Ernesto

  2 Ernest Hemingway to Charles Scribner, March 31, 1960, Selected Letters, 902.

  3 Hemingway, How It Was, 484.

  4 Hemingway, How It Was, 485.

  5 Ernest Hemingway to A. E. Hotchner, May 9, 1960, in DeFazio, Dear Papa, Dear Hotch, 291.

  6 Pecas, the nickname Hemingway had given A. E. Hotchner in Spain that summer, means “freckles,” and he subsequently signed his letters “A .E. Pecas.” In one letter, he signed “Sen John F. Hotchennedy,” in a tip of the hat to the man who would win the nomination for president at the Democratic National Convention. DeFazio, Dear Papa, Dear Hotch, 291.

  7 Ernest Hemingway to Dr. George Saviers, June 14, 1960, Selected Letters, 904.

  8 “Congress Passes Sugar Bill,” The New York Times, July 4, 1960, 1.

  9 “Castro Forces Carry Out Seizure of U.S. Properties,” The New York Times, August 8, 1960, 1.

  10 “Red China and Cuba Shaping Barter Pact,” Chicago Daily Tribune, July 23, 1960, 1-s13.

  11 Hemingway, How It Was, 488.

  12 Hemingway, How It Was, 489.

  13 Ernest Hemingway to Mary Hemingway, August 15, 1960, in Hemingway, How It Was, 489.

  14 Ernest Hemingway to Mary Hemingway, September 25, 1960, Selected Letters, 907.

  15 Readers can still access this report on the FBI’s webpage to endeavor to understand the Bureau’s interests in this North American author. Although the FBI maintains a link to the Investigation on Ernest Hemingway, half of its 120-plus pages are blotted out to protect the Bureau/in the interests of National Security. See https://vault.fbi.gov/ernest-miller-hemingway/ernest-hemingway-part-01-of-01/view.

  16 An agent from the CIA said: “The Agency had a plan to place a box of cigars in a location where they could be smoked by Castro. If and when he lit one, the agent said, the cigar would explode and blow his head off.” Escalante Font, Executive Action; “CIA Assassination Plots Against Castro,” U.S. History in Context, Gale.com, http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=UHIC&u=wheelerschlib&id=GALE|EJ2165000135&v=2.1&it=r&asid=c4fbc14a.

  17 As was appropriate. Speech by Fidel Castro to the United Nations General Assembly, September 26, 1960, LANIC, The University of Texas at Austin, http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1960/19600926.html.

  18 Walter Lippmann, scan from original English-language pamphlet, July 3, 2007, http://walterlippmann.com/fc-09-02-1960.html.

  19 FBI 100-344127—NR 3.15.60, FBI 2-1622-38, Cover Page 6, Hughes, and FBI File No. 105-3138. FBI 2-1622-45, 46, quoted in Michael Canfield, Gerry Patrick Hemming, and Alan Weberman, “Coup d’Etat in America: The CIA and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy,” Nodule XI, July 9, 2010, https://the-eye.eu/public/concen.org/JFK%20Kennedy%20Assassination%20Zapruder%20Film%20Hoax%20research%20pack/ebooks/Coup%20D%27Etat%20in%20America%2C%20Vol%201.pdf.

  20 Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Democratic Dinner, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 6, 1960, JFK, presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25660.

  21 Ernest Hemingway to A. E. Hotchner, September 8, 1960, DeFazio, Dear Papa, Dear Hotch, 298.

  22 Reynolds, Hemingway: The Final Years, 348–49.

  23 Hemingway, How It Was, 492.

  24 Hemingway, How It Was, 493.

  25 Peter Beaumont, “Fresh Claim Over Role the FBI Played in Suicide of Ernest Hemingway,” The Guardian, July 2, 2011, theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/03/fbi-and-ernest-hemingway.

  26 Ernest Hemingway, quoted in Hemingway, How It Was, 491.

  27 “Hemingway at Mayo Clinic,” Boston Globe, January 11, 1961, 10.

  28 Hemingway’s Medical Files, Hemingway Personal Papers.

  29 Hotchner, Papa Hemingway, 180–82.

  30 “In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility—I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it—and the glow from that fire can truly light the world. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” John F. Kennedy, “Inaugural Address,” January 20, 1961, ohn F. Kennedy Library, jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JFK-Quotations/Inaugural-Address.aspx.

