

  9 AWS, pp. 175–77; FSC/D, undated final entry for 1918.

  10 MOMII, p. 276; GS, p. 233.

  11 AWS, pp. 179–80; FSC/D, undated final entry for 1918.

  12 AWS, p. 171; FSC/D, undated final entry for 1918.

  13 MAS, pp. 138–39.

  14 APT, pp. 37, 130.

  15 See: ISL, p. 177; HSWH, p. 225. In relation to Spanish influenza, see: CCD, p. 135; MSY, p. 293; HSWH, p. 304.

  16 WWU, p. 149.

  17 Isabel Hutton, Memories of a Doctor in War and Peace (London: Heinemann, 1960), p. 171.

  18 IWM/SS. See also Extracts from Miss MacGlade’s Letters, IWM/WW [Serbia 11/1].

  19 IMC, p. 66. See also BBC/YW.

  20 AWS, p. 182.

  21 ‘Serbia’s 322,000 Dead’, Daily News, 13th November 1918. See also John Keegan, The First World War (London: Hutchinson, 1999), p. 7.

  22 CCD, p. 149. See also WWU, p. 164.

  Chapter 15

  1 AWS, pp. 182, 184–85.

  2 Andrej Mitrović, Serbia’s Great War, 1914–1918 (London: Hurst & Co., 2007), p. 320; PAR, pp. 120–21.

  3 Bogdan Krizman, ‘The Belgrade Armistice of 13th November 1918’, Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. XLVIII, No. 110, January 1970, pp. 72, 83.

  4 IWM/SS; AWS, pp. 185–86.

  5 AWS, pp. 188–89.

  6 PAR, p. 116.

  7 EWB, p. 73.

  8 See: WWU, p. 167; TF, p. 5.

  9 See: IWM/EA; HM/WBF; Edward Stuart, ‘Sanitation in Serbia’, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. X, No. 2, February 1920, p. 130.

  10 See ESRC/HA.

  11 See: ESRC/HA; AWS, pp. 192–93.

  12 WWU, p. 185. See also QA, p. 129.

  13 WSB, p. 237.

  14 See: IMC, p. 63; JEB, pp. 109–19; ‘The Serbian Relief Fund’, British Journal of Nursing, 22nd February 1919.

  15 See Esther Pohl Lovejoy, Certain Samaritans (New York, NY: Macmillan, 1933), chapters 4–8.

  16 ‘The American Red Cross in Serbia’, Red Cross Bulletin, Vol. III, No. 37, 8th September 1919; HARCN, pp. 1,117–25.

  17 QA, p. 132. See also John Forbes, The Quaker Star under Seven Flags (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1962), pp. 73–74.

  18 See: FMC; IMC, pp. 102, 104; EYS, pp. 85, 244.

  19 NYT/SCH.

  20 Troubridge’s diary, 29th October 1915, quoted in DOS, p. 148.

  21 IWM/EA.

  22 NYT/SCH.

  23 See: NYT/SCH; IWM/EA; EYS, pp. 74–77.

  24 IWM/SS.

  25 ‘Entertainments’, Times, 20th February 1919; ‘Misery in Serbia’, Times, 1st April 1919; ‘Serbian Destitution’, Times, 13th May 1919; ‘The Slavo Dance’, Daily Express, 24th February 1919.

  26 [Untitled], Times, 17th May 1919.

  Chapter 16

  1 AWS, p. 193.

  2 See: PAR, p. 116; OWW, p. 206; MC, p. 91; EWB, p. 75; BLGF, pp. 85–86, 583.

  3 BAL, p. 372; PAR, p. 291.

  4 NR/WFS, p. 412.

  5 PAR, pp. 299–301.

  6 AWS, p. 194.

  7 See BAL, p. 374.

  8 See: MMH, pp. 36–40; NQY, p. 285.

  9 BLGF, p. 492.

  10 JBM, p. 108. See also: NQY, p. 285; MMH, pp. 41–43; Merton Emerson, ‘Serbian Victories of Peace’, New York Times Magazine, 15th June 1919; Ronald Tree, ‘Montenegrin Situation’ [letter to the editor], New York Times, 7th May 1922.

  11 See: MMH, p. 35; NQY, p. 288.

  12 JBM, p. 109.

  13 NQY, p. 286. See also Brigadier General F.E. Burnham, ‘The Betrayal of the Helpless’, Foreign Affairs: A Journal of International Understanding, Vol. V, No. 11, May 1924.