  31 Ernest Hemingway to John F. Kennedy, January 24, 1961, Selected Letters, 916.

  32 Ernest. Hemingway, quoted in Cooper and Hemingway: The True Gen, dir. John Mulholland (Passion River, 2013).

  33 Ernest Hemingway to L. H. Brague, Jr., February 6, 1961, Selected Letters, 916–917.

  34 John F. Kennedy, “Address Before the American Society of Newspaper Editors,” April 20, 1961, John F. Kennedy Library, https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKPOF/034/JFKPOF-034-018.

  35 Mary Hemingway to Ursula Hemingway Jepson, April 25, 1961, Mary Hemingway Personal Papers.

  36 “Hemingway Back at Mayo Clinic,” Boston Globe, April 27, 1961, 36.

  37 Hemingway, How It Was, 500–02.

  38 A. E. Hotchner, “Hemingway: Hounded by the Feds,” The New York Times, July 1, 2011, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/02/opinion/02hotchner.html.

  39 “Hemingway Dead of Shotgun Wound; Wife Says He Was Cleaning Weapon,” The New York Times, July 3, 1961, 1. Emmett Watson, “Real Story of Death of Hemingway,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 7, 1961, 1.

  40 “My problem is that I have a year of Ernest Hemingway’s life [the word is mangled] locked up in my head…I have everything to work with…the diary, the log dictated by Ernest during the quiet intervals as we fished, a three-hundred-page manuscript outlining the conversations and the action that I wrote when the events were fresh in my mind. But the manuscript was badly written and never worked over. and is in no shape for publication. Much was left out and I am the only one who can put it back in…If I do nothing to the Hemingway diary and the 300 page manuscript, when I am dead. It will have not value to anyone. On the other hand, if I can fix it up so that it can be read, who knows, it might be literature…I was lucky enough to have that experience, and now I would like to put it out on paper and give it to others. It happened to me. Now let me see if I can make it happen to you.” Arnold Samuelson, circa late 1950s–early 1960s, Arnold Samuelson Papers, cited in Hendrickson, Hemingway’s Boat, 581.

  41 Arnold Samuelson and Arnold Gingrich, “E. H: A Code from the Maestro: Publisher’s Page,” Esquire, October 1961, cited in Samuelson, With Hemingway, 183.

  42 In fact, medical records made available to the public in 1991 confirm that he was diagnosed with the disease in 1961. Susan Beegel, “Hemingway and Hemochromatosis,” Hemingway Review (September 1990). Additionally, the suicides of two of Hemingway’s siblings, Ursula and Leicester, both committed late in life, might also support this theory.

  CHAPTER 16

  1 Villarreal and Villarreal, Hemingway’s Cuban Son, 161.

  2 Hemingway, Running with the Bulls, 338–40. Mary boasts in her biography that she also managed at the time to smuggle out jewels and monies for a disaffected Cuban in her handbag. Hemingway, How It Was, 506–09; Fuentes, Hemingway in Cuba, 277–79.

  3 Fidel Castro, in Hemingway, How It Was, 507–08.

  4 Cited in Hemingway and Brennen, Hemingway in Cuba, 84.

  5 Quoted in Humberto Fontova, “Did Andy Garcia fall for Castro Propaganda?” Babalú Blog, June 24, 2013, https://babalublog.com/2013/06/24/did-andy-garcia-fall-for-castro-propaganda/. See also “Fisherman Among Arrivals at Key West Says He is Model for ‘Old Man and Sea,’” The New York Times, October 22, 1965.

  6 Desnoes, “The Final Summer,” Punto de Vista, 47; Fuentes, Hemingway in Cuba, 428.

  7 “J&M: Which authors [do you read]? FIDEL CASTRO: Of the American writers, Hemingway is one of my favorites. He was a friend of ours. J&M: Did you know him personally? FIDEL CASTRO: Yes, I met him after the triumph of the revolution, during the ceremony of the awarding of the Hemingway Pr
ize in a fishing competition. But I knew his work long before the Revolution. For instance, I read For Whom the Bell Tolls when I was a student. It was all about a group of guerrillas and I found it very interesting, because Hemingway told about a rear guard that fought against a conventional army. I can tell you now that that Hemingway novel was one of the books that helped me plan the tactics with which to fight Batista’s army…The methods the men of that other time used to solve their problem helped us considerably to find a way to do it.” Mankiewicz and Jones, With Fidel, Fuentes, Hemingway in Cuba, 428. Castro would mention For Whom the Bell Tolls and Hemingway in numerous interviews, for example in Ignacio Ramonet’s Cien horas con Fidel (Spanish title; in English: In Conversation with Fidel). In this lengthy volume, he would remember Hemingway and his books on several occasions: “Castro: In Spain there was war even on the rearguard; this is what inspired Hemingway to write his novel For Whom the Bell Tolls. The history about what happened in the rearguard during the Spanish Civil War was useful to us. We learned about the way in which the Republican guerrillas at the rearguard of Franco’s troops seized the weapons from the army. That book helped me to develop the conception of an irregular war in Cuba. Ramonet: You mean Hemingway’s novel? Castro: Yes, because I remembered a lot about that book…Someday when we talk about it I’ll let you know. Ramonet: Why don’t you tell me about it now? Castro: Well, as you wish. I first read For Whom the Bell Tolls when I was a young student. And I must have read that novel more than three times ever since. I also watched the film that was made later on. I was interested in that book because, among other things, it deals, as I said, with a struggle that is waged at the rearguard and it illustrates the existence of a guerrilla, and the way in which it can operate within a territory which is supposedly under enemy control. I am referring to the very accurate descriptions made by Hemingway in that novel. We had our own idea of what an irregular war would be militarily as well as politically. But For Whom the Bell Tolls allowed us to visualize that experience. In all his books, Hemingway’s descriptions are very realistic, clear, and unambiguous. Everything there is rational and convincing. You can hardly forget what you have read, because he makes you feel that you have gone through that experience yourself. He had the capacity to transport his readers to the theater where that cruel Spanish Civil War was fought. Later on, we knew about life inside a guerrilla through our own personal experience at the Sierra Maestra Mountains. So the book became something familiar to us. We always went back to it for inspiration, even after becoming guerrilla fighters. Obviously, we read many other books about real-life events, or fiction books which addressed that topic. We tried to introduce an ethics to the struggle waged under the specific circumstances of our country. As I said, I couldn’t affirm that we were the only guerrillas with an ethics. Ramonet: But you turned that ethics into a fundamental principle. Castro: Hadn’t we implemented that philosophy here, combatants would perhaps have shot prisoners right and left, and would have committed all sorts of reprehensible acts. There was so much hatred against injustice and crimes. Ramonet: Did you resort to terrorism, for example, against Batista’s troops, or engage in assassination plots? Castro: Neither terrorism nor assassination.”

  8 Speech delivered as President of the Movement of Unaligned Countries before the XXXIV Period of Sessions of the General Assembly of the United Nations, New York, October 12, 1979.

  9 Ada Rosa Rosales, director of the Finca Vigía Museum, Havana, personal interview, December 2009; Armando Cristoval (Cuban Mystery Writer), personal interview, December 2009; Desnoes, “The Final Summer”; Raúl Mesa (Cuban Poet and Essayist), personal interview, December 2009.

  10 “No other writer—with the exception of José Martí—has been the object of so many Cuban tributes at so many different levels. From the first moment, Fidel Castro himself has been the sponsor of the most meaningful of them. It was he who took care of Hemingway’s widow—Mary Welsh—on the two occasions in which she visited Havana after her husband’s death. It was they who together agreed on the terms under which Finca Vigía would remain intact, as it is today, converted into a museum so true to life that at times one seems to feel the presence of the writer wandering through the rooms with his great dead-man shoes…You have to know Fidel Castro to realize that he would never say such a thing as a simple courtesy, since he would have to go beyond some important political considerations to say it with such conviction. The truth is that Fidel Castro has been for many years a constant reader of Hemingway, that he knows his work in depth, that he likes to talk about him, and knows how to defend him convincingly. On his long and frequent trips to the interior of the country, he always takes a confusing pile of government documents to study in his car. Among them one can often see the two volumes with red covers of the selected works of Ernest Hemingway.” Gabriel Garcia Marquez, “Hemingway—Our Own” (introduction), Fuentes, Hemingway in Cuba, 14.

  11 Fuentes, Hemingway in Cuba, 273.

  12 Carbonell, And the Russians Stayed; Perez, On Becoming Cuban, 445.

  13 Hotchner, Papa Hemingway, 320.

  14 Ramonet, In Conversation with Fidel, 668–69.

  15 Matthews, The Cuban Story, 14–16.

  16 “Ernest Hemingway is still the great hero of the Cuban people. He is staying at his home and working as a deliberate gesture to show his sympathy and support for the Castro revolution. He knows Cuba and the Cuban people as well as any American citizen. I was glad to find that his ideas on Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution are the same as mine.” Matthews, The Cuban Story, 298.