  14 Alice and Claude Askew, The Stricken Land: Serbia as We Saw It (London: Eveleigh Nash Co., 1916), p. 276.

  15 JBM, pp. 106–107, 120–21.

  16 See: JBM, pp. 120, 128–29, 140–42; WBH, pp. 330, 336; ‘Serbs Arrest de Salis’, New York Times, 4th April 1920; Henry Baerlein, The Birth of Yugoslavia, Vol. II (London: Leonard Parsons, 1922), p. 309.

  17 See: ‘The Annihilation of a Nation’, New York Times, 16th April 1922; Ronald McNeill, ‘Martyrdom of Montenegro’, The Nineteenth Century and After, Vol. LXXXIX, January 1921.

  18 NR/WFS, p. 414.

  19 Inside leaf of flyer publ
icizing Flora’s Australian tour. In author’s personal collection.

  20 NR/WFS, pp. 414–15.

  21 See: AWS, p. 194; NR/WFS, p. 415.

  22 See: FSC/D, 9th May 1919; diary entry, 9th May 1919, LU/RV; ‘Red Cross Cleans Up Turkish Capital’, Iowa City Citizen, 9th July 1919; JEB, pp. 110, 112–13; OWW, p. 113; WWU, pp. 198, 214–15.

  23 See: MOMII, p. 251; WWU, pp. 173–78; HSWH, pp. 319–20; CCD, p. 163; MC, p. 267; PSS, p. 77; IMC, p. 72.

  24 WWU, pp. 174, 177–78.

  25 See: IMC, p. 68; PSS, pp. 77–81.

  26 See: JEB, p. 110; WWU, p. 198; LU/LPS; diary entry, 30th June 1919, LU/RV.

  27 AWS, pp. 194–96.

  28 CCD, p. 179.

  29 AWS, p. 202.

  30 WWU, p. 220.

  31 AWS, p. 204.

  32 AWS, p. 205.

  33 AWS, p. 211.

  34 AWS, pp. 208–10.

  35 SH, p. 158.

  36 DE/LS.

  37 AMM, p. 105.

  38 ‘With the Serbians’ [unnamed and undated Melbourne paper], IWM/FS.

  39 SMH/FSII.

  40 See: ‘Serbia’s Heroine’ [unnamed and undated Sydney paper], IWM/FS; Card: Serbian Citizens of Sydney: Dinner to Lt (Miss) Flora Sandes, IWM/FS; ‘The Sydney Address’ [unnamed paper], 6th June 1920, IWM/FS; SMH/FSII; DE/LS.

  41 ‘A Woman’s Adventures’, West Australian, 7th June 1920; ‘Vice-Regal’, Argus [Melbourne], 8th June 1920; SMH/FSI; A/MA.

  42 SMH/FSI.

  43 ‘Near and Far’, Sydney Morning Herald, 10th June 1920; ‘Ross Smith Flight’, Sydney Morning Herald, 12th June 1920; ‘Near and Far’, Sydney Morning Herald, 16th June 1920; ‘Near and Far’, Sydney Morning Herald, 28th June 1920.

  44 Philip Ziegler, ed., The Diaries of Lord Louis Mountbatten, 1920–1922 (London: Collins, 1987), p. 82.

  45 FSC/ALN; ‘Carnival Nights’, Sun [Sydney], 18th June 1920.

  46 See: A/MA; DE/FSII; DE/FSIII.

  47 DE/FSI. See also ‘Lieut. Sandes’, Sydney Morning Herald, 5th July 1920.

  48 See: DE/LS; DE/FSI; DE/FSII; DE/FSIII; ‘Lieut. Flora Sandes’, Brisbane Courier, 16th September 1920.

  49 See: ‘Lieutenant Flora Sandes’, Wingham Chronicle, 6th August 1920; ‘Lieut. Flora Sandes’, Eastern Telegraph, 6th August 1920.

  50 DE/FSI. See also AMM, p. 105.

  51 ‘Sydney Day by Day’, Argus [Melbourne], 12th June 1920. The annotated article is in IWM/FS.

  52 DE/FSI. See also: ‘For Serbia’s Sake’, Herald [Melbourne], 7th June 1920; SMH/FSII.

  53 ‘Personal’, Argus [Melbourne], 22nd January 1921.