  17 Gay Talese, “Manuscripts Hemingway Left May Yield Four More Novels,” The New York Times, March 9, 1962, https://www.nytimes.com/1962/03/09/archives/manuscripts-hemingway-left-may-yield-four-more-novels.html.

  18 Richard Bourne, Political Leaders of Latin America, 99.

  19 Moore, Fidel Castro, 45.

  20 Moore, Fidel Castro, 45.

  21 “I must express my gratitude to Hemingway for many things. First, because a great author bestowed on us the honor of choosing to live in our country and writing some of his major works here. I am also grateful to him for the great pleasure that I experience reading his books. He is one of the greatest authors that ever lived.” Fidel Castro, in Hemingway and Brennen, Hemingway in Cuba, 84, 116.

  22 Fidel Castro, in Hemingway and Brennen, Hemingway in Cuba, 84, 116.

  AFTERWORD

  1 A bodega is a neighborhood grocery store that also typically sells beer and wine.

  2 Our italics. Hemingway, “The Great Blue River,” in By-Line: Ernest Hemingway, 390.

  3 Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, 51.

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  WORKS BY ERNEST HEMINGWAY

  By-Line: Ernest Hemingway: Selected Articles and Dispatches of Four Decades. New York: Scribner’s, 2002. First published 1967.

  The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway: The Finca Vigía Edition. New York: Scribner’s, 1987.

  Dateline: Toronto: The Complete Toronto Star Dispatches, 1920–1924. Edited by William White. New York: Scribner’s, 1987.

  Death in the Afternoon. New York: Scribner’s, 1999. First published 1932.

  Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters, 1917–1961. Edited by Carlos Baker. New York: Scribner, 2003. First published 1981.

  A Farewell to Arms. New York: Scribner’s, 1929.

  For Whom the Bell Tolls. New York: Scribner, 1995. First published 1940.

  The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories. New York: Scribner’s, 1938.

  The Garden of Eden. New York: Scribner’s, 1986.

  The Green Hills of Africa. New York: Scribner, 2016. First Published 1935.

  In Our Time. New York: Scribner’s, 1925, 1996.

  “Introduction,” Men at War: The Best War Stories of All Time. New York: Crown, 1960. First published 1942.

  Islands in the Stream. New York: Scribner’s, 2002. First published 1970.

  The Letters of Ernest Hemingway: Volume 1, 1907–1922. Edited by Sandra S
panier and Robert W. Trogdon. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

  The Letters of Ernest Hemingway: Volume 2, 1923–1925. Edited by Sandra Spanier, Albert J. DeFazio III, and Robert W. Trogdon. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

  The Letters of Ernest Hemingway: Volume 3, 1926–1929. Edited by Rena Sanderson, Sandra Spanier, and Robert W. Trogdon. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

  The Letters of Ernest Hemingway: Volume 4, 1929–1931. Edited by Sandra Spanier and Mariam B. Mandel. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017.

  A Moveable Feast. New York, Scribner’s, 1996. First published 1964.

  A Moveable Feast: The Restored Edition. Edited by Seán Hemingway. New York: Scribner’s, 2009. First published 1964.

  The Old Man and the Sea, New York: Scribner’s, 2002. First published 1952.

  The Sun Also Rises. New York: Scribner’s, 2006. First published 1926.

  Three Stories and Ten Poems. Edited by Robert McAlmon. Paris: Contract Publishing, 1923.

  To Have and Have Not. New York: Scribner’s, 2002. First published 1937.

  BOOKS

  Abeal y Otero, Jose. Sloppy Joe’s Bar Cocktail Manual. Havana: Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, 2008.

  Abel, Christopher, and Nissa Torrents. José Martí: Revolutionary Democrat. London: Bloomsbury, 2015.

  Aguilar, Luis E. “Cuba, c.1860–c.1930.” In Cuba: A Short History, edited by Leslie Bethell, 21–55. The Cambridge History of Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

  ———. From Cuba 1933: Prologue to Revolution. New York: Norton, 1974.

  Aimes, Hubert. A History of Slavery in Cuba: 1511 to 1868. New York: Octagon Books, 1967.

  Alvarez, Jose. Frank País: Architect of Cuba’s Betrayed Revolution. Boca Raton: Universal Publishers, 2009.

  Ameringer, Charles. Caribbean Legion: Patriots, Politicians, Soldiers of Fortune, 1946–1950. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996.

  Anderson, John Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life. New York: Grove Press, 1997.